Ngoobani izinyanya zabantu? Eyona zokukhula kwabantu yendaleko

Oosonzululwazi azibanga nako ukufikelela kwisivumelwano malunga nokuba ngobani iminyanya nabantu, ingxoxo Asiyo ngenkulungwane yokuqala ziqhutywa abafundile. Ethandwa imfundiso yokuzivelela ucetywayo kaCharles Darwin odumileyo. Ukwamkela inyaniso yokuba umntu a 'umzukulwana "ye lwenkawu, oko umdla ukulandelela imbali kunye zazivelela.

Mvelo theory: kwabantu wooyise

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, izazinzulu ezininzi nabavumayo ukukholwa, ukuze bamkele yendaleko kwiinguqulelo Ukuchaza imvelaphi yomntu. Izinyanya labantu athembele lo mbono - lwenkawu. Inkqubo yotshintsho uthathe kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-30 million, inani ngqo iye ayasekwa.

Umsunguli le mfundiso Charles Darwin, owayephila ngenkulungwane ye-19. Oku kusekelwe izinto ezifana ukhetho zendalo, umzabalazo sobukho, yokwahluka kwemfuza.

parapithecus

Parapithecus - ngukhokho oqhelekileyo kwabantu iinkawu. Yezizathu ezi zilwanyana belimiwe emhlabeni kwiminyaka nezigidi ezingama-35 eyadlulayo. Ngoko ke zezi amandulo obeku- njengangoku kucingelwa ukuba ngowokuqala ikhonkco kwi nasekusungulweni enkulu lwenkawu. Driopithecus, gibbons kunye orangutan 'inzala' yawo.

Ngelishwa, mandulo nezo, nto ingako nzulu, i data kufumaneka ngokusebenzisa ngezidalwa zamandulo uyafumana. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iinkawu mthi babekhetha yokuhlala imithi okanye izithuba ezivulekileyo.

driopithecus

Driopithecus - ukhokho yamandulo womntu, kwenzeka ntoni, ukuba uxhomekeke kwi idata ekhoyo evela parapithecus. I ixesha yezi zilwanyana ayikho ngokucacileyo sizimisele, abaphandi bathi oku kwenzeka malunga ne-18 lezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Polunazemnye inkawu kwavusa iigorila, bangafani kunye Australopithecus.

Ukumisela ukuba driopithecus unako kuthiwa ukhokho womntu mihla, wanceda uphande isakhiwo kwamazinyo kunye imihlathi isilwanyana. Izinto ukuba isifundo zazibhalwe isidumbu uthole eFrance ngo ngo1856. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iibhrashi driopithecus kubavumela ukuba ukuqonda uze ubambe izinto azidungadunge. Lwenkawu sahlala ubukhulu becala phezu kwemithi babekhetha ndandisalusa ubomi (ukhuseleko bangaphathwa ezidla). Ukutya babekhonza kakhulu iziqhamo kunye namaqunube, nto ingqinwa umaleko obhityileyo lwawo kwi imihlathi.

Australopithecus

Australopithecus - kukhokho yabantu nemfene kakhulu, kwaziswa umhlaba yezizathu malunga nezigidi ezi-5 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Monkey ezisetyenziselwa intshukumo imilenze nemazi, waya poluvypryamlennom sikhundla. Ukukhula kwe-avareji Australopithecus inombolo 130-140 cm, kwakukho isilwanyana ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi. Body ubunzima Kwakhona eyahlukileyo - 20 ukuya ku-50 kg. Ukwazi ukusungula kwaye nobuchopho yobungakanani, nto leyo eyayifikelela kwi-600 cubic sentimitha, Eli nani liphezulu kunolo enkulu iinkawu bephila namhlanje.

Kucacile ukuba lenguqu ukuya ukuma nkqo kwakhokelela ekubeni ukukhutshwa kwezandla. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ababengaphambi abantu baqalisa ukukhulisa izixhobo zamandulo kusetyenziselwa ukulwa neentshaba, bazingela, kodwa awukaqalisi ukuba bazivelise okanye bazenze. Xa indima izixhobo namatye, izinti, amathambo izilwanyana. Australopithecus ekhethwayo ukuba bahlale ngamaqela, kuba oko kuyanceda ukukhusela ngempumelelo neentshaba. nokudla yahlukile, ngexesha abazange iziqhamo kuphela namaqunube, kodwa inyama yezilwanyana.

Ngaphandle Australopithecus wawufana iinkawu kunabantu. izidumbu zabo iinwele obukhulu.

Homo

Homo ibukeka phantse akukho kwahluka Australopithecus, nangona kunjalo, lase kakhulu ongamile yayo yophuhliso. Kukholelwa ukuba ngowokuqala ummeli kwabantu ngokobuhlanga wabonakala emibini yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala iintsalela habilis nesintu kwafunyanwa eTanzania, kwathi ngo-1959. Umthamo yobuchopho, leyo umntu imidlalo, lagqithisa ukusebenza Australopithecus (umahluko malunga 100 neesentimitha cubic). Ukukhula-avareji ngamnye akuthethi ukuya ngaphaya 150 cm.

Igama inzala ka Australopithecus ukufa kwi yokuqala ndawo ngoko zaqalisa ukwenza kwakudala izixhobo. Neemveliso ikakhulu ilitye, zazisetyenziswa ngexesha ekuzingeleni kwakhe. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba inyama usoloko ekhona kule ekutyeni yabantu yokuluka. Funda iimpawu zebhayoloji lobuchopho ukuba izazinzulu ukucebisa amathuba zakuqala zentetho, kodwa lo mbono alukhange lufumane isiqinisekiso ngqo.

Homo erectus

Alungise le hlobo kwenzeka iminyaka malunga yezigidi eyadlulayo, iintsalela abantu Homo erectus ezifumaneka e-Asia, iYurophu kunye Afrika. Umthamo we lobuchopho, leyo abameli Homo erectus, yaba 1,100 cubic centimetre. Baye bakwazi ukuba umba iimpawu izandi, kodwa ezi zandi kusasele inarticulate.

Homo erectus waziwa kakhulu into yokuba laphumelela yentshukumo zayo, encediswa lanyuka xa kuthelekiswa amakhonkco ezidlulileyo umthamo nasekusungulweni ebuchotsheni. Izinyanya zabantu ziye ngempumelelo othathe amakhulu ezilwanyana, bafunda ukwenza komlilo, njengoko oko kungqinwa sifumaneka emiqolombeni wamalahle imfumba kunye elinyukayo ithambo.

Homo erectus waba ukukhula efanayo Homo hlukile isakhiwo lwakudala lwe yokakayi (ithambo ngokungqalileyo ephantsi, iyehla isilevu). Kude kube kamva nje eyadlulayo, izazinzulu babekholelwa ukuba abameli ezi zilwanyana anyamalala-300 namawaka kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kodwa kutshanje iziphumo ukuyinyelisa lo mbono. Kungenzeka ukuba Homo erectus uthole imbonakalo mihla abantu.

Bamandulo Phaya

Hayi kudala bekucingelwa ukuba Bamandulo Phaya - iminyanya ngqo zabantu mihla. Noko ke, kutshanje data icebisa ukuba ukumela ayokufa-kuphela kwisebe. Abameli Homo neanderthalensis inedemon ubuchopho umthamo apho phantse ngokulinganayo umthamo ubuchopho, afakwa wesimanje nabantu. Ngaphandle, i Bamandulo Phaya sele iinkawu phantse safana, isakhiwo mandible kubonisa ubuchule kukucacisa intetho.

Kukholelwa ukuba Bamandulo Phaya wabonakala malunga 200,000 eyadlulayo. Kwindawo yokuhlala, ukuba Bezinyulele, ixhomekeke kwimozulu. Isenokuba emiqolombeni zokufihla intloko enamatye, lomfula. Guns leyo yavelisa Bamandulo Phaya ziye zintsonkotha ngakumbi. Hunting wahlala lo mthombo uphambili ukutya, nto leyo inxaxheba kumaqela amakhulu.

Siye safumanisa ukuba Bamandulo Phaya baba izithethe ezithile, kuquka ezo ezinxulumene kokufa. Ukuba ikhona kwaye iziqalelo zokuqala yokuziphatha, ochazwa kwenkathalo amalungu. iqala ukuhamba kulo mhlaba sele lwenziwe, njengoko zobugcisa.

Homo sapiens

Abameli lokuqala Homo sapiens wabonakala malunga 130.000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ezinye izazinzulu bathi oku kwenzeka ngaphambi koko. Xa ubajongile, jonga phantse ngendlela efanayo? ngokunjalo nabantu abahlala emhlabeni namhlanje, hayi eziBekekileyo kunye nomthamo ingqondo.

Esafunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala kwenza kube lula ukuba babonisa ukuba ngabantu bokuqala zaye kakhulu zaphuhliswa ngokwemiqathango inkcubeko. Oku kungqinwa ngeziphumo ezifana ngemizobo lingumqolomba, iindidi izacholo, ukukrola kunye ngentlabo, eyilwe ngabo. Malunga 15 amawaka eminyaka umntu wathatha ukuzalisa ehlabathini lonke. Ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo kukhokelele kuphuhliso elinemveliso kuqoqosho, ethandwa phakathi Homo sapiens yaqala imisebenzi efana isilwanyana ukulima umhlaba, ezolimo. Zokuhlala zokuqala ezinkulu ziphantsi ixesha Neolithic.

Abantu emide: Ukufana

Ukufana umntu iinkawu nangoku kwisifundo sophando. Monkey ziyakwazi ukuba move on nemazi emilenzeni, kodwa ke ingalo enye ngexesha njengomfanekiso bandixhasa. Iminwe yezi zilwanyana ayiqulathanga iinzipho, nezikhonkwane. Inani ezinemiphetho orangutan-13 ngasixhenxe, ngelixa abameli uhlanga lwabantu lwabo lwamanani 12. siphume, canines kunye imihlathi ebantwini neemfene idibanisa abasebenzisi. Kwakhona kufanele kuphawulwe isakhiwo efanayo iinkqubo omzimba, amalungu yovakalelo.

Iimpawu lwabasebenzi nkawu ukufana lubonakala xa uzama iindlela nemizwa. Zibonisa nje lusizi, umsindo, uvuyo. Baye basungula ithuku labazali esizibonakalisa ku khathalela abaselula. inzala yabo kuphela ukubetha, kodwa kohlwaywa ngenxa yokungathobeli. Monkey babe memory kakhulu, ekwaziyo ngokubamba izinto kwaye sebenzisa babe izixhobo.

Ezi zilwanyana singangena kwizifo ezifana necesina, kholera, yingqakaqha, ukuze zosulelwe AIDS kunye neAvian. Kukho kwakhona ikutyela eziqhelekileyo: iintwala entloko.

Abantu kunye neemfene: umahluko ophambili

Ayizizo zonke izazinzulu ziyavuma ukuba iinkawu mkhulu - iminyanya yomntu mihla. Umthamo we ingqondo babantu avareji ka 1600 iisentimitha cubic, kanti eli candelo izilwanyana has 600 hectares zomhlaba. cm. Phantse 3.5 amaxesha ahlukeneyo mmandla nedumbe uthinte.

Sibala umahluko ezinxulumene kwimbonakalo, na elide. Umzekelo, abameli uhlanga loluntu kufuneka kusesilevini, imilebe nesijijekileyo, likuvumela ukuba ubone isifo. Bona musa ukuma amazinyo, amaziko eziphuhlileyo kwengqondo. Monkey babe esifubeni ifatyi-ezimilise, kanti ebantwini uthe tyaba. Kwakhona zizakubalulwa isinqe abantu abaqonda, sacrum lwesamente. Kwezilwanyana, umzimba ubude bunciphisa ubude uphantsi zomzimba.

Abantu abazi, baye bakwazi ukuba iimeko kunye abstract, sebenzisa ukucinga abstract kunye eziphathekayo. Abameli uhlanga lwabantu bayakwazi ukwenza izixhobo ukuphuhlisa iindawo ezifana yobuciko nesayensi. Bethule uhlobo kweelwimi lonxibelelwano.

imibono ezinye

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, asingabo bonke abantu akuvumi ukuba iinkawu - ndoda wooyise. Ithiyori zikaDarwin, baninzi abachasi, ezikhokelela iingxoxo ngakumbi nangakumbi. Kukho enye ngcamango ukuchaza ukubonakala abameli Umhlaba ka-Homo sapiens. Omdala ke imfundiso yabo, nto leyo ithetha ukuba umntu sisidalwa owadalwa yokuba kwemvelo. Inkangeleko umdali kuxhomekeke kwiinkolelo zonqulo. Ngokomzekelo, amaKristu bakholelwa ukuba abantu abayibona umhlaba wabulela kuThixo.

Enye ingcamango ethandwayo - isithuba. Ithi nokuba intsukaphi yohlanga olungabantu une ngemvelaphi komhlaba. Le mbono iqwalasela ubukho abantu ngenxa umfuniselo olwenziwa yi engqondweni cosmic. Kukho nenye kwinguqulo uthi luphila bavela njengabaphambukeli.