Ascomycete: incazelo, iimpawu

Ngaba zikhona marsupials fungi? Oku izinto umbuzo zonke ezinye yesikolo ngolangazelelo bafunda izifundo biology. Ezi fungi kuba ubukumkani, equka abameli emzimbeni yahlula kwezityalo. Bathi izinto ezithile zesini - iingxowa. Ziquka ascospores ezisibhozo. Ezinye iintlobo zezi fungi abafezekanga, ngokuba kwinkqubo yobomi balahlekelwe izakhono zazo zokuzala. Yokuba ukuzala maqanda.

Ezi izitho kwezi amakhowa ziphantse zange kwakheka. Ngaphandle kuphela ezimbalwa eziphilayo olwaye lwamfimfitha. Ubume kwelungu ngalinye le udidi ziquka ngechitin (ukusuka 20 ukuya kowama-25 epesenti) glucan.

Ukuphila marsupials amakhowa (abameli ziya ezidweliswe ngezantsi) kwi iintsalela izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iintlobo ezininzi sande (abomvu, nangwevu, engwevu-eluhlaza) ziphantsi Ascomycetes. Enkosi kwi-orenji-pink ngundo nqanaba zofuzo kuye kufikelelwa iimpumelelo ezininzi. Ascomycetes emhlabeni wonke.

iklasi Ascomycetes kuquka kwisizukulwana malunga 2 amawaka kunye neentlobo-30,000. Abameli ezaziwayo-ziphumelelayo igwele, truffle, Morel, Parmelee, umgca.

morphology

umzimba kwezityalo iqulathe izahlulelo eziliqela, nto leyo nabelane. Ngenxa kuye, makhowa unokuphulukana izinto ngaphantsi cellular ukusuka imfundo filamentous. Xa sithelekisa Ascomycetes kunye zygomycota, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba elide lokuqala bahlala ngokwaneleyo.

Ascomycete amalungiselelo ngendlela yokuba umzimba wayo uyakwazi ukuba zibe nokutshintshanisa iincwadi phakathi spores kukho icytoplasm, nuclei, organelles. Kwiseli nganye apho ngokuqhelekileyo yeyona nto eyodwa haploid beemeko iivenkile kunye transfers ulwazi yemfuza (DNA).

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga kwenziwe kunye nophuhliso

Marsupials amakhowa babe iindlela ezimbini yokuzala:

• anamorph (indlela maqanda);
• teleomorph (isakhiwo esondo).

Eziphilayo, ezi nkqubo zimbini kuthiwa holomorphs. Azikuthandi omnye nomnye. Kwakhona le anamorphs omzimba zihamba teleomorph. Kungenxa yoko le nto wazalwa ascomycetes uhlobo olunye kodwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo izazinzulu baphathwa njengabameli ngamnye. Ngenxa kwinzululwazi uphando molekyuli unika lula ukuqonda indlela ngundo ethile amatakane kwabunjwa yi kwinkqubo.

Anamorph (indlela maqanda)

inkqubo anamorphs ikhutshwa phandle nge conidia. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba morphology yakutsha kakhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngamnye kubo isenokuba kwiseli enye okanye multicellular. izahlulelo ezinqamlezayo sinaye inani mda. Conidia badla ngokuba iimilo ajikelezayo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, le amatakane ngundo zolwelo liye landa ukuntsonkotha izinto isakhiwo. Abameli ezinjalo afumaneka kwi amagqabi emithi, leyo kudala emanzini.

Teleomorph (ukuzala) iifom asezantsi

olu didi lwe fungi ikwazi ukuzandisa esebenzisa izakhiwo ngesondo, kodwa ngaphandle ukwakheka gametes. Ukwenza le nkqubo kwi hyphae kwakhiwa inkunzi kunye namaziko ababhinqileyo. Olu phawu marsupials umngundo efana nenkcazelo yohlaza - Kwakhona ke modified oogonia.

