Yintoni yokuma, kwaye ukufunda

Earth ukuhlola lijongene komhlaba kunye Geophysics. Ezi izifundo zenzululwazi zihlobene omnye nomnye. Geophysics ufunda yokwaleka, uqweqwe, ulwelo bangaphandle core engaphakathi esiqinileyo. Phakathi ingqeqesho uphonononga ulwandle, amanzi angaphantsi nangaphezu komhlaba. Kwakhona, oku ukufunda physics komoya. Ngokukodwa, Aeronomiya, climatology, meteorology. Yintoni yokwakheka? Njengenxalenye yale uqeqesho ikhutshwa nezinye izifundo eziliqela. Okulandelayo, fumanisa izifundo yintoni komhlaba.

Overview

Geology Jikelele - yokuziqeqesha apho uphando isakhiwo kunye neepateni nophuhliso Umhlaba kunye nezinye iiplanethi akwi kwinkqubo elanga. Ukongeza, usebenza kwiziphekepheke zazo zendalo. Jikelele Geology i nenzululwazi entsonkothileyo. Uphando yesakhiwo koMhlaba ngokusebenzisa iindlela emzimbeni.

The main ndlela

Zonke abathathu kubo: a yokwakheka yembali, onamandla nezichazayo. indawo ngamnye imigaqo yayo engundoqo, kwaye yenze uphando. Okulandelayo, siqwalasela ngokweenkcukacha.

indlela esichazayo

Ixilonga lonikezelo kunye nokwakhiwa kumaqumrhu achaphazelekayo. Ngokukodwa, oku kubhekiselele ukumila zabo, ubungakanani, ulwalamano kunye ulandelelwano nasisihlo. Ngaphezu koko, le nkcazelo ikhoyo iphatha ngakwicala zeengxondorha kunye neeminerali ezahlukeneyo.

izifundo mvelo

Oku ojongana ulwalathiso olutshintshayo. Ngokukodwa, iinkqubo wentshabalalo engxondorheni, ukubana yabo umoya, ngaphantsi komhlaba okanye ezisentlabathini ngamaza, ezihambayo. Kwakhona, oku kuqwalaselwa mlilo iqhuma, iinyikima zomhlaba, yangaphakathi intshukumo ezingu kunye ukuqokelelana yodaka.

ngokulandelana kwazo

Ngaphandle nje kokuba ufunda yokwakheka komhlaba, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izifundo azinikezelwanga kuphelela nesenzeko ukuba senziwe Earth. Enye yezona iinkalo ingqeqesho ngocazululo ichaza ngokulandelelana lweenkqubo ehlabathini. Ezi zifundo zenziwa ngaphakathi sikhokelo yokwakheka komhlaba zembali. Imibutho e ngokulandelelana itafile ekhethekileyo. Yena eyaziwa njenge isikali ixesha komhlaba. Yena, ke, ithi yahlulwe kumathuba ezine. Oku kwenziwa ngokungqinelana uhlalutyo stratigraphic. Isithuba yokuqala iquka ixesha kulandelayo: ukuyilwa uMhlaba - ngoku. Landela-abasakhasayo ziqwempu ibonisa yangaphambili yakutshanje. Bona ziphawulwe ngoncedo leenkwenkwezi ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.

Iimpawu ze yobudala ngokwenene isihlobo

Isifundo yokwakheka komhlaba ibalulekile kuluntu. Ngophando Kwazeka oko ubudala Earth, umzekelo. iziganeko yokwakheka unikwe umhla ngqo, enxulumene kwindawo ethile ngexesha. Kule meko sithetha ngayo iminyaka epheleleyo. Iziganeko nako ingabalelwa isikali ethile lekhefu. Bubo ke obu isalamane. Ukuthetha yintoni yokwakheka komhlaba, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba okokuqala of bonke kuyinto isethi yophando lwenzululwazi. Phakathi uqeqesho kukho iindlela ezahlukileyo esicacisa amaxesha ukuya apho isiganeko esithile eqhotyoshelweyo.

indlela Radioisotope dating

Kuye kwavulwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Le ndlela ivumela ukugqiba iminyaka epheleleyo. Ngaphambi kokuba ifunyanwe yayo, zokuma sele kulinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, siya kusetyenziswa iindlela ukuthandana xa kuthelekiswa kuphela ukujonga ubudala iziganeko ngokulandelelana. Loo inkqubo unako ukufaka kuphela ulandelelaniso olucwangcisiweyo ye utshintsho lokugqibela, kunokuba kumhla umsebenzi wabo. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela nangoku kakuhle kakhulu. Oku kusebenza kuzo izinto kunjalo, inazo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive ziyafumaneka.

