Xa imbali Russia eninzi amatyala, xa owolunye uhlanga makhaya Akwandise uzuko bayo aze abe nekratshi lobuzwe. Kwaye Feofan grek, inzalelwane Byzantium, ukuba ungumGrike ngokuzalwa (kungoko ke lesiqhulo) waba ngomnye zabazobi mkhulu icon Russian.
Ukhetho wakhetha Russia
Kungenzeka ukuba Theophane isigqibo ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo ubomi babo, endaweni ukufika Italy eRashiya lweenkqubo kwisuti (bekumele) Metropolitan uCyprian, wayeya ulahlekile phakathi abazobi abaninzi Byzantine. Kodwa impangele, waba ngowokuqala kumnyele okhanyayo zabazobi. Nangona ivunywa kakhulu, imihla yokuzalwa nokufa wegcisa ebizwa malunga - iminyaka 1340-1410.
Ukungabikho kolwazi
Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Feofan grek, ogama engobomi izono amatshatshazi amhlophe, wazalwa eseByzantium, wasebenza zombini eConstantinople kunye namadlelo ayo - Chalcedon. Njengoko ugcinwe kwi Feodosia (i koko Kafa) esekelwe kunokubonwa ukuba ngoxa igcisa wasebenza kuyo ngamaRoma - Galata kunye Cafe. Akukho namnye umsebenzi wakhe yaseByzantium iye yachitheka; kwaye udumo ihlabathi beza kuye sibulela umsebenzi lwenziwa eRashiya.
indawo entsha
Apha ke ubomi kunye nomsebenzi waba nethuba ukuwela nabantu abaninzi kangaka enkulu ngexesha - Andrei Rublev, uSergiyo of Radonezh, Dmitriem Donskim, Epiphanius Izazi (ogama ileta eya Archimandrite KIRILL ngowona mthombo iinkcukacha zomntu kanye ekwakusenziwa ngumzobi enkulu icon) kunye Metropolitan Alexis. It is a uluntu abaphila, kunye nootitshala benza lukhulu uzuko Russia.
Lo mthombo uphambili ulwazi malunga Theophanes the Greek
Feofan grek wafika Novgorod ngo-1370, oko kukuthi ngokupheleleyo umntu oqolileyo kunye artist lusekiwe. Uye waphila apha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30, de wafa. Ukusebenza loo nto iyamangalisa. Ngokutsho ubungqina Epiphanius efanayo Izazi, Feofan grek wazoba onke amabandla 40. Ileta Archimandrite yaseTver uMsindisi-St weemonki kwakubhalwe 1415, emva kokufa umninindlu, kwaye baye basinda hayi leempendulo, kunye noluhlu kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVII. Kukho ezinye yemihla zikungqina iinyaniso kunye nezongezelelo. Omnye wabo wathi ngo-1378 ngokuyalelwa le boyar Vasily Danilovich "Grechanina" lwalupayintiwe yi Theophanes i yoTshintsho Church, ibekwe kwicala Commerce of Veliky Novgorod.
Ukuqala kwexesha Novgorod
Feofana Greka esekelwe kwi iindonga weemonki lokuqala yayo abakhankanywe amaxwebhu zomsebenzi eRashiya. Bade nisindiswe zale ncwadi, ukuba zikwimeko entle kakhulu, siye sasinda, kwaye phakathi obukhulu kakhulu art ephakathi. Urhulumente osenyongweni beqabe amajukujuku neendonga elisembindini ikwayala Emnye Chapel. Kulo mzobo ka "uBathathu Emnye," yaye Macarius waseYiputa kakhulu ibonakala ngokucacileyo brushwork olwahluke, nto leyo yaba Feofan grek ezikrelekrele. The Dome walondoloza umfanekiso bohlobo Pantocrator (Pantokratoras), nto leyo kakhulu bendalo. Ngaphezu koko, ngokomkhethe walondoloza nani Dame. A Igubu (inxalenye yenkxaso lwesakhiwo) - Image uEliya kunye Ioana Predtechi. Kwaye oku kuxabiseke ngakumbi ezi esekelwe, njengoko, ngelishwa, wadala ngaphezulu inani leminyaka yomsebenzi ayenziwanga ibhalwe, phikisa abanye abaphandi. Ngokubanzi, zonke ezo esekelwe zonke woonongendi ngokuqinisekileyo lwenziwa ngendlela entsha - lula yaye ububanzi, nemivumbo ezamahala, imibala igcinwe, ekumnikeni ewe, ingqalelo eziphambili ihlawulwe abantu abangcwele. Ngendlela yokubhala Feofana Greka waziva intanda yakhe ethile.
