Cage: inkcazelo, isakhiwo, yokuhlela

unit noshowo naziphi na iseli. Kwinkcazelo yale isakhiwo lalisetyenziswa kuqala ngu Robert Guk, xa wafunda isakhiwo yethishyu phantsi ngemicroscope. Ngoku izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa inani elikhulu kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo cell ukuba zifumaneka kwindalo. Ekuphela eziphilayo izakhiwo noncellular ngayo iintsholongwane.

Cage: definition, isakhiwo

Yokuhlala - iyunithi zokusebenza kunye Morpho esebenza kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ukwahlula kwiseli kunye eziphilayo multicellular.

iiseli abaninzi ngesakhiwo zilandelayo: a izixhobo ukutyabeka, ngumongo kunye icytoplasm kunye organelles. Kele angamelwa yi-inwebu cytoplasmic nodonga iseli. Isiqalo kunye organelles uye iseli kuphela eukaryotic, ocacisa leyo iyahluka prokaryotic.

Iiseli ze eziphilayo multicellular zenze elaphini, nto leyo yinxalenye amalungu kunye neenkqubo omzimba. Baya kuza ngokobungakanani obahlukeneyo kwaye ziyahluka ifomu kunye nomsebenzi. Ukwahlula ezi zakhiwo elincinane kuphela ngemakroskopu.

Yintoni a ibhayoloji cell. Ingcaciso kweeseli prokaryotic

Cya, ezifana neentsholongwane, umzekelo obalaseleyo eziphilayo prokaryotic. Olu hlobo iseli ilula kubume, okt. K. ndingekho iintsholongwane kunye namanye organelles engundoqo cytoplasmic. ulwazi ilifa iqulethwe Cya Isakhiwo ezizodwa - imisebenzi nucleoid kunye organelle asebenza mesosoma leyo akhiwa invagination le inwebu plasma kule seli.

Ziziphi ezinye iimpawu na iseli prokaryotic? Le nkcazelo ichaza ukuba ubukho isiliya kunye misila kwaye uphawu iintsholongwane. Le yunithi motor ezongezelelweyo yahlukile kumaqela ahlukeneyo eziphilayo: umntu yomsila mnye kuphela umntu kukho ababini okanye ngaphezulu. Xa ciliates misila apho, kodwa kukho isiliya lonke kwimiphetho kwiseli.

Ukubandakanywa badlale indima enkulu ebomini iintsholongwane, okt. A., iiseli Prokaryotic musa ilifa organelles abakwaziyo ukuqokelela izinto eziyimfuneko. Inclusions zifumaneka kukho icytoplasm kunye kompaktiziruyutsya efanayo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, iintsholongwane ukusebenzisa ezi izinto ezingasetyenziswanga iimfuno zabo, ukuze kugcinwe umsebenzi oqhelekileyo.

iiseli eukaryotic

iiseli Eukaryotic are evolutionarily eliphezulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa iiseli prokaryotic. Baye bonke organelles ezithile yaye kwasekwa - kumbindi ukugcinwa kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi yemfuza.

Inkcazo "iseli" ichaza kakuhle ubume eukaryotes. Iseli nganye igutyungelwe inwebu cytoplasmic, nto leyo imelwe bilipidnym umaleko kunye neeproteni. Isendaweni encotsheni glycocalyx, oluthi luqokelelane yi glycoproteins kwaye enze umsebenzi lo receptor. Xa plant cells kwakhona cell udonga iseli.

Le kukho icytoplasm of eukaryotes amelwe isisombululo colloidal, equlethe organelles, cytoskeleton kunye inclusions ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi organelles ekwanti reticulum endoplasmic (egudileyo, rough), izixhobo Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria kunye plastids zezityalo. Microtubule cytoskeleton zimelwe, microfilaments kunye microfilaments eliphakathi. Ezi zakhiwo zakha isakhelo, kananjalo inxaxheba kwicandelo. indima ngqo kule nkqubo eli ziko, nto leyo enye iseli isilwanyana. Determination, ukufumana cytoskeleton kunye neziko iseli balo babulingana nesandla kunokwenzeka kuphela ukusetyenziswa esinamandla mihla.

Core - dvumembrannaya kwesi sakhiwo, umxholo yayo thaca karyolymph. Iqulathe chromosome elibandakanya DNA zonke iiseli. I kernel unoxanduva ukubhalelwa zofuzo ephilayo kwaye ulawula amanqanaba eyahlula ngexesha mitosis kunye meiosis amitosis.

Iifom Non-cellular zobomi

Yintoni iseli eziphilayo? Inkcazo lo gama zingasetyenziswa ukuchaza isakhiwo phantse nayiphi na into ephilayo, kodwa kukho ukuxolelwa. Ngoko ke, amagciwane abameli eziphambili kweefom ubomi non-cellular. .. umbutho yabo ilula, oko kukuthi ukuya iintsholongwane - ukuba ezasulelayo ukuba kubume ziqulethe ezimbini kuphela amacandelo eziphilayo: DNA okanye RNA nengubo yangaphantsi elukwe protein.

Virus ikutyela abayinqobo iiseli izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Emva ukungena kwi intsholongwane host iseli sifakelwa nucleic acid balo engundoqo DNA, emva koko eqalisa Yindibanisela zofuzo ntsholongwane. Ngenxa yoko, i iseli host uba uhlobo efektri ekuvelisweni amasuntswana entsholongwane ezitsha, nto leyo ke ukwandisa amanani abo. Emva zazo ezinjalo iseli eukaryotic ngokuqhelekileyo afe.

Igciwane bahlupheke computer, apho kwenza iqela bacteriophages. bomzimba wabo elimile dodecahedron, yaye "inaliti" nucleic acid kulo iseli yebhaktiriya kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa inkqubo caudal zimelwe inshorensi contractile, oluthi yangaphakathi kunye lamina Uhlobo Lokuqala.