Xa siqwalasela iifom ntsi iindawo teleomorph efanayo zigogamiey. Oku kungenxa yokuba gametangia ukwakhiwa ifomu ezifanayo, kwaye emva kokuba inkqubo yokudibanisa kuzo lwenzeka fusion yenyukliya. Kodwa ezi amakhowa intshukumo yokugqibela kuchaphazela ayizizo zonke izinto kwesakhiwo, karyogamy multiple Kwenzeka. Emva koko, lo meiosis, nto leyo iya kamva engxoweni elilodwa.

Teleomorph (ukuzala) iifom eziphezulu

Xa kuqwalaselwa inkqubo yokuzala iifom eziphezulu, kufuneka bathi wenza nzima ngakumbi kancinane ezisezantsi. Arhikarp cover askogon. Ukongeza, ukuba liza kwahlulwa. On top of it "kuza" ngohlobo kwimibhobho. kwiseli enye Antheridium yi isici ngokumila zezindlu. Emva kokuba kudityaniswa, ukuba kukho icytoplasm isiqalo musa idibane, kodwa ziyahlangana. Dikaryons kwakhiwa. nuclei zabo, yena, ezo zahlulo. Ngexesha Iifom ukuzala ascomycete asci, emva koko kukho kukuhlangana eziba haploid. Ngaphandle kwexesha bengasebenzi eyenziwa meiosis. Le umphakathi benziwa zihlukaniswe metoticheski. Ngenxa yoko isakhiwo ezisibhozo.

Veliswa: Izigqibo

Kuxhomekeka ubulungu kweentlobo ezithile yokuzala kule klasi kwiinkalo ezininzi lula. Umzekelo, antheridia ayikwazi kuyilwa - ukuba kufakwe umzimba kwezityalo okanye conidia. nokuphuma umoya, amanzi okanye spermatsii kwezinambuzane wasiwa trichogins ngoko Ukumanyanisa kukho icytoplasm yeseli. Hyphae bag ukwenzeka kuphela ngokungakhethiyo kodwa imizimba yabo, ezo ngokuqinileyo amasebe ezihlangene zesakhiwo.

imizimba Fruiting yahlulwe ntlobo ezine:

• Apothecia. Amakhowa amatakane zemveli nalo olu hlobo kuba ibhegi enkulu. Bangakwazi abunjwe parafizy.
• Perithecia. Iingxowa ezi fungi zivalwa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye. imilo imbiza wabo.
• Cleistothecia. Iziqhamo umzimba nomngundo ngokumila elivaliweyo.
• Pseudothecia. Oku umzimba fanele kuphela uhlobo oluthile nomngundo. Inkqubo zesini lwenziwa emva ukubunjwa gametangium. Perithecia isendaweni hyphae, leyo ibizwa ngokuba stroma.

Intsingiselo ngabantu kunye umhlaba

Umjikelo wobomi ascomycetes luncedo ezisentlabathini sphere umhlaba. Ngenxa yokuba bazigunguxule namasebe abafileyo, imithi, amagqabi, kwakhona isixhaso carbon ne-nitrogen on Earth. Kuba izilwanyana (umz, iimpuku, ezingenamqolo, njalo njalo). Ascomycetes ukudla. Ngo kwemvelo of nomngundo lilikhulu.

Inxalenye enkulu lithatyathwe ascomycetes ulele. Ziquka ezi zinto ziphilayo - ngaphezu kwe-95%. Mycorrhizae kwakhona kunye noncedo lwawo. Ezinye iimbovane kunye Iintubi 'ukhule "kwi ephilayo uhlobo oluthile nomngundo.

Kudla Wayefunyenwe phakathi ascomycetes abameli olwaye lwamfimfitha, ezo kwasekwa izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Bona agents causative i kwezifo ezinzima ngokufanelekileyo. Xa umntu, kakhulu, marsupials amakhowa parasitize. Ezinye ukutya asetyenziswa ngabantu, baphenjelelwe i Ascomycetes.

Athom kunye morels, leyo ke abameli ezi nomngundo, adla ngokusetyenziswa njengoko nokutya kwabantu. Amagwele asetyenziswa bhaka lweemveliso yokubhaka, ezinye iziselo yokuvelisa, kuphuhliso iziyobisi. Ascomycetes ukufumana isicelo labo kwisayensi.

Igwele - omele kakhulu ethandwa

Le isihloko kuzisa kunye nabameli ezahlukeneyo 1,500. Bayakwazi ukuba ahlale e substrates lulwelo kunye nezo okuqinileyo.

Igama elithi "igwele" livela isenzi Proto-Slavic elithetha "cofa", "axove". Eli gama yaziwa ukuba wonke umntu Russian elithetha. I ingcambu ka 'ndiba "inkcazelo echanileyo ngokoqobo kuzo zonke iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke ngexesha ibile lwe ngulo mngundo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba igama IsiNgesi izandi bufana negwele. Yaguqulelwa Russian, lithetha "ukuba kunika igesi."

Kubonakala ngathi marsupials fungi (igwele), kubo bonke, ngenxa yokuba baye basebenzisa kangangeenkulungwane besifazane sokubhaka. Beer sele eyayivutyelwa malunga namawaka amathandathu eminyaka eyadlulayo BC, ukuba sele kusetyenziswa ezi makhowa. technology baking abantu sowukuchana kancinane kamva - ngo-1200 BC. e.

Igwele lokuqala zabonwa phantsi neemicroscope ngo-1680, kodwa ke ngenxa yokungabikho ubuncinane ezinye iintshukumo zabo ayibonwa njengemali eziphilayo. Kamva, wafakwa phambili ingcamango ukuba igwele eneneni - eziphilayo kunye nezenzo zabo - chemical. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo mbono sele luye lwabonisa. Kwabonisa ukuba igwele utywala - yinkqubo yendalo.

uhlobo okuze

Amagwele zahlulwe iintlobo ezintlanu: zonka, eyomileyo, ibhiya, iwayini kunye sicinezelweyo.

amakhowa ukubhaka ziyafumaneka asigcinele nganye. Bangakwazi ugcinwe ixesha elide, kunye nesakhiwo yabo elula kangangokuba kube yenye kulula uyipheke intlama, nkqu umntwana.

Amakhowa ecinezelweyo musa aphile ixesha elide; ngaphandle ifriji ukuba ukubamba iintsuku kungekho ngaphezulu kwama-14. A iqondo lobushushu eliphezulu ukuba zimbi ngaphantsi kweveki. Ukuba uzibeke ngezantsi siqandisi, makhowa ziya ilingane omnye iinyanga ezi-2. Phambi ukusetyenziswa, kufuneka unyityilikiswa emanzini ashushu.

Igwele Dry - amakhowa babe nobomi kwithala elide. Kwindawo epholileyo, apho kungekho ukufuma, bayakwazi ukulala phantsi iminyaka emi-2. Ukuba esebenzayo, kufuneka unyityilikiswa emanzini (qiniseka ukuba shushu). mushroom Instant kwakhona umtshato, kodwa ziya kuba zilungele ukusetyenziswa xa imizuzu eli-10-15.

amakhowa Beer zahlulwe inani elikhulu ohlobo. Ukuba sicinga ukuba ngamnye kubo bathanda izinto ezahlukeneyo namavumba, ukusela owenziwe nawo uneempawu ezahlukeneyo. Ezi fungi zisasazwa ngendlela elulwelo, ngoko ke akukho mfuneko yokuba ukuyichitha kubo. Baya nazo zisetyenziswa ukuya kvas, kodwa nshita utywala kwi tywala yaye zobisi, kukho iintsholongwane.

Kukho kwakhona wefula igwele, kodwa ukutyiwa ngabantu akukhuthazwa ukuba yongezwe.