uphando complex

Ukuthelekiswa iiyunithi ezithile stratigraphic kwelinye icala kungenxa beentanda. Ziqulethe ngentlenga, kunye namatye, iifosili kunye needipozithi komhlaba. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi amaphakade isihlobo isigqibo ngokuthi kusetyenziswe indlela ngezidalwa zamandulo. Ngelo xesha linye i phelele kakhulu isekelwe phezu kwiipropati imichiza ngokwasemzimbeni ngenxa nasemaweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le minyaka kumiselwa radioisotope ukuthandana. Oku kubhekisela nokwanda kwe mveliso kuwohloka izinto esihambelanayo, ezo phakathi kwezinto. Ngenxa ye data Ukuseta umhla elisondeleyo lubandakanywe kwesiganeko ngasinye. Bona babekwa kwiindawo ezithile isikali iyonke zejoloji. Ukwakha ulandelelwano ngqo le nto ibaluleke kakhulu.

amacandelo aphambili

Impendulo elifutshane umbuzo wokuba yintoni komhlaba kunzima kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba inzululwazi ibandakanya kungekuphela nje imiyalelo apha ngasentla, kodwa amaqela ezahlukeneyo zezifundo. Ngelo xesha, yaye namhlanje iyaqhubeka nokuphuhliswa komhlaba; kukho amasebe ezintsha wenkqubo yesayensi le. Pre-ekhoyo kunye namaqela ezintsha lwamacandelo ezinxulumene omathathu amasebe yenzululwazi asakhasayo. Ngenxa yoko, imida ngqo phakathi kwabo. Isibakala sokuba ukufunda yokwakheka komhlaba, xa ngamaqondo ahlukahlukeneyo, waza wafunda nezinye izifundo zesayensi. Isiphumo yinkqubo zoqhagamshelwano kunye neminye imimandla yolwazi. Kukho Ukuhlelwa maqela alandelayo of Sciences:

1. amthandayo Applied.
2. Malunga kuqweqwe lomhlaba.
3. Kwi iinkqubo zejoloji mihla.
4. Ulandelelwano yembali iziganeko ezifanelekileyo.
5. yokwakheka Regional.

mineralogy

Yintoni befunda yokwakheka kweli candelo? Izifundo ezinxulumene izimbiwa, umbuzo genesis yabo yokuhlela. Lithology iye ukufunda namawa, leyo kwasekwa iinkqubo ezinxulumene kwehayidrosfere, umhlaba kunye koMhlaba. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ezibizwa ngokuba ludaka engachananga. Geocryology ukufunda eziliqela iimpawu kunye neempawu eziyifaneleyo permafrost. Crystallography ekuqaleni wayengomnye kwimimandla mineralogy. Okwangoku, mhlawumbi ekunokuthiwa ingqeqesho emzimbeni.

petrography

Eli izifundo sigaba yokwakheka le zamatye zixelwe kwaye igneous emibi kakhulu esichazayo. Kule meko sithetha ngayo genesis zabo, ukwakheka, iimpawu ukuguda noburhabaxa kwakunye yokuhlela.

Eli Geotectonics zokuqala icandelo

Kukho umkhwa eye ukufunda ukuphazamiseka kwendlela kuqweqwe neentlobo elivela ngamaziko afanelekileyo. igama layo - yokwakheka noshowo. I kufuneka bathi inzululwazi Geotectonics Wabonakala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. Kwesakhiwo Geology bahlola dislocation ziitectonic plates isikali abaphakathi nabancinane. Ubukhulu - amashumi amakhulu leekhilomitha. Le isayensi ekugqibeleni abunjwe kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakukho kuziswa kolawulo kweli bodwa kweeyunithi ziitectonic plates isikali lwehlabathi nezelizwekazi. iimfundiso Kamva ngcembe ikhule ibe geotectonics.

zomhlaba

Eli candelo ufunda yokwakheka lokuhamba ezingu. Kwakhona ibandakanya ezi nkalo zilandelayo:

1. zomhlaba zovavanyo.
2. Neotectonics.
3. Geotectonics.

amacandelo emxinwa

• Volcanology. icandelo kunokuba elimxinwa yokwakheka komhlaba. Yena uye ukufunda mlilo.
• Ngezakhi. Eli candelo lijongene ukufunda lweenkqubo komhlaba yedeskthopi ukuba zenzeke ngexesha iinyikima. Kwakhona iquka ucando seismic.
• Geocryology. Eli candelo lijolisa phezu isifundo yokwakheka komhlaba ka permafrost.
• Petrology. Eli candelo lihlola sisiqalo le komhlaba, kunye nemiqathango imvelaphi nemetamorphic kunye igneous.