ERashiya uyakwazi ukuvuselela
Kodwa kwakukho uloyiso olukhulu Dmitriya Donskogo, kuphangwa Golden nyambalala yomkhosi yaqhubeka, ukutshisa isixeko Russian watshabalalisa iitempile. Kodwa abo eRussia strong ukuba waphila, sakhiwe zaba nto yayintle ngakumbi. Kule mizobo yoonongendi zibuyiselwe inxaxheba Feofan grek, abathi ukususela ngo 1380 uye wasebenza Nizhny Novgorod, ngendlela elinyukayo ngokupheleleyo 1378 capital Suzdolsko-Nizhekorodskogo ukubusa. Wavele, akwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba nokupeyinta uMsindisi Cathedral kunye Annunciation Monastery. Kwaye ngo 1392, igcisa isebenza Kwingcingane Cathedral Kolomna ngokucelwa i-Grand neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya Eudoxia, umfazi Prince nguDmitry. Kamva Cathedral yaphinda yakhiwa amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye esekelwe zaye engafakwanga.
Ukuhambisa and eMoscow
Feofan grek, ogama engobomi kukuthi, ngelishwa, ngokufuthi ezinxulumene elithi "kuthiwa", emva Kolomna wafudukela eMoscow. Apha, yaye oku kungqinwe Emnye Chronicle, hayi unobumba ayaziwa, yena ayithethi iindonga ezihonjiswe neetempile ezintathu. Ngelo xesha, wayesele ukuba isikolo bakhe, abafundi kunye nabalandeli, kwaye inxaxheba opeyintayo icon odumileyo iMoscow Simon abamnyama 1395 Theophanes ayithethi iindonga kwiCawa Yokuzalwa of the Virgin kaMariya yingcwele of St. noLazaro incwadi yesicelo. Wonke umsebenzi owenziwa ngaphandle ngokomyalelo lowo Grand neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya Eudoxia. Kwakhona, kufuneka sivume ukuba icawa iye yachitheka; ekhoyo ngoku Grand yesicelo Palace lema endaweni yalo.
luck Bad, yanto i wizard
Nokuthathwa yingqondi of the Ages Aphakathi, ngumzobi icon Feofan grek nabafundi bakhe Uyaqala 1399 ukuya umhombiso isonto, watshisa ngokupheleleyo i khan le-Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunye ubulawuli Tyumen - Tokhtamysh. Ukusuka ileta Epiphanius ndiyazi ukuba inkosi zipeyintwe iindonga zendlu eMoscow yesicelo, kunye onke amabandla ayo. Kodwa kwisiqingatha sesibini wezakhiwo Italian kwinkulungwane XVI Aloisio New parses itempile nezenza esekhona omtsha obizwa.
Feofana Greka art ukuba becala bafanekiselwa esekelwe, njengoko kunjalo de ekupheleni kwemihla yakhe, wazoba iindonga zebandla. Ngowe-1405 umsebenzi wakhe yekhampasi umsebenzi Andreya Rubleva kunye notitshala wakhe - "Umdala Gorodets", ngoko ukubiza i Moscow icon opeyintayo Prokhor evela Gorodets. Le amagcisa amathathu idumileyo ngexesha lakhe, kunye wadala ibandla yecawa ka Basil mna, ukuba Annunciation Cathedral.
Le esekelwe zange ugcinwe - ibandla inkundla leyo, Kakade ke, sakhiwe.
ubungqina kwemibandela
Yintoni wahlala? Yintoni memory of ngokwakhe ekhohlo bobempunde i Theophanes omkhulu? Icons. Ngokutsho komnye iinguqulelo ezikhoyo iconostasis esekhona of the Annunciation Cathedral Moscow yesicelo yayibhalwe ukuba kwingcinga Cathedral Kolomna. Kwaye emva kokuba umlilo 1547 wafuduselwa yesicelo. Kwi yecawa esifanayo "Lady Lwethu Don", i icon ne ngobomi bakhe. Njengoko omnye abaninzi "Ukuthantamisa" ulungiso (elinye igama - "Uvuyo zonke uvuyo"), inani edume uncedo isimanga uloyiso azuzeke umkhosi Grand Duke nguDmitry of ingxokolo iGolden mkhosi ngo-1380. Emva kokuba Battle of Kulikov , yaye isikhulu, kwaye icon Ukukhusela got isimaphambili "Don" yaye "Don". kanye umfanekiso ngendlela-mbini - kwicala reverse kukho "Ingqikelelo Virgin." wobugcisa Kwento zigcinwe kwi Tretyakov Igalari. Thina baye baqhuba iimvavanyo ezininzi, yaye umntu athi umbhali ngokuqinisekileyo Feofan grek. Icons "abane-digit" yaye "Ioann Predtecha - Ngelosi entlango ngemiboniso Ubomi Bakhe" kuba kumasifundisane wayengumzobi kodwa negunya lakhe lobuqu kuqulathwe sisaziso sothotyelo eso. Imisebenzi ngcungela isikolo sakhe ziquka i icon kunokuba ubungakanani enkulu, ebhalwe 1403 - "Inguqu".
