Le mbono "indaleko" ifilosofi

Imbali, ibhayoloji, intanda kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi zisoloko kufuphi. Ayimangalisi into yokuba ezinye ngqikelelo ezinokuchazwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Le mbono "indaleko" isekhona ingcaciso ongacacanga kakhulu. izazinzulu ezininzi zizama ukufumana njenge utoliko elungileyo kule kota.

Ubume jikelele bemicimbi

Xa sisiva "indaleko", siya kubonakala kwangoko ku Darwin mfundiso bakhe kunye nezisombululo. Enyanisweni, lo gama i imbali ende kwaye zihlalutywe kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela ilandelelana. Its wayedla umba lophuhliso loluntu ngengqiqo emxinwa ndilibale ngokupheleleyo ngalo kwezinye iindawo ezibanzi.

Evolution naye ngokuphindaphindiweyo zikhankanywe kunye ne-revolution kunye nokuthotywa. Esinye i lokuqhubekeka esebenzayo lokuqala. Okwesibini libonisa okwahlukileyo. Noba indlela, ingcamango "bazivelela" inomsebenzisi eqhelekileyo, apho siya kuzama ukufumanisa oko.

ukuchazwa

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, lo gama ukuchazwa ngendlela emxinwa kwaye intsingiselo. Kuba okokuqala kokuba sisetyenziswe kwaye ezamkelwa ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ukuba sifuna ukuba uthini emzimbeni okanye uphuhliso lwabantu, kule meko kwenkcazo ingqiqo ngendaleko isetyenziswa njenge gama kwezi mpawu zingasentla. Ukuba sifuna ukukhankanya abantu inkqubela, kulo mzekelo, lo yendaleko zachazwa ngokubanzi. Ukuba, ke, eli gama enxulumene nophuhliso nje ihlabathi eziphilayo, kodwa ezingaphiliyo, ngoko iza kucaciswa enkulu ngakumbi, kwimeko-bulumko.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba utoliko gama ayitshintshi ukuba siza ungaxinanisa okanye kwandise kota. Noba indlela, inkcazelo yengqiqo ilele nasekusungulweni "uphuhliso" lizwi. Kwaye kuloo nto, nokuba uphuhliso ngamnye, okanye imbali yehlabathi, intsingiselo akaguquguquki. Ngoko kwenzeka ukuba umxholo kuhlala ngokusisigxina kuzo zonke ezi meko zingasentla. Kuhleli kuphela ukufumana imisebenzi eqhelekileyo.

iimeko zempilo

Ukuba wabuza: "Nika inkcazelo bazivelela" oko kuya kufuneka ucacise kwangoko? Okokuqala kuyimfuneko ukuthetha malunga iimeko, ngaphandle leyo ayisekho. Eyokuqala i Ukwahluka. Kufuneka iqondwe into yokuba ayizizo zonke tshintsho zazivelela, kodwa naluphi ngendaleko kubandakanya utshintsho. Kucacile ukuba, ukuba bekungekho iinkqubo, ngoko ke ihlabathi beliza kuvinjwa yendaleko.

Le meko zilandelayo - iimpawu ezinika ingcaciso. Utshintsho alusoloko HIV. Kodwa apha phezu utoliko ngendaleko yahlukile kuloo kwinkqubo yenguqu ukuba urhulumente ugqibeleleyo. Oko kukuthi, into uyatshintsha kwaye abe ezintsonkothileyo, ezixabisekileyo kunye ezibalulekileyo. Kwaye akunamsebenzi, utshintsho ubunjani okanye zamanani.

