Coal: izakhiwo. Coal: imvelaphi, imveliso, ixabiso

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, uluntu usebenzisa amalahle njengomthombo wamandla. Kwaye namhlanje ezimbiwa iluncedo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngokwaneleyo. Maxa wambi ibizwa ngokuba amandla elanga, nto leyo ogcinwe ilitye.

isicelo

Amalahle uyaphakama ukunika ubushushu apho amanzi ashushu nokotha kwezindlu. ezimbiwa eluncedo esetyenziswa kwiinkqubo lokunyibilikisa zesinyithi. Thermal izityalo amalahle ukutshisa aguqulwa abe umbane.

inkqubela Scientific ziye uvunyelwe ukusebenzisa le into exabisekileyo eyahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, kwishishini yemichiza ye iphuhlise ngempumelelo ubuchwepheshe ivumela ukuba afumane amalahle a yesibaso solwelo, kwakunye iintsimbi ezinqabileyo ezifana germanium kunye kaLayishe waseGalim. Ukusuka ezimbiwa kufunxwa okwangoku ezixabisekileyo carbon-mifanekiso izinto edityanisiweyo kunye carbon vyskokoy ingqalelo. Kwakhona benza iindlela ku tswala iiplastikhi kunye negesi kwamafutha osidingayo ephakamileyo emalahleni.

A iqhezu esezantsi gqitha yabafundi be kwamalahle angekho mgangathweni kunye uthuli emva processing zixinaniswe zibe briquettes. Le nto ugqibelele ukuba ubilisa izindlu zabucala kwizakhiwo zoshishino. Phezu kwalo lonke, bavelise iintlobo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amane ezahlukeneyo iimveliso emva kokuba unyango acid, ubethwa yamalahle. Ixabiso ezi mveliso yentlaninge amaxesha ngaphezulu kwe iindleko zezinto ekrwada.

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane embalwa edlulileyo, uluntu yenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu amalahle njengoko amafutha eziyimfuneko ukuze kufezekiswe, kwakunye ukuguqulwa amandla. Yaye kwiminyaka yakutshanje imfuneko yale ukunyuka ezixabisekileyo ngeefosili anqongophele. Oku kunegalelo kuphuhliso lwamashisini kwemichiza le, kwakunye nemfuneko yokuba efunyenwe zoko izinto ezixabisekileyo yaye kunqabile. Kulo mba, eRashiya namhlanje baqhube iphulo yokuhlola olumandla kwiinkalo ezintsha, ukudala imigodi kunye eqingqiweyo, le nkampani kwakhelwa ukuhluzwa eli izinto zexabiso ekrwada.

Imvelaphi ezimbiwa

Kumaxesha amandulo, ihlabathi nemozulu efudumeleyo yaye kufumile apho izityalo ezahlukeneyo ukuze baphumelele. Kulo emalahleni kwixesha elizayo kunye ndakubumba. Imvelaphi yalo eziphili kuxhomekeke beqokelela ezigidi eetoni izityalo efile emazantsi anemigxobhozo, apho zagutyungelwa yodaka. Ukususela ngoko yapasisa malunga nezigidi-300. Iminyaka. Phantsi Isanti uxinzelelo enamandla, amanzi kunye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izityalo kancinci ibolile kwindawo mpilo. Xa ekucaca ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, nto leyo enike usondele daka Ukuqinisa kunobukhulu kwenzeka, ngokuthe ngcembe similise namalahle. Imvelaphi yazo zonke iinkalo ekhoyo kuphela ingcaciso.

zolondolozo izimbiwa kunye nezimbiwa

On iplanethi yethu, kukho imali enkulu amalahle. Xa iyonke, njengoko uqikelelo, umhlaba ukugcina elinesihlanu ezigidi iitoni yale bezimbiwa. Ngaphezu koko, amalahle kwemigodi ngakumbi uba kwindawo yokuqala. Kulo nyaka kwaba-2.6 billion iitoni, okanye iitoni 0.7 mmi umhlaba nganye.

Iidipozithi amalahle eRashiya zifumaneka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, xa ngasinye apho imveliso izimbiwa uneempawu ezahlukeneyo kwaye nobunzulu yayo. Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu, equka iidiphozithi inkulu kwamalahle ku Russia:

1. Elga idiphozithi. Le ise emzantsi-mpuma inxalenye Yakutia. Ubunzulu amalahle kwezi nkalo ivumela kwemigodi evulekileyo. Kufuneka akukho iindleko ezongezelelekileyo, ethi ichaphazele kunciphiso iindleko yokugqibela imveliso.
2. imali Tuvan. Ngokutsho kweengcali, emdeni wayo umalunga 20 bhiliyoni. Iitoni kwezimbiwa. Le ntlawulo yokuqala ibenomtsalane kakhulu kuphuhliso. Isibakala sokuba asibhozo ekhulwini awo zibekwe umthungo kokuba ubukhulu kweemitha 6-7.
3. endle Minusinsk. Bona ise kwiRiphabliki Khakassia. It is a amasimi ezimbalwa, ezona zinabantu abaninzi baseMontenegro kunye Izykhsky. Noninzi lwezinto kumadanyana encinane. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ingcali, bona akhawunti kuba phakathi 2 no-7 billion neetoni. Kukho sisicatshulwa lubaluleke kakhulu iimpawu Coal yayo. Iimpawu ezifana ukuba xa itshiswe kubhalwe lobushushu eliphezulu kakhulu.
4. Kuznetsk amalahle isitya. Le endle, ibekwe ngakwintshona eSiberia, sinika imveliso esetyenziswa kwishishini ngentsimbi ye. Amalahle, nto leyo geni kule mimandla, kuba coking. Umthamo yesibambiso nje enkulu.
5. Kuznetsky Alatau. Le nkundla inika imveliso zomgangatho ophezulu. Ubunzulu omkhulu esicwangciswe kwezimbiwa ifikelela kweemitha ezingamakhulu amahlanu. Production oluqhutywa kumacandelo evulekileyo, kwaye emigodini.

Amalahle geni eRussia i Pechora amalahle isitya. ayenziwa emasimini kummandla Rostov.

ukhetho Coal ukuba inkqubo yemveliso

Imizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo, kukho isidingo yemiyinge ezahlukeneyo kwezimbiwa. Yintoni umahluko Coal? Iimpawu kunye neempawu esemgangathweni imveliso ziyahluka ngokubanzi.

Oku kwenzeka nokuba amalahle unalo efanayo zokumakisha. Isibakala sokuba iimpawu ezimbiwa zixhomekeke site yayo kwimveliso. Kungenxa yoko le nto zonke iinkampani, ukukhetha amalahle ukuze imveliso yawo kufuneka babe nolwazi iimpawu ebonakalayo.

izakhiwo

Amalahle lunomahluko yi le mihlaba ilandelayo:

1. Mninzi. Le yenye yeempawu ibalulekileyo, nto leyo ngeenxa grams 1.28 ukuya 1,53 nganye sentimitha cc. Xa ezixineneyo eziphezulu kwandisa ubushushu oluthile ukutshiswa namalahle.
2. Umxholo carbon. Esi salathisi yakhona ukusuka kuma-75 ukuya 97 ekhulwini. Xa umxholo ephezulu kwekhabhoni fuel ngaphantsi kwe umthamo ukungcola. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ufumane inani eliphezulu amandla ukutshiswa kwimveliso.
3. amandla Mechanical. Olu phawu umisela isakhono ezimbiwa ukudlulisela yokuhamba. Le parameter ku ezahlukene ukususela buziikhilogram 40 sentimitha square nganye (ukusuka lignite) kunye 300 (y anthracite).
4. I-sulphur. angle wayo zingaqala 0.5 ukuya 5.4 ekhulwini. Xa ixabiso elincinane sobungakanani wamafutha osetyenzisiweyo ngokukhuselekileyo.
5. amacandelo aziphethe (2-45%).
6. Ukufuma. Amafutha anokuqulatha 4 ukuya kowe-15 ukufuma ekhulwini. Ukususela kulo mzobo oko kuxhomekeke nokuba amalahle lilitye olusebenzayo. Iimpawu imveliso emanzi yahlukile ngokwesiseko owomileyo. yamalahle enjalo crumbled kwaye phantsi yemozulu ngokukhawuleza.
7. Umxholo Ash. Le kwabalinganiswa ibonisa inani kwimixube non-ukutsha eziqulathwe ezimbiwa. Xa ash umxholo esezantsi kwandisa amandla ethile ubushushu. Le pesenti isezantsi zemixube non-ukutsha abe anthracite. Kungenxa ngaphakathi 2%. Kuba ubilisa isiqulatho ash kwamkelekile uluhlu amathathu ekhulwini. Ixabiso eliphezulu le laka - 45%.
8. ubushushu ethile amandla omlilo. Le index is kuluhlu ukususela 6500 ukuya 8600 kcal / kg. It ephawula imali ubushushu leyo eyenziwe ukutshiswa omnye ikhilogramu yesibaso.

The degree of zophuculo

Yamalahle eyahlukileyo nzima zingathengwa kuxhomekeke kusetyenziso ekujongwe. Iimpahla iSibasi kanjalo ecacileyo, ngokusekelwe iqondo zophuculo. ihloniphekile:

1. lugxile. Le zamafutha asetyenziswe ekulungiseleleni umbane kunye nobushushu.

2. Industrial Products. Zisetyenziswa yokunyibilikisa isinyithi.

3. lendle. Le iqhekeza entle amalahle (iimillimitha ezintandathu), kunye uthuli yaveliswa kukutyunyuzwa elulwalweni. Briquettes wabumba ukusuka oluludaka ukuba iipropati zentsebenzo for zasekhaya boilers amafutha esiqinileyo.