Le paucity of data oluchaza
Eneneni, kukho bambalwa kakhulu imisebenzi ukubhalwa iinkosi enkulu. Kodwa Epiphanius Izazi, ababemazi ngokobuqu, ukwenza abahlobo kunye naye, kangaka italente, nsimbi kwetalente, ububanzi ulwazi akakholelwa ayikwazi ukuba ubungqina bakhe. Spas Feofana Greka kaninzi ezicatshuliweyo umzekelo wokuba isikolo Greek ukusebenza ngendlela yaseByzantium yokudweba enamandla. Le ngomfanekiso, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, yeyona zibalaseleyo zonke yafunyanwa ngo-1910 ngokusinda iingceba lwemizobo zodonga Novgorod Cathedral. Kuyinto enye ezikhumbuzo kwihlabathi-abadumileyo izakhiwo enkulu Russia ephakathi. Enye umfanekiselo uMsindisi, elibhekisela imisebenzi inkosi, ke incwadi yesicelo kwi-Annunciation iconostasis.
Enye enkulu "uBathathu Emnye"
Phakathi esekelwe isonto yenye isemagqabini ukubaluleka zehlabathi, umbhali apho Feofan grek. "UBathathu Emnye," yaye alondolozwe kakuhle kwaye ibekwe egalari. isakhiwo sebali ezakha "Hospitality ka-Abraham" sisiseko lo msebenzi, nangona inani yakhe ngomfanekiso engafakwanga, "uBathathu Emnye" ifanelwe isifundo nangoku kungaqatshelwanga eneenkcukacha. Kwincwadi yakhe eya Epiphanius uyakuvuyela iitalente ezininzi Feofana Greka - isipho ngumbalisi, italente iqabane olumkileyo, ngendlela engaqhelekanga yokubhala. Ngokutsho ubungqina kulo mntu, isiGrike, phakathi kwezinye izinto, waba italente ukuba miniaturist. Yaye ichazwa njengendlela opeyintayo icon, mongameli esekelwe omkhulukazi kwaye ngobuciko. "Yaba incwadi ngabom icon-Painter" - ekhalayo le yindumiso yokuqala. Zabhalwa thumbnails ukusuka Psalter ekwelo Ivanu Groznomu, kwaye zigcinwa Emnye-uSergiyo Lavra, wothulelw Feofanu Greku. Yena, ngenxa kwinkolelo, i miniaturist "yeVangeli Fyodor Cats." Unyana Fifth Andrei eemazi, kumntu ngqo Romanovs, yaba abakhusela Feofana Greka. Le ncwadi kakuhle zinokuhonjiswa. Betha chaphaza yayo yokuluka kunye noonobumba bokuqala ezenziwe ngegolide.
Feofana Greka ungubani
Phambi Theophanes ngabapeyinti ezininzi, kunye bexesha lakhe, ekwenziweni komsebenzi lalo ezisekelwe ubukhulu becala kwiziphumo tracings (ulwandlalo neyi eyenziwe ngaphambili kunye original). A brushwork free Greek nqa ke ude uthinjwe ngumfazi abaninzi - "nje wayebonakala ukuba utyikityo ebhaliweyo ngesandla," - bayazithanda Epiphany, embiza ngokuba "Umyeni emangalisayo." Ngokuqinisekileyo waba sobuntu ngokukhawuleza yokuluka. Musa ukuba umhla ngqo ngokufa yingqondi, kwezinye iindawo nokuba uthi ukuba wafa emva 1405. Ngowe-1415, umbhali adumileyo leta ithetha ZesiGrike kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngoko ke, oko akasekho. Bamngcwaba Theophane, kwakhona yezizathu ndaweni eMoscow. Konke oku buhlungu gqitha, yaye uthi kuphela ukuba iRussia ibisoloko wayefumene izinto ezininzi kwamaxesha, ngexesha apho utshaba wabatshabalalisa kanye inkumbulo yabantu eyenziwe uzuko lwayo.