Anglo-Saxon imbali, igrama kunye isichazi-magama elifutshane.

Modern IsiNgesi yahlukile kakhulu ukusuka ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni - Old IsiNgesi, okanye Anglo-Saxon ulwimi. Umzekelo iphawulekayo kule - yezikhumbuzo zamandulo iincwadi. Baya akungekwazeki ukuba baqonde mntu kude ukufunda iincwadi zamandulo. Lo mfanekiso ungezantsi ubonisa utshintsho kwiNdumiso 23 iminyaka 1000.

Yintoni eyabangela ukuba utshintsho ecacileyo ulwimi? Inguqulelo mihla yahlukile ukusuka ekuqaleni?

Lwahlulwe izihlandlo of IsiNgesi?

Imbali ulwimi Old IsiNgesi yaqala ngenkulungwane V, kunye zokuhlala yokuqala German kummandla Britain yanamhlanje. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, phantsi kwempembelelo ulwimi imeko yezentlalo-yezopolitiko lwakhe utshintsho ezahlukeneyo yaye yahlulwa:

• ixesha IsiNgesi Old IsiNgesi yasasazwa ukusuka V VII ngekhulu, ziphawulwe ngokuthi kukufika zezizwe zaseJamani kunye nesiqalo nokufika yokubhala;
• ixesha IsiNgesi Middle IsiNgesi - ukusuka V ukuba XV kwinkulungwane Ngelo xesha Britain yoyiswa ngokusemthethweni, kwaye ngo-1475 iqala ilixa kushicilelo;
• Modern IsiNgesi - leminyaka XV - ukuya namhlanje.

IsiNgesi Old luphawulwa bubukho iziyelelane evelayo emva kokoyiswa Britain likaAngles, amaSaxons kunye namaJutes. Bekukho 4 iziyelelane: yiNorthumbria, Mercian, Wessex kunye Kent. I ezimbini zokuqala Wathi eNgilani, kodwa ngenxa yokuba i indawo ohlala babo kude enye kwenye, kukho inani iimpawu ezikhethekileyo wabonakala nganye yazo. E Wessex uthi Sachs, kunye Kent - inesandla.

Yintoni na magama ulwimi?

Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba Dictionary of Old IsiNgesi yayiquka magama 30,000 ukuya 100,000. Zahlula-hlulwe ngamaqela 3:

• ngqo igama Old IsiNgesi wafumana kuphela kolo lwimi;
• Indo-European - amagama ukubaleka amagama izityalo, izilwanyana kunye namalungu omzimba, izenzi amanyathelo kunye noluhlu olubanzi amanani;
• German - amagama afumaneka kuphela kweli qela kwaye athunyelwa kuphela iilwimi qela.

E Old IsiNgesi malunga 600 mboleko Celtic iilwimi Latin, owayebonakele phantsi kwempembelelo kwezi ziganeko zembali.

• I BC. e. WaseRoma phantsi woMlawuli uKlawudiyo wahlasela iBritani wayenza koloni lazo. Yahlulwe kwiinkampu zomkhosi ummandla kamva baba izixeko British: Lancaster, Manchester, Lincoln. Kuphela "uCaster" yaye "uChester" lithetha "inkampu" isiLatin, kunye nesiphelo "Coln" - "zokuhlala".
• V iinkophe. Britain abase zizizwe zaseJamani amaSaxon, likaAngles kunye namaJutes, isihlomelo leyo endaweni ulwimi Celtic. Izizwe zaseJamani bazisa Anglo-Saxon kuphela isigama wakho kodwa abolekwe kwiLatini: neyesilika, itshizi, iwayini, imina , ibhotolo kunye nabanye.
• ngonyaka 597. Nokwanda of Christianity kukhokelele imfuneko zokuboleka amagama iingqiqo zonqulo: ubhishophu, ikhandlela, isithunywa, uMtyholi, Isithixo, umhobe, oyimonki kunye nabanye. amagama Latin izityalo bathathwa nje, izifo, amayeza, izilwanyana, impahla, impahla yendlu, izitya kunye neemveliso: pine, isityalo, inyibiba, ifiva, umhlaza, indlovu, inkamela, ikepusi, raddish kunye nabanye. Ukongezelela ukwalathisa eboleka esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi umkhondo - igama ngokoqobo ngokuthi. Umzekelo, NgoMvulo - olufutshane Monadie - translation lokoqobo Lunae uqaqaqa ( "Usuku Inyanga").
• ngonyaka 878. I-Anglo-amaSaxons kunye Danes asayina isivumelwano soxolo, apho yokugqibela kufumana inxalenye yentsimi UK. Oku kube nefuthe ulwimi apho kwakukho amagama afana asi, umsindo kunye izayamaniso iileta sk- sc-. Imizekelo: eluswini, yaba lukakayi, esibhakabhakeni.
• ngonyaka 790. kuphangwa Viking kwakhokelela amagama eboleka uphoswe, kubiza, thatha, afe. egula, emabi, bona, zabo. zombini. Eli xesha kwakhona ibonelela ukuguquguquka kunye nokufa.

