Electron Mass - valve iyabiza kwaye ezincinci

Ukuba offhand ucele abantu 100 ukuya igama amasuntswana ubuncinane ezithathu eyaziwa samabanga aphantsi, kunokwenzeka ukuba wonke umntu uza kubiza zonke zontathu, kodwa akukho bani uya kukulibala ukubiza yintshatsheli ndwa - electron. Incinane, elula phakathi isigxina zithwele isuntswana ukuyo ... kwaye, ngelishwa, i "ezimbi", yena ulilungu nayiphi na into emhlabeni yaye sifanele unyango olulodwa. Amasuntswana Igama livela kwiGrisi yamandulo lithatyathwa kwigama lesiGrike elithi "evuthiweyo" - iincwadi wayethanda ngesakhono yawo yamandulo ekutsaleni nasekugcineni izinto ezincinane. Ngoko, xa isifundo kombane yafumana enkulu ngakumbi, ibinzana elithi "electron" ufikile kuthetha ayahlukahlukenanga, yaye ngenxa yoko iyunithi incinane kwentlawulo.

elektroni ubomi obungunaphakade njengenxenye lokwakha mba, wanika iqela zesayensi eyayikhokelwa nguYohane. Dzh.Tomsonom. Ngowe-1897 ukuba uphando rays cathode, ichazwa bokwenyaniso electronic ngobuninzi-to-kwentlawulo, yaye safumanisa ukuba le ratio komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni mbandela cathode. Inyathelo elilandelayo kulwazi yohlobo electron wenza Becquerel ngo 1900. Xa yomzamo wakhe, oko kwaba ukuba imitha Radium beta nayo baphambuke esigangeni yombane, yaye babo ngobuninzi-to-ophetheyo ratio ngokulinganayo imitha cathode. Yaba bubungqina ngokungenakuphikiswa ukuba electron - yi "an iqhekeza ezizimeleyo" atom ngayo nayiphi na into. Kwaye ke, ngo-1909, uRobert Head kwi ulingelo nge amathontsi oyile owawa kwintsimi zombane, wakwazi ukukala amandla ombane leyo ilinganisa amandla womxhuzulane. Ke oko kwazeka ixabiso sabaqalayo, ie incinane, intlawulo:

eo = - 1,602176487 (49) * 10-19 kl.

Oko kwanele ukuba Electron ubunzima yabalelwa:

mna = 9,10938215 (15) * 10-31kg.

Kubonakala ngathi ngoku lo myalelo wonke, kodwa kwaba nje sisiqalo indlela elide lolwazi nohlobo electron.

Kuba yemvelo ukuxinga ixesha elide ngayo luseza kunokuveliswa ubungqina, kodwa uthi ngokwawo uhlobo ngakumbi-ababemi ezimbini electron: iimpawu zayo quantum zomatshini ibonisa kwisuntswana, kwaye amalinge phezu uphazamiseko nocamba electron phezu neentanda parallel wabonakalaliswa wave indalo. Lo mzuzu wenyaniso wafika ngowe-1924, xa de Broglie wokuqala wanika zonke izinto, kwaye electron, kakhulu, amaza, ogama emva kwakhe, yaye kwiminyaka emi-3 uPauli bagqiba ukuyilwa nezimaphambili ezingundoqo Boomatshini quantum echaza uhlobo umyinge amasuntswana. Emva koko, ke yena Erwin Schrödinger noPawulos Dirac - ukuncedisana omnye komnye, bafumana zibalo ukuchaza kakuhle eli electron apho ubunzima electron kunye Planck kaThixo rhoqo, amaxabiso quantum yabonisa azitshangatshangise iimpawu nge - ziyanda kunye neembono.

Kakade ke, lo kwisiphelo kwamasuntswana nezakhiwo kwaba nemiphumo kude okungenelela. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye kwacaca ukuba neempawu electron free lulwelo (umzekelo - kwimitha cathode) - akukho efanayo naleyo electron ngohlobo umsinga ngumbane njengekristale. Kuba electron simahla, ubunzima bayo yaziwa ngokuba "ubunzima electron." Uhlobo ebonakalayo electron ubunzima umahluko phantsi kweemeko ezahlukileyo lulandelayo yokuba amandla yayo ixhomekeke kwi Ukwanda Imagnethi yomhlaba indawo apho ihamba. "Disassembly" nzulu lubonisa ukuba lo mhlaba otsalayo lihamba electron kwi ngumqhubi, kunoko, ukuhamba zangoku kwi eziphathekayo, komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni ubukhulu abathwali isigxina, yaye ubunzima baso. Kwelinye icala, i-magnetic intsimi amandla loxinano elingana lexinene kumandla entshukumo iintlawuliso ezihambayo, ngelixa ukukhula mandla ngokwenene kuyalingana ubunzima nokunyuka abathwali kwentlawulo, ebizwa ngokuba 'ubunzima olusebenzayo ". Ngokucophelela kumisiweyo ukuba ngakumbi electron ezamahala mass kwi / 2λ amaxesha, apho a - umgama phakathi iinqwelomoya etsibatsiba umqhubi, λ - ubunzulu lo mhlaba otsalayo esibekwa yesikhumba.

Yemvelo of isuntswana ubunzima electron yenye of reference constants. Biography electron ayikapheli - kusoloko izifundo ezifanelekileyo kunye nemfuneko, apho isebenza nxaxheba rhoqo. elide Kuye kuye kwacaca ukuba, nangona amancinane, ilula, kwaye ngaphandle kwayo yonke - hayi elinye inyathelo.