Ulandelelwano iinkqubo

Bonke yokwakheka ukufunda, ezonto ekuziqondeni ngcono iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo phantsi emhlabeni. Umzekelo, i-maxesha iziganeko yinto ebalulekileyo. Ngapha koko, asingabo bonke inzululwazi nokwakheka komhlaba yezembali ezingafani. Bakugqala imfundo ezikhoyo kule mbono. Kuqala kwinto zonke, ezo inzululwazi ukufumana ngokulandelelana ukuyilwa kwezakhiwo mihla.

ngezigaba lamathuba

yonke imbali koMhlaba yahlulwe izigaba ezibini eziphambili, ezo zibizwa ngokuba eons. Ulwahlulo ngawo inkangeleko eziphilileyo iinxalenye nzima ukuba ashiye imizila kwi ezike. Ngokutsho kwe data ye kwesayensi, bavumela ukuba ukugqiba iminyaka isalamane zejoloji.

izifundo zophando

Phanerozoic waqala nokufika kwezimbiwa kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Ngaloo ndlela, ubomi yangaphandle kuphuhliswa. Eli xesha zamandulela Precambrian kunye kriptozoy. Ngelo xesha, kwakukho ubomi efihlakeleyo. yokwakheka Precambrian kugqalwa uqeqesho eyahlukileyo. Inyaniso yokuba ukufunda ethile, ubukhulu becala ngokuphindaphindiweyo yaye metamorfoznye ngamandla nezakhiwo. Ukongeza, ukuba unalo iindlela zophando okhethekileyo isici. Kwesayensi swi isifundo iifom yamandulo ubomi. Yena uqhuba inkcazelo iifosili kunye imikhondo umsebenzi eziphilayo. Stratigraphy umisela ubudala isalamane wejoloji yamatye lentlenga kunye omzimba babulingana nesandla sabo. Ukwachaphazela kwakhona kunye unxulumano lwe kumaqumrhu ohlukeneyo. iinkcazelo Paleontologic bamele umthombo kwedatha stratigraphy.

Yintoni Applied Geology

Ezinye iinkalo inzululwazi ukusebenzisana nabanye. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izifundo eziphezu kumda kunye namanye amasebe. Umzekelo, zemigodi yokwakheka komhlaba. Olu qeqesho lijongana neendlela wophendlo kunye wokuhlola zamatye. Yahlulahlulwe yaba ezi ndidi zilandelayo: Coal Geology, oyile negesi. Kukho kwakhona metallogeny. Hydrology ingqalelo ukufunda komhlaba. Uyala ngokwaneleyo. Bonke babe ukubaluleka practical. Ngokomzekelo, yintoni yokwakheka komhlaba zobunjineli? Eli candelo ojongene isifundo yentsebenziswano phakathi kwezakhiwo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Uhlobene ngokusondeleyo naye imihlaba yokwakheka ngenxa ukwakhiwa umhlaba luxhomekeke, umzekelo, ukhetho izinto ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo.

ezinye iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela

• Geochemistry. Eli candelo lijolisa phezu komhlaba zophononongo lepropati ebonakalayo yomhlaba. Kufakwe iindlela wokuhlola ezintsonkothileyo, kuquka bezimbiwa yombane zokuguqulwa ezahlukeneyo, Imagnethi yomhlaba, wenyikima gravimetric.
• Geothermobarometry. Olu phando lijongana isifundo kwezi ndlela elukhuni isigqibo uxinzelelo lokuqulunqa lobushushu ngamatye kunye neeminerali.
• yokwakheka Microstructural. Eli candelo lijongene ukufunda deformation yamatye kwinqanaba micro. Lwenzelwe ngaphandle lokubolekwa kunye neenkozwana kwezimbiwa.
• Geodynamics. Olu phando lujolise isifundo kweenkqubo emhlabeni wonke, ukuba kwenzeka ngenxa nasekusungulweni lomhlaba. Siye sifunde iindlela zonxibelelwano komhlaba uqweqwe, imentile kunye core.
• Geochronology. Eli candelo lijongene inkcazelo kweminyaka izimbiwa kunye namatye.
• Lithology. Uphinde wacela petrology ilitye lentlenga. Ukwachaphazela nezifundo zokwakha ezifanelekileyo.
• History of Geology. Eli candelo lijolisa ngomhla wokuhlangana yonke ingcaciso ayifumene kunye ishishini ore.
• Agrogeology. Eli candelo inoxanduva uphendlo, utsalo kunye nokusetyenziswa agroores ukulungiselela iinjongo zezolimo. Ukongeza, efundelwa ukwakhiwa mineralogical womhlaba.

