Ziziphi iimveliso ezilula ezikhoyo? Ulwakhiwo kunye neepropati zemisebenzi

Iiprotheni zibambe indima ebalulekileyo emsebenzini womzimba womntu. Oko bakubandakanya, yintoni isakhiwo kunye neepropati zabo, funda kwinqaku.

Ulwazi olubanzi malunga neeprotheni kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo

Ukubaluleka kweeprotheni kwakunqunywe ngekhulu leshumi elinesithoba. Iingcali zenzululwazi zanikela igama kulezi zinto "iiprotheni", oku kuthetha "owokuqala, oyintloko". Ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka kwiprotheyini kunomsebenzi obalulekileyo. Benza isiseko sokudalwa kweeseli ezintsha.

Ngenxa yesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi seemodeli zeprotheni kunye nenani elikhulu lemisebenzi eyenziwa, kunzima kakhulu izazinzulu ukuba zenze udidi olulodwa. Ngako oko, ulwazi lweeprotheni lwahlulwa ngokwemiqathango emininzi:

1. Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali, iiprotheni zilula kwaye zinzima. Ziziphi iiprotheni ezilula kunye ezinzima? Iyokuqala iqukethe kuphela amino acid. Kwiiprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinto ezingezona iiprotheni zongezwa kubo.
2. Ngomsebenzi, iiprotheni, izixhobo eziphilayo, zihluke kwiiklasi eziliqela:

• Iiprotheni ze-Catalytic ziyi-enzyme ezenza umsebenzi wokukhawuleza ukuphendula kweekhemikhali. Ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba, iinkqubo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-synthesis kunye nokuphazamiseka akunakwenzeka.

• Iiprotheni zezothutho zibopha ii-hormone, i-acids e-fatty nezinye iindidi ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo kunye nemvelo. Emva koko bangena egazini baze badluliselwe kuloo ndawo yomzimba apho kufuneka khona. Ezi proteins zithutha izinto ngokufanelekileyo, zisetyenziselwa le membrane ye-biological of sugars, lipids, ions kunye nama-amino acids.
• Iiprotheni ezenza umsebenzi oxhasayo. Ngokuthatha inxaxheba, i-squelelar skeleton yenziwe. Eyona nto iqhelekileyo kukuba: i-collagen, ukwenza umsebenzi wesistim, i-keratin yezikhonkwane kunye neenwele, i-elastin yeeseli ze-vascular kunye nabanye. Ngokudibanisa ne lipids, zimelela isakhiwo seembrane.
• Umsebenzi wokukhusela weeprotheni. Ama-antibodies (i-immunoglobulins) ibopha ii-microorganisms ezingenayo i-pathogenic ezingena emzimbeni, kwaye zinciphisa umphumo wazo emzimbeni womntu. Ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-thrombin kunye ne-fibrinogen, inqubo yokucima igazi ayinakwenzeka.
• Umsebenzi wokulawula - iprotheni igcina kwisimo esiqhelekileyo umsebenzi womzimba, izitho, iseli kunye nazo zonke iinkqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni.
• Iiprotheni zinika iisensi zeesistim ukuba zikwazi ukwenza isivumelwano, ngoko ke ukunyakaza kwenziwa. Ngokuncedwa kwamaprotheni, iiseli zomzimba ziqonda ulwazi oluvela kwimimandla engaphandle, zithumelela umdla.

Ziziphi iiprotheni?

Ezi ziyi-molecular-compounds of composition. Ziziphi iiprotheni ezibandakanya? Iintlobo ezingamashumi amabini ze-amino acid eziseleyo zibandakanya ukwakhiwa kwazo, ezihlala zidibeneyo ukwenza ietyunithi ezide. Ngaphambi kophando, iprotheni yayibizwa ngokuba yintsiza yeeqanda zeentaka, ezithi, xa zitshisa, zibandakanya, kunye ne-white mass.

Kamva eli gama linikezelwa kwizinto ezininzi zemifuno nezityalo zezilwanyana ezinempahla efanayo. Inani leeprotheni kuzo zonke iziphilayo eziphilayo zihlala phezu kwamanye amaqumrhu. Ubunzima bawo obumileyo buninzi ngaphezu kwesigamu se-protein yesininzi.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngokwemvelo kukho ukufikelela kwizigidi zezigidi zee-compounds ukusetyenziswa ngabanye. Umzekelo: ibhaktheriya ye-Escherichia coli iqulethe iintlobo ezintathu zeeprotheni. Iiprotheni ziquka i-enzymes ezibandakanyekayo kwiinguqu zeemichiza ezivela kwiiseli.

Ukwakheka kwamaprotheni

Iiprotheni zi-polymers zomyalelo ongekho ngexesha. Ziziphi iimveliso ezilula ezikhoyo? Iimboni zazo ziintlobo ezingamashumi amabini ze-amino acid. Ngokuxhomekeke kwikhono lokuvelisa umzimba, ama-amino acids ayakwazi ukuhlaziywa kwaye angenakulungiswa. Abangaphambili banako ukulungelelanisa, kwaye oko kungabikho, kwaye ngaphezu koko, ukuba khona kwabo emzimbeni kuhambelana nokungenisa ukutya.

Ziziphi iimveliso ezilula ezikhoyo? Ukubunjwa kwama-amino acids kwahlukanisa amaprotheni aphezulu kunye namaprotheni. Iqela lokuqala libonakaliswa ngumxholo wazo zonke i-amino acids, kwaye okwesibini iyahlukana ngokungabikho kwanoma yimuphi wabo.

