Fungi kwiseli kunye nendima yazo ngokwendalo

Kweseli eziphilayo yaziwa ukuba umntu nokufika izixhobo zimenza mkhulu. Namhlanje, Noko ke, bona - isiseko izifundo yemfuza ukuqokelelela izinto theoretical kwimiba emininzi ngamachiza, ezinto eziphilayo, imizila yemfuza. Kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo olunye-elilodwa. Amakhowa - omnye wabo. Asingawo onke, Kakade ke, kodwa kakhulu indima ebalulekileyo. Eli nqaku liza kujonga oko Abameleli kudidi lwe umngundo elula yintoni iimpawu kunye neempawu ezinawo.

Ifungi kwiseli enye kwaye multicellular: iimpawu ngokubanzi

Kuzo zonke ezintlanu izikumkani yendalo amakhowa - engaqhelekanga. Eyona nto kukuba ukumisela ubume taxonomic zesityalo okanye isilwanyana ilula. Kwiintsholongwane ngendlela eyahlukileyo amalungiselelo, zonke iimposiso makabe kusini na.

Neenkowane kuphela - ezi izinto ezintsonkothileyo ukuba Kangangexesha elide ezingezozakhe nayiphi na ubukumkani ethile. Ekuqaleni babegqalwa nezityalo, nje akanalo ngokuba yiklorofili. Izifundo zakutsha aye abonisa ukuba le ukuwa iimveliso eziqulathe urea, kukho iseli eludongeni eyakhiwa ubukhulu becala ngechitin. Kulo mzekelo, ukwetyisa yangaphandle, kunye nee-enzayim emininzi efana naleyo eveliswe umzimba ezanyisayo.

Ezi mpawu ngokucacileyo sithetha malunga fungi lilungu isilwanyana. Ukongeza, oko kwazeka asibumba fungi Division anodaka kwiseli (anodaka) ungahambisa kwicala ukutya kunye nokukhanya phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Oku kungqina kwakhona ukuba ezi izinto kunye izilwanyna eyodwa.

Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni makhowa kwathiwa loo nto ibangelwa xivandla eyahlukileyo wendalo. Eyona eqhelekileyo yesazisi zabo:

• multicore phambi mycelium kwiseli enye okanye multicellular;
• hyphae - zixhobo ezingcakacileyo aluka ekwaziyo ezenza umzimba fruiting ne mycelium;
• indlela heterotrophic yokudla;
• ngechitin eludongeni iseli;
• urea kuhlanganiselo imveliso izinto ukubola;
• plastids yokuswela;
• yokuzala esebenzisa sikuyo.

Iyonke Namhlanje kukho malunga nama-250 amawaka iintlobo zezi eziphilayo. Abaninzi kubo - fungi omnye ezineseli.

Ukwahlukanisa fungi kwiseli

Nala diversity kukho imfuneko kwi yokuhlela. Ngoko ke, yaye systematized zonke fungi elilodwa olunye-, imizekelo apho kungancitshiswa xa siqwalasela ngokuhlelwa epheleleyo.

kube Single namhlanje akakho, ngoko ke ababhali ezahlukeneyo azifani. Ngenxa yoko, ngokubonelela amaqela aphambili 4.

1. Deuteromycetes - ezikwabizwa ngokuba fungi abangafezekanga. Musa ukuba indlela ukuzala ngokwesini. Abameli sklerotium, Rhizoctonia, iintlobo ezininzi Candida.
2. Chytridiomycota - fungi ezintsonkothileyo kweseli olunye-, lo mycelium leyo imelwe nezakhiwo elide branched equlethe umphakathi ezininzi. Abameli olpidium, silhitrium, spizellomy, monoblefaridy kunye nabanye. Uninzi zasemanzini okanye nezo zihlala emhlabeni nasemanzini yokuphila, ukuba irhorho yezityalo zaselwandle kunye amanzi kunye nezilwanyana.
3. Zygomycetes - fungi ezithile kwiseli enye, ezinye abameli mycelium kunye neendonga ezimbalwa buthathaka. Abameli Mucor, trihomitsety, spinellusy, zoopagalisy kunye nabanye. Phakathi kwazo kukho abemi umhlaba, ezidala abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo.
4. Ascomycetes - kakhulu multicellular, kodwa kukwakho fungi olunye-elilodwa. Imizekelo: igwele, morels, athom, imigca, kunye nezinye Parmelee. Got igama lalo ngenxa iimpawu noshowo mbambano, nibizwayo ascospores. Abanye abameli uyayeka ngexesha ubomi ubuchule ukuzala, kwaye zihlelwa kwi Deuteromycetes, oko kukuthi ifungi abangafezekanga.

Isebe ngalinye awohluke zayo neempawu, kwaye kuphela iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Indlela umdla yobomi, kubalulekile ukuba ixabiso loqoqosho. Ukongeza, amakhowa zidlala indima eziphilayo ebalulekileyo yendalo.

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo kunye nendlela yokuphila

Ngaphambi kokuba siphendule lo mbuzo: "Chaza indima fungi kwiseli enye indalo", kufuneka bacinge ubume yabo ethile kunye nendlela yokuphila. Ngapha koko, ivela koku kwaye ziza kuxhomekeka ukuba ixabiso baya kuba izinto ezibangqongileyo, kubandakanywa nabo abantu.

Ngaloo ndlela, iimpawu noshowo ezi fungi kwiseli enye.

1. Mycelium okanye kuphuhliswa onke, okanye siswele kakhulu. It angamelwa yi multi-core okanye iseli enye nucleus mnye.
2. Veliswa ngokuqhelekileyo maqanda, nangona abaninzi uphawu inkqubo ngokwesini.
3. zoospores In abameli zasemanzini wabumba (chytridiomycota), apho ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwamanzi misila. Xa ascomycetes imizimba ezikhethekileyo ibihlungu iingxowa apho ascospores abaqolileyo. Inani labo ayidluli amaqhekeza ezisibhozo.
4. Ezinye Zygomycetes zomhlaba fomu mycorrhiza ngeengcambu zomthi.
5. fungi abangafezekanga singene ngokuncedisana iintsholongwane, ukudala impilo Kombucha.

Ngokubanzi, ubume phantse zonke nomngundo, kwakunye ubume iseli yangaphakathi phantse twatse. Akukhathaliseki, Osenyangweni yena okanye abangafezekanga. Ngoko ke, ngenxa ulwahlulohlulo isoloko iphambili - indlela yokuzala.

Iimpawu yokuphila:

1. Uninzi - uyawabophelela ezidala facultative.
2. Abaninzi bebeziqhelanisa ubomi emanzini okanye emhlabeni.
3. Abanye abameli ikhala izixa ezikhulu enqanda kokusingqongileyo, ukuba alungiselele ukutya ngokwabo. Nokuba ngaphandle kokuba ne mycelium branched, ezinye izinto eziphilayo zivelisa rhizoids ezingcakacileyo, abo iqhotyoshelwe zeendawana, aze asithimbe (ukufunxa) ukutya.
4. Phakathi Zygomycetes babe abameli ezikhethekileyo - zoopagalisy. Got igama layo libe yokuphila yokuphanga. Bayambamba enamathelayo hyphae ezidla izinambuzane, nematodes kunye nezinye lenyama, uze uzitye, ekugayeni ngaphandle.
5. Kwinkqubo lobomi, abameli ezininzi (ingakumbi igwele) abakwaziyo ukuvelisa iziyobisi ezixabisekileyo, iienzymes, iikhompawundi ebalulekileyo chemical.

Chonga iimpawu ezifanayo kuzo zonke yokuphila kunzima, kuba inani iintlobo inkulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke kungcono ukuba zihlale phezu kakhulu rhoqo kwaye kubalulekile ukuba umntu.

Inkqubo yokuzala

Sele sicacise ukuba inkalo ephambili eziphilayo ngawo - le yindlela zizale. Veliswa of fungi kwiseli enye enokwenziwa ngeendlela ezintathu:

• inkanuko;
• ngokukha;
• asexually.

Cinga zonke iinketho zolwimi ngokunzulu.