Imeko olulandelayo ubunye sifundo. Kulo mzekelo, Encyclopedic Britannica nanye unika umzekelo ngamanzi. Ukuba kuvela utshintsho emanzini, kwaye yahlulahlulwe yaba ngamacandelo, isiphumo: indlela amanzi ngokwawo, kunye oksijini hydrogen kube khona ngokuzimeleyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba naluphi na uphuhliso ekuhambeni kwexesha ayizange yenzeke. Kulo mzekelo, ingcamango "indaleko" akufanelekanga. Kokuba isicelo kuphela ukuba urhulumente omtsha onokuzisebenzisa endaweni lowo odlulileyo, oko kukuthi, uphuhliso sele yenzekile.

division

Eli gama elide iye wazama ukuba isicelo ukuya kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zobomi. Kwaye ukuba Kungaba nengqondo ezinokuchazwa ngokunxulumene eziphilayo, apha ngokwembali bayathandabuza. Sinako lula ukungqina ukukhula ngokomzimba. Kodwa loo nto malunga nophuhliso ngokomoya waqala ngoko nangoko waphakamisa imibuzo. iqola ingqondo kubonakala ngathi ezicacileyo, nangona abathintela, nkqu ukuhla ingundoqo nokutshatyalaliswa yonke eziqaphelekayo zenkcubeko.

Noko ke, esona sizathu ngenxa apho ngcamango yokuzivelela yabonakala zefilosofi bafuduka kwezinto eziphilayo, liye laba ifunwa ukuba sihlaziye xa iyonke. Kakade ke, kukho kwakhona abe umnqweno ukuphelisa yonke imida ekhoyo phakathi mba kwabafileyo, kwanakwabaphilileyo kunye nomoya. Kubonakala abo babeza ukumela ukuvela wokuphila kuyo izinto ezifileyo kwaye ngendlela reverse.

Isizathu sesibini sinxulumene iingcamango ngendlela yokuziphatha. Ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela-bulumko yenza le iinkalo zobomi ekuhlaleni, okanye buyinto ngamnye ehlabathini lonke.

ezinye izizathu

Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa kunye Space Art ukusuka geologizmom. Spencer wabakhokelela phantsi inkqubo yophuhliso kunye nezimvo baqhubeka izazinzulu yokuqala ngefuthe organic zazivelela kuyo nayiphi na enye.

Le umphandi ubona umongo wayo nkolelo a lweentlobo ngeentlobo eyohlobo olulodwa, kwaye isizathu sokuba le nkqubo kukuba nawaphi na amandla unako ukuveza iinguqu ezimbalwa, kwakunye nawuphi na sizathu sidala amatyala eziliqela. Kakade ke, icebo onjalo ngokulula ukuthatha omnye iimeko ubunye zazivelela.

Kungalo ifilosofi

Ngokwendalo, inkxaso ngamandla kule kota evela kaDarwin kunye transformism. umsebenzi organic umhlaba kusonjululwa noko lula Bulelani ingcaciso ukuba naluphi na uhlobo Inokuchazwa umahluko okanye ezinye iimilo eziliqela ezilula.

Ngenxa yoko, kwacaca ukuba izinto zazivelela inxulumene ngqo kunye nembali. Inazo zonke kwimfezeko efanayo nasekusweleni. Kodwa yiloo nto kanye yakhokelela kwisigqibo ukuba imfundiso yokuzivelela usebenza kuphela ekuzalweni nesenzeko kunye nohlobo lwabo nangayiphi na indlela. Ngoko ke, kufuneka ukuba kutolikwa bulumko kunye nezongezelelo ezivela iimbono ezahlukeneyo bulumko.

Ubuhle nobubi

Ingcamango yendaleko ukutolika bulumko ukusuka kwindawo yakhe imbono. Kakade ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba abazimanya nale ngcamango dualistic, njengoko kude subjectivism kunye solipsism. Kodwa le ngcamango yokuzivelela kwezinto iye yaba isiseko esihle ukuba bulumko monistic. Oku kuchazwe into yokuba kukho iintlobo ezimbini monism. One - ezibonakalayo, owesibini - akunjalo. Ummeli ifomu wokuqala Spencer, owesibini bazama ukubonisa Hegel. Bobabini zazenza, kodwa, kakade, uzive ukhululekile ukuxhasa ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela.

theory nucleation

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, xa usiva igama elithi "indaleko" nangoko qatha engqondweni Darwin. Ngoko ke, ingqiqo imfundiso yokuzivelela abazalwa elide phambi kaDarwin. iingcinga okuqala e-Greece - athetha ngako izimvo transformistskie. Anaximander and Empedocles ngoku uthathwa ukuba ngoovulindlela e-worldwork theory ngokwayo. Nangona izizathu ezaneleyo ezinjalo imvume.

