Abantu abangabonakali njani baboniswa kwincwadi ethi "IMfazwe noxolo"?

Makhe sibone indlela abantu abachazwa ngayo kwiNew War and Peace in noveli kaLeon Tolstoy. Umbhali wagqiba umsebenzi wakhe ngomsebenzi ngo-1867. Ethetha ngaye, wavuma ukuba wayeyithanda kwincwadi yakhe "ingcamango yabantu."

Ihlabathi labemizi-mhlaba emsebenzini

Abantu abakuloveli "Imfazwe noxolo" imelwa ngokubanzi. Umlimi ochazwe ngokucacileyo ngumbhali. Kwimoko kaTolstoy, ihlabathi lelizwe lalo lizinelisekile kwaye lihambelana. Umbhali wayengacingi ukuba abameli bakhe babefuna impembelelo yengqondo. AmaHighesi-abahloniphekileyo abacingi ukuba kuyimfuneko "ukuphuhlisa" abalimi. Ngokuphambene noko, yiyo yokugqibela eyazifumana isondele ngakumbi ekuqondeni intsingiselo yobomi. U-Lev Nikolaevich ubonisa ihlabathi eliyinkimbinkimbi yokomoya yabameli bobuqaqawuli kunye nobuthixo obungabonakaliyo belizwe laseRussia njengezohlukeneyo, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo, ukuqala kwelizwe lethu. Ukukwazi ukuqhagamshelana nabantu kubonakaliso lwempilo yokuziphatha yabahloniphekileyo kwiveli.

Ukuthotywa kwemida phakathi kweendawo

Ngokuphindaphindiweyo uTolstoy ugcizelela ukungaqiniseki kwemida phakathi kweendawo. Uluntu, jikelele lubenza "lubala." Abantu abakwiveli ethi "iMfazwe noxolo" bavame ukuguquka, badibanise nomgangatho ophezulu woluntu. Umnxeba uDanilo, umzekelo, uzele "ukunyeliswa kwayo yonke into" kunye "nokuzimela." Lo mzingeli uyazivumela ukuba akhangele inkosi kaNicholas Rostov "enomdla." Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kukhusekise kuNicholas. Waqonda ukuba le ndoda yayiseye. Wonke umntu ulingana ngexesha lokuzingela, bonke baxhomekeke kumyalelo osungulwe ngolunye usuku. Kuphela ekutshiseni ukuzingela uDanilo unakho u-Ilya Andreevich, owayelahlekelwe ingcuka, waqalekisa, waze wamhlasela. Ukuziphatha okunjalo kwe-serf phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo akunakwenzeka ngokuphathelele inkosi.

Makhe sinike omnye umzekelo wendlela abahloniphekileyo nabantu abadibanisa ngayo kwiNkqubela YezoMfa kunye noXolo. Ubalulekileyo ebomini bobomi bomnye wabathinteli, uPeter Bezukhov, wayeyintlanganiso kwiintolongo zamabanjwa asePlaton Karataev. Ukholo olulahlekileyo ebomini lwabuyiselwa kuye ngokuchanekileyo ngeli lijoni-elidlalayo. Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha esemgangathweni kwi-novel iya kuba nguPetros isimo sengqondo esinokuyenza emsebenzini wakhe uKarataev. Futhi ugqiba ukuba mhlawumbi akayi kuqonda imisebenzi yakhe yentlalontle, kodwa wayeya kuyifumana ubomi bentsapho ngokuqinisekileyo , kuba wayemthanda "ukulunga" kuyo yonke into.

Umfanekiso we mvukelo yelizwe

Umxholo wabantu kwincwadi ethi "iMfazwe noxolo" iyahluke. UTolstoy, ukubonakalisa ukuvukela kwabalimi baseBoguchar, wabonisa isimo sakhe sengqondo ngokubhekiselele kwiziqulatho ezilondolozayo zehlabathi lombutho-ntlalontle, ejwayele ukumelana naluphi na utshintsho. EB Bogucharovo, ukuzithela kubomi bentlalo kubonakala ngakumbi kunakwezinye iindawo, kuba kwakukho bambalwa abanini-mhlaba, abafundela kunye namagceke. Ummandla omncinci ovaliweyo uhlala apha abalimi. Ngokuqinisekileyo bahlukeneyo kwihlabathi lonke. Abasimili ngenxa yesizathu esicacileyo sokuqala baqala ukuhamba ngendlela ethile, ukuthobela imithetho engaqondakaliyo yokuba. UTolstoy ugxininisa ukuba ebomini babahlali baseB Bogucharovo, imifudlana engaqondakaliyo yobomi baseRussia yayomelele kwaye ibonakala ngaphezu kwezinye iindawo, intsingiselo nezizathu zazo ezingenakulinganiswa ngabantu. Ngomfanekiso wokuvukela, umxholo wabantu kule ncwadana ethi "iMfazwe noXolo" ivuleka kwikota entsha.

Isizathu sokuvukela

Imvakalelo evamile, into yokuvukela ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubo bonke abalimi. Umtsalane oqhelekileyo wathinjwa nakwi-headman Dron. Ukungaphumeleli kwaphela isonka senkosikazi kaMary Mary ukusabalalisa kubahlali. Kuphela "ukungalunganga kwezilwanyana ezingenangqiqo" kaRostov, "isenzo sakhe esingenangqiqo" esinokubangela ukuba isihlwele esicasulayo sikhathazeke. Amandla angamaqhinga abahlali abaphulaphula ngokungathandabuzekiyo, bevuma ukuba "ngokusweleka" bavukela. U-Lev Nikolaevich kulo msebenzi akazange abonise kuphela izizathu zangaphandle zempanduko ("ubudlelwane namaFrentshi" kunye namahemuhemu malunga "nentando", eyayithathwa yindoda). Isizathu esifihliweyo sentlalo kunye nesiganeko salo mcimbi kwakuyi "amandla" angaphakathi, aqokelele ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye, njenge-lava, aphunyuke kwi-volcano ebilisayo. Yingakho abantu abaqhelekileyo bavukela kwiNkqubela yeMfazwe noXolo.

Umfanekiso weTikhon Shcherbaty

Umfanekiso weTikhon Shcherbaty yinkcazelo ebalulekileyo yefresco malunga nemfazwe yabantu, eyenziwa nguTolstoy. U-Tikhon wahlasela isiFrentshi kuphela kwidolophana yakhe yonke. Wazibandakanya ngokwakhe kwiqela "uDenisov waza wangena kuso kungekudala omnye wabantu abayimfuneko kakhulu, ebonisa amandla amakhulu kunye nokuzingela imfazwe yama-guerrilla. Ngomfanekiso wakhe uphinde uhlalutye abantu abaqhelekileyo kwincwadi ethi "iMfazwe noxolo".

I-Tikhoni kwi-detachment iqabane lihlala kwindawo ekhethekileyo. Wenza wonke umsebenzi omnyama, wayengumntu onamandla kwaye onomdla kakhulu. I-Tikhon, ngaphezu koko, yadlala indima ye-jester kwaye ngokuzithandela yanqotshwa kule nqanaba. Kwindlela yakhe yokuziphatha nokubonakala, umlobi wagcizelela iimpawu zesidenge esingcwele. USshbatbatogo wayenobuso, obomvu kunye nesibhokhwe, enamehlo amancinane.

Isimo sengqondo sikaThikhon ngokubulawa kweFrentshi

I-Tikhon yindoda ebanda kakhulu, i-warrior. Uthobela, abulale amaFrentshi, kuphela utyhafa lokutshatyalaliswa kotshaba, kwaye uyawaphatha ngokubhekiselele njengezinto ezingapheliyo. I-Tikhon ifana nomlobi wayo. Umbhali akafani ngokungazenzisiyo ngempisi: I-Scherbaty yayisebenzisa i-ax njengeempisi namazinyo akhe.

Umfanekiso kaPlato Karataev

Enye yemifanekiso ephambili yomsebenzi ngumfanekiso kaPlaton Karataev. Ubaluleke ngakumbi ekudaleni umxholo: "Abantu abakwiveli" Imfazwe noxolo. "Akunakwenzeka ukubhala isicatshulwa kulo mbandela ngaphandle kokukhankanya lo mlingiswa. Lo mlimi oye waxhaswa kwiindlela eziqhelekileyo zobomi waza wafakwa kwiimeko ezintsha (ukuthunjwa kweFransi, umkhosi) , Apho ulwalamano lwakhe lubonakalisa ngokucacileyo: iqhawe liphila ngokuvisisana nehlabathi lonke, uphatha ngokuthandana nabo bonke abantu. UPlaton unomdla kakhulu, ngokucacileyo kwaye ubona abantu ngokucacileyo.Komfanekiselo kaTolstoy Karataev - umzekelo womntu "wendalo" ovela kubantu Kodwa, ukuziphatha kwabantu ngokuziphatha, ngeendlela ezininzi.

Eli qhawe, eyaziwa ngabantu baseRashiya kwincwadi ethi "iMfazwe noxolo", iboniswa kumsebenzi ngokuyinhloko ngombono wakhe kaBekhokhov. UPeter uqaphele ukuba ubukho bendoda emabhokodeni bakha umvakalelo wokuba nobudlova kubanjwa. UBekhokhova wayenomdla kwindlela uPlato awathabatha ngayo izihlangu zakhe kwaye wahlela ekhoneni lakhe, into ethile "ejikelezayo", "ephazamisayo" kwaye "eyonwabileyo" yayivelelwe nakweli.

UKarateev wayebukeka esemncinane, nangona wayeneminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 ubudala. Wabonakala enempilo kwaye enamandla ngokomzimba. Ngokukodwa, ibinzana "elincinci" lobuso bukaPlato, elinesimo 'sobutsha' kunye 'nokungabi namacala,' laphoselwa emehlweni. U-Karataev wayehlala ehlala kwinto ethile enokungena kulo mkhuba womlingiswa. Xa wayebanjwe, akazange azive ukuba ukugula kunye nokukhathala kwakunjani, waziva eenqabeni ezifana nekhaya.

Ukubuya kweKarataev ukuya kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezingavamile

Ngaphandle kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ngaphandle kwayo yonke into eyayicinezela kuye, uKarataev ngokwemvelo kwaye engabuyi kubuyiselwa kwindlela yokuphila yesera. Wamgxotha wonke umphambukeli owabanjwe ngaphandle ngaphandle ngamandla. Kuba uPlato, omele abantu kwi-noveli kaTolstoy ethi "iMfazwe noxolo," ubomi obuhle bukhangeleka kakhulu: iinkumbulo ezintle, kunye neengcamango malunga neenzuzo, zidibene nayo. Ngako oko, uthetha ngokukodwa ngeziganeko zendlela "yobuKristu" yobomi, njengoko wayibiza.

UPlato wafa ngokwemvelo, efumana uthando kunye "nokuthokoza ngokuthula" phambi kwemfihlelo yokufa. Akayikubona nje ngomgubo okanye isohlwayo, ngoko kwakungabikho bunzima ebusweni bakhe: bukhanyiswa ngumbonakaliso "wokuthoba."

Umfanekiso kaPlato Karataev ngumfanekiso wolondolozi wolungileyo ongekho nje kuphela ehlala nabantu kunye nehlabathi lonke ngokuvisisana, ekwazisa imbonakalo yobomi, kodwa wakwazi ukuvusa uPeter Bezukhov, owangena emngciphekweni ongokomoya. KuPetros, wahlala ngonaphakade ukuba ngumntu "wokulula kunye nenyaniso."

"Ukucinga kwabantu" kwincwadi

"Iingcamango zabantu" yimbono ephambili yomsebenzi othi "Imfazwe noxolo". U-Lev Nikolaevich wayesazi ukuba ubomi obulula baseRussia abanezinto ezizimeleyo "ezizimeleyo", iinjongo, ukuvuya, kuqhubeka ngaphandle kweentlanganiso kunye noAlesandro Napoleon, izicwangciso zelizwe zikaSperansky okanye umdlalo wezopolitiko. Zizo kuphela iziganeko zembali ezikhokelela abantu abadumile ukuba bahambe, bekhathalele iinjongo zelizwe, banako ukutshintsha, bahlala bebuhlungu, nangona kunjalo, ngokukodwa. Kukuthandana kwabantu (kwincwadi ethi "iMfazwe noxolo" uTolstoy uchaza iimvakalelo zakhe zobuzwe) kwakhokelela ekunqobeni amaRashiya ngaphezu kweFrentshi.