1. ukuzala maqanda kubandakanya ukuyilwa imbewu ngaphakathi ama izinto ezakhiwe ezizodwa. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, ihamba zoospores chytrid, ngelixa ascomycete - ascospores imvelaphi iqala.
2. Kwezityalo ukuze lolu olunye-ezineseli ibandakanya abameli. Oko kukuthi, iseli enye kunye amathupha iba liqumrhu elizimeleyo. Oku kunjalo ku negwele, awalithabathayo abajongwa ukuba fungi ezineseli enye-yesibini.
3. Le nkqubo yenzeka ngokwahlukileyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, bonke ezintathu iinketho zikhona: heterogamy, oogamy kunye isogamy. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, eli ubuxoki, ezo gametes ukwenza elilodwa. Amaninzi, oko wambu iqokobhe kwintsunguzi, kwaye imo ukuphumla okwethutyana. Emva koko uqalisa ukwakha mycelium kwaye lukhula umzimba omtsha. Nokuba kwimeko ubukho abameli multicellular yamalungu inkunzi nemazi umbuzo. zibonisa nje ubukho "+" yaye "- 'icala mycelium, leyo bahlanganisane ukwenza dikaryons.

Kakade ke, kukho kwakhona ezithi uncedo ukuchonga amanye amalungu. Noko ke, umlinganiselo andise fungi kwiseli lulonke zizezi ezichazwe ngasentla.

IPenicillium kunye neempawu zayo

Yintoni IPenicillium - ngundo kweseli olunye-, hayi sithi. Eyona nto kukuba yena ukuba udidi ngabameli ngumngundo, uninzi lwazo elula mbutho. Ke rhoqo, yaye nguye ezineempawu ezifanayo. Nangona kunjalo, lo IPenicillium, kunye nomhlobo wakhe osenyongweni, Aspergillus - nguye umnini eyayizalwa mycelium multicellular.

Le mushroom yafunyanwa ngama Ernest Duchesne ngo-1897. Yaba nguye lowo kuqala arhola ingqalelo indlela Arabhi wasebenzisa patina engaqhelekanga zana apholise amanxeba zamahashe. Ukuhlola isakhiwo, lo mfana (kwaye ukuba uneDuchenne wayeneminyaka eli-23 kuphela ubudala) bafika kwisigqibo sokuba lo mzimba - kuba ngundo, nto leyo eye iipropati antibacterial, njengoko unako ukutshabalalisa eysherihiyu ukuba - enye gciwane kakhulu amanyala kunye izifo.

Kangangexesha elide okuvulwa yayo akukho namnye waphulaphula. Ngowe-1949, Fleming wazibonakalisa iipropati kubola kunye antibacterial le ngundo, kwaye ngokwemfanelo uneDuchenne yanakanwa, nangona kuphela emva kokufa akwale.

Eyona ingxenye main eyayisetyenziselwa eyimveliso a penicillin medicament - an zintsholongwane eveliswa ngexesha ibubomi kumzimba.

jeli

Ukuba impendulo yalo mbuzo: "Chaza indima nomngundo kwiseli kwindalo," ngoko ke asikwazi bathini abanye abameli sande. Ngapha koko, inkoliso yabo bahlala emhlabeni, amnike namona nombala okanye bamantshontsho ngohlobo bathintele. Ngelo xesha linye yokubola lomba efile organic. Ngoko ke, xa uhlobo ngundo idlala indima abongikazi.

kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umntu ngaba bameli balandelayo:

• Aspergillus;
• IPenicillium;
• "Ukubola Noble";
• "Rot Noble".

Bonke bephela - nxaxheba abakhutheleyo inkqubo ukulungiselela zamasi ezinqabileyo emnandi, newayini, ongeziweyo ukutya, imithi, nezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo.

Mucor

Omele kakhulu lifana eziphilayo kuthethwa - Mucor. mkhuhlane kwiseli enye enkulu ngokwaneleyo eyayizalwa mycelium kuyilwa kunye iseli enye kuphela. Izahlulelo kuye. Oku kubhekisela jeli kwisebe Zygomycetes.

Wabiza luncedo, olu ngundo kunzima, kuba impumelelo yayo engundoqo - a kungonakali kunye nokusekwa mucormycosis ezininzi. Noko ke, abanye basetyenziswa ngokwenza "Igwele Chinese" ngumntu. Le Igwele okhethekileyo, nto leyo esebenza ngayo ukulungiselela ukutya okuthile. Umzekelo, soy samasi. Ezinye iintlobo ze Mucor angumthombo enzyme ntsholongwane.