KumaXesha Aphakathi kwaba nzima ukufumana isiseko sophuhliso e-worldwork theory. Inzala kwi lokufundwa kwazo zonke izinto eziphilileyo kwaba okungenamsebenzi. Inkqubo yenkolo karhulumente abazange ithembisa ukuba uphuhliso kwemvelo. Ngeli xesha zonke iinzame ukuqonda lo mbuzo, Augustine Erigena.

Xa Renaissance, le injini eliyinhloko UGIORDANO Bruno. -Sobulumko wajonga ihlabathi yaye kakhulu kwamnandi, kodwa ndacinga kwicala elifanelekileyo. Wayesithi ukuba lilungu inkqubo eyodwa eye monads enzima nelula. Ngelishwa, umbono uBruno ayizange yamkelwe ihlabathi yaye nafuthe ikhosi bulumko.

Ndawana kufutshane "wayehamba" Bacon kunye Descartes. Eyokuqala wathetha transformism, ukutshintsha iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana, kodwa iingcinga zakhe ukuba akanayo ngokupheleleyo evolutionism. Descartes, Spinoza wahlala imbono yalo ihlabathi, njengoko kweziyobisi.

Development yale ngendaleko uthola Kant. I-sobulumko efanayo kakhulu wabonisa iingcinga ecacileyo kuphuhliso. Kwincwadi yakhe ngaphezu kwakanye ndikhankanye ingcamango yendaleko, kodwa intanda yakhe kubangelwa kakhulu ukuya involution. Ukanti Kant epigenezisu novelwano.

Kodwa theory ingenye ukufumana ingcaciso bahluke nezizathu ngokupheleleyo. Fichte, Schelling kunye Hegel waqalisa ukuphuhlisa iingcamango Kant. kwemvelo labo ngokuba bulumko yendalo. Hegel bonke bazama ukusebenzisa kwihlabathi ngokomoya nembali.

abantu

Ekugqibeleni ihlabathi kwafuneka ukuba uyazi ukuba yintoni na ngendaleko womntu. Le ngcamango ngoku echazwe elithi "anthropogenesis". Ngenxa yemibono zakhe sinengcamango yokuba phi, kutheni xa le ndoda ivelile. Eyona engundoqo izimvo ezintathu: ngendalo, kunye evolutionism cosmism.

Imfundiso yokuqala yeyona elide-emi kunye Classic. Yena uthi abantu - umsebenzi kwezidalwa eyimfihlakalo (uThixo). kwemvelo ocetywayo yi Darwin, uthi izinyanya adoda nokuba kubo indoda mihla kwavela khosi yophuhliso. Ingcamango wesithathu yeyona uyinto kwaye fantastic isixelela ukuba abantu babe nomnombo komhlaba enxulumene nokuba abantu komhlaba, nokuba iimvavanyo ubukrelekrele komhlaba.

ngokoqobo

Ukuba sonke sithethe ngayo yabantu njenge inzululwazi, abaphandi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba kwemvelo. She is wokwenene kakhulu, koko kungqinwe ngeziphumo ngezakudala kunye eziphilayo. Ngeli xesha, le kwemvelo uveza eziliqela izigaba zophuhliso lwabasebenzi :

• Australopithecus.
• habilis Homo.
• Homo erectus.
• I-Homo sapiens indala.
• Neanderthal.
• Homo sapiens entsha.

Australopithecus okwangoku ingqalelo esondele kwindlela abantu ukuba kuqala. Nakuba ke ngakumbi njenge inkawu than ntu. Ekhaya malunga 4-1 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kummandla Afrika.