The degree of coalification

azakubalulwa salathisi:

1. Brown namalahle. Le yamalahle efanayo, kuphela ngokuphelele. Izinto zobumnini kube kubi thile ngaphezu koko of ephakamileyo fuels esemgangathweni. amalahle Brown Ikhupha ubushushu kakhulu xa kutshiswa kwaye crumbled ngexesha zothutho. Ukongeza, ukuba unalo notyekelo lokuzimela kwanokubuyisela.

2. Coal. Le fuel kukho inani elikhulu ntlobo (amanqaku) ogama iimpawu ezahlukileyo. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi amandla, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, eziluncedo kunye noshishino kwemichiza le.

3. Anthracite. Le fom iphezulu umgangatho namalahle.

Iimpawu zonke ezi ntlobo minerals zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye. Ngoko ke, lo uphantsi ixabiso calorific lignite ezithile, yaye aphezulu - anthracite. Yintoni kakhulu ukuba uwuthenge amalahle? Ixabiso kufuneka aphuhle kwezoqoqosho. Ngokunjalo, iindleko kunye nobushushu ezifumanwe ngaphakathi ratio eyiyeyona ezifumaneka ilahle elula (kuluhlu $ 220 ngetoni nganye).

Ukwahlukanisa ngobukhulu

Xa ukhetha kubalulekile ukwazi ubukhulu namalahle. Eli nani ngokufihlisa xa uhlobo le wezimbiwa. Ngenxa yoko, amalahle ngu:

- "P" - slab, nto leyo amaqhekeza enkulu ngaphezu kwe-10 cm.

- "K" - ezinkulu, kunye nemilinganiselo ezisuka-5 ukuya kwi-10 cm.

- "O" - eyayi, oko enkulu kakhulu, amaqhekeza kunye ubukhulu cm 2.5 ukuya ku-5.

- "M" - elincinane, kukho iziqwenga ezimbalwa 1.3-2.5 cm.

- "C" - imbewu - iqhekeza cheap for ukubola elide kunye imilinganiso 0.6-1.3 cm.

- "W" - yimiwewe, apho abantu abaninzi amalahle ungacolwanga ilungiselelwe briquetting.

- "R" - Private, okanye standardless, anokuba amaqhezu ezahlukeneyo ngobukhulu.

Iimpawu amalahle brown

Le yamalahle ubuncinane ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Price waba (malunga nekhulu zeerandi ngetoni nganye) asezantsi. amalahle Brown kwasekwa imigxobhozo bamandulo ucinezelo of umgquba kubunzulu omalunga 0.9 km. Le amafutha kakhulu cheap equlathe isixa esikhulu samanzi (40%).

Ukongeza, lignite umntu abile noko yokutsha. Kukho inani elikhulu (50%) zegesi aziphethe. Ukuba usebenzisa amalahle emdaka ukuba firebox eziko, kuba iimpawu zayo umgangatho ukukhumbuza iinkuni ezifumileyo. Le mveliso kunzima ezithile, elininzi usisi kushiya inani elikhulu wentaba. Ngokufuthi, le nto ekrwada briquettes ezilungiselelwe. Ukuba ulime ukusebenza kakhulu kakuhle. ixabiso labo isusela ukusuka engange ezisibhozo ukuya lamawaka ishumi ngetoni nganye.

Iimpawu amalahle

Le fuel ngcono. Coal - a emaweni eye abamnyama kunye matte, semi-Mat okanye umphezulu obukhanyayo.

Kule hlobo amafutha iqulathe ezingama kokufuma ezintlanu ukuya kwezintandathu ekhulwini, ngenxa apho has a ubushushu ophezulu yokutsha. Xa kuthelekiswa oki, alder kunye ezinde ngeenkuni amalahle unika ubushushu amaxesha 3.5 ngaphezulu. Icala elisezantsi olu hlobo fuel ash yayo enkulu. Ixabiso amalahle ehlotyeni kwaye ukuwa kuluhlu ukusuka engange 3900 ukuya 4600 ngetoni nganye. Ebusika, ixabiso ukunyuka kwamafutha amabini ukuya kumashumi amathathu ekhulwini.

Ukugcinwa amalahle

Ukuba fuel ukuba kusetyenziswa ixesha elide, ngoko ke kufuneka abekwe njengeshedi ekhethekileyo okanye wesisele. Apho kufuneka ikhuselwe elangeni ngqo kunye kwezulu.

Ukuba amalahle enkulu imfumba, ngoko ke yokugcina kufuneka iliso rhoqo imeko yabo. Iqhezu entle zidityaniswe kunye lobushushu eliphezulu nokufuma inokuba phemba ngokuzenzekelayo.