Ngokwesiseko iinkcukacha kunye nemveliso nomngundo thanga ezenza ukutyabeka anoboya of beige yaye ndiyingwevu, ngokucacileyo distinguishable ukuya ngeliso lenyama.

okuze

Kuba fungi kwiseli ziquka ummeli ezifana nagwele ngundo. Noko ke, ezi zinto ziphilayo kufuneka ithathwe njenge elinye ezineseli yesibini, kuba bahlala mnogopochkuyuschimisya ngamathanga. Le mycelium of kwiseli nganye ummeli, ngaphandle zokwahlula. Kodwa close co-ukubakho iintlobo ezininzi kwenza umntu ucinga eziphilayo multicellular.

Ngokubanzi, igwele - amakhowa luncedo kakhulu. Asingawo onke, Kakade ke, kodwa abaninzi babo. Ngoko ke, abantu baye basebenzisa kuzo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo isonka ukubhaka, imveliso yewayini nokupheka. Enye amawaka 6. Years BC. e. le isetyenziswa eYiputa, kuyo yonke indawo.

Isonka zosiwe iintsalela ezindala igwele. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba angakwazi inkcubeko, kwaya kwacaca kwaye izakhi efanayo. Ngoko ke namhlanje kukho "iliwa" of igwele eziye ebingaqhelanga ukwnziwa yi chavelela kwindalo kwaye ke ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu.

Into umdla igwele kukuba ikutyela facultative. Oko kukuthi, phambi ioksijini kubo uphefumle ngokukhululekileyo, ikhuphe icarbon dioxide. Kodwa phantsi kweemeko anaerobic asilahlekanga, oxidizing iswekile (ukubila).

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo Igwele ekwaziyo yokusingatha zeendawana olungalinganiyo. Abanye ijike kuphela iswekile ezilula, hexoses. Kodwa kukho abo baphathwa iikhabhohayidrethi nje kuphela, kodwa iiprotheni, lipids, carboxylic acid.

Human Kubalulekile ezo iimveliso wakhululwa ngenxa yomsebenzi ebalulekileyo data fungi. ezizezi:

• diacetyl;
• alcohol isoamyl;
• namafutha fusel;
• dimethyl emanzini, kunye nabanye.

Indibaniselwano yezi zinto limisela umgangatho mveliso. Oku kubonakala ngqo kwizakhiwo zayo organoleptic.

abameli olwaye lwamfimfitha fungi kwiseli

Phakathi izinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu Abantu elilodwa olunye-ezibangela izifo nokungunda ebantwini kunye nezilwanyana, kwakunye ezahlukeneyo nokuvunda kwaye kubola izityalo.

1. Trichophyton and mikrosporum - iintlobo ezimbini ezibangela ulusu kwezifo ebantwini.
2. Fungi kwe sodidi Candida - Candidiasis ezidala izifo.
3. Dermatophytes - fungi ezibangela isifo isikhonkwane nembasa - onychomycosis.
4. Piedra, ekzofila, malaziza - ukuba ulele ezahlukileyo amalungu omzimba.
5. Black ngundo Hari ebangela esi sifo, esizibonakalisa kunye namabala amnyama ulwimi womntu kunye nezilwanyana.
6. Phytophthora - ngundo esiyingozi yosulela isityalo ebangela ukuyilwa ukubola abamnyama iingcambu namagqabi.

Kwaye oku uluhlu kwabo abameli abo yayintsholongwane eyosulela, ziyingozi kwaye eziyingozi kakhulu empilweni kunye nezityalo.

Indima fungi-elilodwa single ngokwendalo

Ukuba kunzima eso sicwangciso: "Chaza indima fungi elilodwa olunye-," into yokuqala kufuneka ibe ukuchonga zonke iingenelo efanayo. Sele ekhankanywe abaninzi babo;

• esetyenziswa kwishishini kwemichiza le;
• ukudla;
• asetyenziswa ukulungiselela feed yezolimo;
• Bona eziphilayo zendalo zenkqunto eziphilayo, oko kukuthi, abongikazi kunye nabanye.

Kodwa ke asifanele silibale malunga neengxaki, apho kukho inala. Ngapha koko, inkoliso fungi kwiseli - eziphilayo olwaye lwamfimfitha.