Homo ke yokuqala hlobo yethu. We igama njalo kuba nako ukuvelisa izixhobo yokuqala ngemigudu kunye ukulwa. Mhlawumbi ibe nokuthetha. Homo erectus esaphethe Afrika nje kuphela, kodwa Eurasia. Ukongeza izixhobo, ukwenza umlilo. Kukho kwakhona kungenzeka ukuba akwazi ukuthetha. Omdala Homo sapiens i yenguqu isigaba. Ngoko ke, ngamanye amaxesha aphoswe kukuba inkcazelo amanqanaba anthropogenesis.

indoda Neanderthal kanye ingqalelo kumntu ngqo abantu; kodwa kamva wagqiba ukuba umthintele-yesebe zazivelela. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kwakunzima uhlanga ephuhliswe na nesiko, ubugcisa, yaye ukuziphatha kwalo.

Yinkalo yokugqibela - i-Homo sapiens entsha. Weza evela Cro-Magnon. Zibonakala zohlukile kancinane umntu namhlanje. Singahamba emva ilifa elikhulu: zakudala enxulumene nenkcubeko ubomi kunye noluntu.

umphakathi

Kuthiwa ukuba ingcamango "indaleko lwentlalo" kaDarwin uvele ekuqaleni. Yabeka iziseko Spencer. I ingcinga ephambili kukuba naluphi na uluntu iqala indlela kurhulumente abangekaphuhli yaye ngokuthe ngcembe uya impucuko yaseNtshona. Ingxaki ezi zimvo kukuba izifundo kuphela nje ezimbalwa oluntu kwaye zichaphazela kuphuhliso lwabo.

Umzamo kakhulu ubhalo emanyanisiweyo neqhubeka ukuhlalutya ithethelele indaleko loluntu abenaso Parsons. Wayeqhuba uphando kwisikali kwethiyori yembali yehlabathi. Ngoku kukho inani elikhulu izenze kunye zesayensi abazinikela izibonelelo zabo ekufundweni imfundiso yokuzivelela multilinear, sociobiology, uphuculo njalo njalo. D.

inkqubo

Ethetha yoluntu, ukuba awukho kule nkalo. Le Ukudaleka ingqiqo kwenkqubo ixesha elide sele kufikelela incopho yayo. Kwathatha ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, xa zonke iintlobo ziyabethabethana iye yamkelwa nezesayensi. Noko ke, eyona ngxaki inkulu kukungabikho indlela eqhelekileyo yonke inkqubo yophando unanamhla.

Nangona izazinzulu kakuhle ujonge lo mbuzo. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba zonke efanayo kukho uluntu ngokwenene kule ndawo "mfumba" ayisekho. Kodwa apha kodwa ukuqonda ngokufanayo le nkqubo ayikhange yasungula. Apha, njengakwezinye kwiinkalo ezininzi, nesiqingatha ukutyhilwa kwephupha ijonge phambili bulumko, omnye iquka ukusetyenziswa practical.

isayensi

Inzululwazi iye kwakhona wahlala ngaphandle magama eyodwa terminological. Kangangethuba elide uphuhliso "inzululwazi" kwekota ayikwazanga ukufumana ngokwakhe. Mhlawumbi imbonakalo ethi P. P. Gaydenko "Ukudaleka ingcamango isayensi" Ayimangalisi. Kweli phepha umbhali ubonisa kuphela uphuhliso kwekota ngenkulungwane 17-18, kodwa ukuqonda iindlela zakhe, neendlela yokugwetyelwa lolwazi, kwaye phambili ukuyilwa iingqiqo.

imiqondo

Ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela liye laziwa kuphela eziphilayo. Le kwexesha sinabele kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba zazivelela na isicelo nje kuphela eziphilayo, intanda okanye uluntu, kwemvelo ngeke ukuchazwa ngengqiqo exineneyo, uphuhliso kwikota okanye isifundo esithile.

ngendaleko kudla kukhunjulwa ku Marxism. Kunye revolution, eli gama lisetyenziswa ukuchaza amacala ezahlukeneyo kunye nophuhliso. Oku, ngengozi, yenye azinampembelelo intanda-mbono. Kwemvelo kwesi sicwangciso utshintsho yokuba nokuphila. Kunokuba zombini inguqu kunye nemigangatho yazo. Ukuba kwemvelo - utshintsho ngcembe, i-revolution uthathwa ebukhali, ukhadinali, ukuguqulwa ezikumgangatho ophezulu.