Negrama Old IsiNgesi

Old IsiNgesi waba igrama ngxuba xa kuthelekiswa IsiNgesi yanamhlanje.

• ezisetyenziswayo xa kubhalwa neRunic, Gothic kunye nesiLatini.
• isimelabizo, isibizo kunye isichazi zinokohluka ngokwesini.
• ngaphandle Kuba isinye nesininzi waba nesininzi ezimbini: ic (I) / thina (we) / wit (thina ezimbini).
• 5 amatyala: yesivakalisi, genitive, dative, wesenzo, kunye ablative.

1. glaed - kuvuya;
2. glades - kuvuya;
3. gladum - kuvuya;
4. glaedne - kuvuya;
5. Glade - evuya.

• izibizo, izichazi kunye nezimelabizo yakuthobela kuxhomekeke ekupheleni.

Inkqubo ngamazwi yahlukile?

Izenzi e Old IsiNgesi, yinkqubo entsonkothileyo-ntetho.

1. Izenzi zahlulwe zibe namandla, amandla, kunye nabanye. Strong waba conjugations 7, amandla - 3, kunye nezinye - 2.
2. Kwakungekho elizayo, iye kuphela langoku kunye elidlulileyo.
3. Isenzi pas ukuba umntu kunye nenombolo.

Yintoni yahlukile namhlanje IsiNgesi Old IsiNgesi na?

Old IsiNgesi ngenxa iziganeko zembali lenze iinguqulelo ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba uthenge uhlobo mihla. Yintoni umahluko phakathi uhlobo mihla kulwimi lokuqala?

• 5 amatyala washiya-2 kuphela - yinto eqhelekileyo kunye ukulawula.

• Kule nkqubo yangoku akukho conjugations isenzi, endaweni kubo izenzi ezitenxileyo.

• Kwakukho ikamva yahlukile elidlulileyo kwaye langoku nokungabikho uhlobo wayo ngomlomo. Oku kuthetha ukuba esi senzi akuthethi ukutshintsha, kwaye isenzi kumgadi-baviwa oncedisayo upha izwi.

• Kwakukho gerund - iintlobo bukathixo yesenzi kunye iimpawu yesibizo kunye nesenzi.

Ngawaphi amagama ifakiwe Dictionary of Old IsiNgesi?

umhlaba UK ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo balo abaseRoma, Scandinavians kunye nezizwe zaseJamani. Ngawaphi amagama ifakiwe isichazi-magama?

• Mona - inyanga - inyanga;
• brodor - umzalwana - umzalwana;
• modor - unina - unina;
• sunu - nyana -, unyana;
• beon - ibe - ibe;
• don - yenza - do;
• ic - I - I;
• twa - ezimbini - ezimbini;
• sasekhaya - ukuba - into;
• handus - -ruka ngesandla;
• clipian - ukubiza - ukubiza;
• bafazi bazale - intaka - intaka.

, Nangona wokuqala kwaba nempembelelo enkulu phezu ukuyilwa yesibini nangona Old IsiNgesi kunye iilwimi IsiNgesi mihla zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye.