Ziziphi izinto yokubhala kumaXesha Aphakathi yokuqala yaba ethandwa kakhulu?

Incwadi Antiquity yahlukile ngokwesiseko le ncwadi, wadalwa ngexesha bamaXesha Aphakathi. Umahluko ayikho umthwalo nje lwesemantiki, kunye nemixholo. izinto ikakhulu eyahlukeneyo apho ukubhala Izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ebhaliweyo. Ngenxa yokuba ngoku siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha luhlobo luni ukuba ukubhala izinto kumaXesha Aphakathi yokuqala yaba yeyona ethandwa, apho babebhalwa encwadini yaye ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Le nguqulelo kudala ukuya feudalism

Slave uluntu yamandulo kwimeko yembali, kubonakala phambi kwethu svobodnomyslyaschih, ivela njenge ndakubumba. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba memo esibhaliweyo ezininzi ukuthandana kule xesha nje kuphela ii icon yamandulo iiphazili, kunye namaphepha eliphezulu-grade kunye nezincoko abhalwe ngeelwimi abafileyo ngoku. Noko ke, kuphela abantu bazizityebi baqeqeshwa kuloo minyaka lokufunda nokubhala. Ekubhaleni, babesebenzisa ompapiri - Ukutsho ke ndithi, iphepha engqongqo, nto leyo ithuthelwe eYurophu eYiputa. Nokufika kumaXesha Aphakathi , le nto sokubhala ezilahlekileyo ukufaneleka kwayo, ingakumbi ngenxa yokuba neentlobano razladilis ne-East. Ngenxa ukuqala ukususela ngenkulungwane yesithathu, abantu ukudlulela esikhumbeni.

Imbali ukuzalwa sikhokelo entsha yokubhala

Emva neentlobano razladilis neYiputa, esasiseSisili waqalisa ukwenza papyrus bakhe. Kodwa le into yokubhala akwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-ofisi Italian. Kwaba yellow, inkumnkum, aneentunja kwaye asihambelani kakhulu ukubhala ebuhlanti. Ke baseYurophu waya fyabo, abemi Asia Minor, ezavela BC ngenkulungwane yesibini. e. Loo rawhide izikhumba zezilwanyana untanned, eyayibhalwe ngaphambili amaYuda zeTestamente eNdala isityhilelo. Wayila fanele kukumkani yiPergamo Eumenes Okwesibini, apho waza wathabatha igama layo.

Izikhumba isetyenziswa njenge material yokubhala kwi kumaxesha okuqala ngokubanzi. Lithe laqhenqetha lonke elaseYurophu, kuquka amazwe Nordic, kwaye iye yaba isiseko ezahlukeneyo azibhala zonqulo iincwadi zehlabathi.

Ukukwazi izikhumba

Kubonakala ukuba le codex - yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekubhaleni kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni eziphathekayo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu sifumana iziqinisekiso, iidiploma, diptychs, incwadana trifoliate imiyalelo kunye zobuqu eziphathwayo yeenkosi nabanye abameli amaGrike akumgangatho ophezulu. Ukuze wenze amanqaku ngelo xesha, kwaba kwanele phinda uxwebhu yesikhumba kanye kuphela. Yena wobulali, isebenziseka hayi madolw 'anzima. Ukudala iseti nenjongo zeerekhodi ochwetheziweyo sheets izikhumba, leyo lugcinwe iincwadi mihla. Ngokuqokelela ezinjalo zezicatshulwa zonqulo zaye zabhalwa, imithetho, ufakelo karhulumente kunye nezinye.

ithala leencwadi elitsha

Le izinto ezintsha, ukubhala kumaXesha Aphakathi yokuqala sibangele ukuba kubekho uphuhliso inkqubo entsha kwamaxwebhu kunye zokuzoba iincwadi. Umzekelo wokuqala - lithala. In Mandulo, sisisiwa kuthi ngohlobo imisongo emininzi, leyo ayegcinwe ezishelfini. Ezinzulwini eli-ngqangi ukufumana ulwazi yingxaki kakhulu. KumaXesha Aphakathi, sibona komele ahlohla kunye neencwadi, nganye eneyazo iqweqwe. Ngenxa kule cover page, uyakwazi ukubona ukuba uhlobo lolwazi iqulethwe ngaphakathi. Umzekelo wesibini - ukuba ifanitshala (Isimanga). zo yamandulo babesebenza phezu kwedesika, kwaye iinkosi aphakathi feudal kunye nababingeleli baqalisa ukubhala okokuqala etafileni. Olu qambo, njengoko incwadi esikhumbeni le, uye abe lulutho ngokwenene eluntwini. Bonke ibango ukuba ukhululekile ukuba bazibambe, ubumnandi ukufunda, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - ukufumana ulwazi ekunene akukho xesha.

Ukugcina okufihliweyo ibizwa

Ngaba le codex - izinto zokubhala kuphela ngamaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ngokuyinxenye negative. Isibakala sokuba Izintsu izilwanyana saba nelungelo ukuba babhale kuphela abanumzana, ngeli lixa abahluphekayo abazange bakwazi ukuthenga uyakholiswa enjalo. Kuba phakathi kwabo baba ibizwa ezithandwayo. I-ngqangi sheets ebizwa ngokuba apho zingacimeka izicatshulwa ubudala, yaye emva koko wazifaka nabantu abatsha. Ink bawuphose umhlaba abawuphalileyo kunye iintshengece, elirhabaxa, utshiswe, zifakwe - ngamanye amazwi, iindlela ziye kakhulu kakhulu. Emveni kwezi nkqubo, okubhaliweyo lulahlekile ngokupheleleyo. Kwimipapiri Yayinengxelo ezintsha, ixabiso abaninzi kubo ingabi kukhulu ukutshatyalaliswa lwakuqala.

ukhokho iphepha

Yileta kwinkulungwane 10 ukuya kumaXesha Aphakathi kusasa ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo. Kule minyaka yokushiywa eYurophu Arabhu Kwabonakala iphepha, leyo sitshiphu ngaphezu izikhumba kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Kodwa uhlobo lwemveliso yahluke kuyaphi ngoku. Ezi makhishithi zifunyenwe ushwabanisa amadlavu ezizodwa cofa linseed, leyo, emva womile sicanda. Iphepha wayengekho ethe-ethe kakhulu kwaye zexabiso, njengoko ngqangi, kuba yaba ngathi izikhumba, sibhalwe encwadini, ekwenzeni iileta zakhe, iidiploma kunye kwincwadi elula.