Iiprotheni eziqukethe i-amino acid kuphela zibizwa ngokuba ziziprotheni ezilula. Ukuba, ngaphandle kwama-amino acids, kukho ezinye izinto-eziyinkimbinkimbi. Zingaba zinyithi, i-carbohydrates, lipids, i-nucleic acid.

Iiprotheni ezilula

Ziziphi iimveliso ezilula ezikhoyo? Mayelana nokubunjwa kwabo, funda ngezantsi. Iiprotheni zibizwa ngokuba ngamaprotheni. Ngeziphathamandla zesakhiwo zihlukaniswe ngamaqela alandelayo:

• I-Albin - inepropati yokuchithwa emanzini, xa ishushu, i-coagulate, ingagqithisi izisombululo zeesaliti ezahlukeneyo.
• I-Globulins - ayichitheki emanzini, kodwa kuphela kwizixazululo zesaliti zengxinano ephantsi.

• I-Histones - ingumntu oyintloko weprotheni ngendlela ye-nucleoproteins. Indawo iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe neebhola zegazi.
• Iiprolamam - ayinayo isulfure. Iipropati eziphambili zibonakaliswe ngokubanzi. Iprotheni iqukethe i-nucleoproteins. Zityebi kwi-fish spermatozoa.
• I-prolamins - iyancwiliswa ngokukhawuleza kotywala. Ziqulethe izityalo zokutya. Iprolamin imelwa yi-gliadin, eyona nto iphambili ye gluten.
• I-Scleroproteins inomhlaba wokungafi. Iqulethwe kwisikhumba sangaphandle semibutho yezilwanyana, ama-skeleton kunye nezicubu ezidibeneyo. Ukunikezwa ngu-collagen, i-keratin, i-fibroin, i-elastin.

Ziziphi iimveliso ezilula ezikhoyo? Ziqukethe ii-amino acid zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, zikhona ezingamashumi amabini kwiprotheni.

Yiyiphi imisebenzi yeeprotheni?

Iimpawu ze-Organic (iiprotheni) zenza imisebenzi emininzi:

• Ukubonelela ngeenkqubo zokutshintshiselwa kunye nokulawula.
• Ukwenza ukuhanjiswa kweprotheni egazini, okubonelela izinto eziyimfuneko kuzo zonke iziko.
• Iimbumba ze-muscle zenziwe.
• Ziyisiseko seethambo kunye nezicubu ezixhumeneyo.
• Ukulawula inkqubo yokugaya, ukuchithwa kwamandla.
• Lawula izenzo zamagciwane.
• Khusela umzimba, ukhuthaze ukhuseleko.

IiCarbohydrates

Ezi ziimveliso zendalo zendalo, zihlawula umzimba ngamandla. Bafumene indawo ebanzi. Isabelo sabo kwizityalo zimashumi anesibhozo anesibhozo esiphezulu sezinto zonke ezomileyo, kwizilwanyana zezilwanyana - ezimbini kuphela. Ii-carbohydrates ziquka iqela le-carbonyl kunye ne-small proportion ye-hydroxyl. Ezi zixhobo ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeengxube kunye neeseli zomzimba. Ziziphi iimveliso zeekhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuba yi-carbohydrate? I-carbohydrates iquka i-oxygen, i-hydrogen, i-carbon. Nangona iziphumo ezivela kumxholo wokugqibela zihluke kumxholo wazo kwezinye izinto, i-nitrogen, umzekelo.

I-carbohydrate yinto yemveliso ye-photosynthesis. Ngaphandle kwabo, i-biosynthesis kwizityalo ayinakwenzeka, kuba yinto yokuqala yale nkqubo. I-carbohydrates, ekubeni yiklasi yeemveliso eziphilayo, zininzi ezahlukeneyo. Indima yabo ininzi.

Imisebenzi ye-carbohydrates

Iimveliso ze-Organic zinemisebenzi elandelayo:

• продукты окисления соединений (глюкоза, гликоген, крахмал) поступают в клетки, заряжая их энергией. Iimveliso zombane ze-oxidation zamacomplethi (i-glucose, glycogen, isitashi) zingena kwiiseli, zihlawule ngamandla. Phantse ama-60 ekhulwini wamandla asetyenziswayo ahlawulwa ngama-carbohydrates, anikezela kwiiseli zegazi. Amandla angena engqondweni, ukuphucula umsebenzi walo.
• Umsebenzi weplastiki - iifom eyingxenye ebalulekileyo yezakhiwo ezininzi kumgangatho weselula, ziqulethe zonke iiseli zomzimba: iimbumba ze-biological, organelles zeeseli. Ngoncedo lwabo, ama-enzyme, i-nucleoproteins kunye namanye ayenziwa.
• Umsebenzi wokukhusela - i-mucus efihlakeleyo kwiingqungquthela inokukhusela iingonga zangaphakathi zamalungu amaninzi kwimiphumo eyahlukeneyo engafanelekiyo: i-mechanical, chemical, ibhakteria. Oku kufezwe ngenxa yemveliso enkulu ye-carbohydrate kwiimfihlelo eziphathekayo.
• Umsebenzi olawulayo - i-carbohydrates ilawula i-peristalsis, njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwefiber kunye nesakhiwo sayo esinokugqithisileyo kuyacaphukisa i-mucosa yesondlo sokutya.
• Umsebenzi ocacileyo - i-carbohydrates iyahluka. Ngokuncedwa kwamanye ama-antibodies akhiwe, ukucaciswa kwamacandelo egazi kunikwa, iimpembelelo zentliziyo zenziwa.