Ngomhla ukufunda zomhlaba macandelo alandelayo ajolise yenkqubo elanga:

1. ngokuma
2. Planetology.
3. Space yokuma.
4. Space chemistry.

yokwakheka Mining

Oku umahluko ngohlobo izinto kwezimbiwa ekrwada. Kukho iyantlukwano kule komhlaba kunye namatye ekrwada kwezimbiwa nonmetallic. Eli candelo lijongene ukufunda lweepateni zokusasaza ingentsimi efanelekileyo. Luqalise ngokunxulumene yabo nkqubo zilandelayo: metamorphism, magmatism, zomhlaba, neentlenge. Ngaloo ndlela yaba isebe elizimeleyo ngolwazi, ebizwa metallogeny. Geology leziMbiwa Industrial nazo yahlulwe inzululwazi kwezinto ezinokutsha kunye caustobioliths. Ezi ziquka shale, amalahle, igesi kwakunye ne-oli. Geology rocks noncombustible kuquka izinto zokwakha, ityuwa kunye nangaphezulu. Kwakhona kweli candelo ziquka hydrogeology. Sinikezelwa komhlaba.

indlela kwezoqoqosho

It is a uqeqesho kunokuba ethile. Yena wabonakala ekwahlukaneni kweendlela, ezoqoqosho kunye yokwakheka komhlaba yesibambiso kwezimbiwa. Le uqeqesho lujolise njengokulinganisela kwiindawo ongaphantsi kunye needipozithi. Igama elithi "resource bezimbiwa", ucinga ukuba kusenokwenzeka kunganxulunyaniswa kwinkalo yezoqoqosho, kunokuba ukuya zomhlaba.

Iimpawu intelligence

Geology imbaxa yophando ebanzi, apho imisebenzi eyenziwa ngaphandle, uvumela ukumisela ixabiso lorhwebo lweziza ukwenzeka yezityalo ufumene uvavanyo ezintle iziphumo zophando kunye novavanyo yezenzo. Ngexesha lophando ukuba ifakwe izicwangciso zejoloji nezamashishini. Nabo ke, ayimfuneko ukuze amacandelo afanelekileyo wovavanyo. Oku kusebenza inkqubo kwezimbiwa kufunxwa, ukuqinisekisa izinto zokusebenza, uyilo nokwakhiwa kwamashishini imigodi. Ngenxa yoko, isigqibo izinto ezifanelekileyo morphology imizimba. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukhethe inkqubo ngakumbi nokusetyenzwa kwezimbiwa. Ifaka iikhonto imizimba yazo. Oku kuthatha ingqalelo imida zejoloji. Ngokukodwa, unxulumene iimpazamo kumphezulu kunye nabafowunelwa zolwakhiwo ezahlukeneyo lithological. Kwakhona, kukho ubhaliso indlela lonikezelo kwezimbiwa, ubukho ukungcola eziyingozi, kunye nomxholo iinkalo eziphambili simahla.

Imimango aphezulu uqweqwe

ukufunda kwabo inxaxheba yokwakheka zobunjineli. Ulwazi leyo ifunyenwe isifundo imihlaba, ukunika ithuba ukujonga ukufaneleka izinto ezifanelekileyo ukuze kwakhiwe izinto ezithile. Imimango aphezulu kolu qweqwe lomhlaba zidla ngokuba kokusingqongileyo kokwakheka komhlaba. Injongo zokufunda kweli candelo ulwazi malunga awohluke zemimandla yalo, izikhombisi morphology. Siye sifunde kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nezakhiwo zobunjineli. Le yokugqibela udla ngokubizwa ngokuba imiba technosphere. Oku kuthatha ingqalelo kuhlelwa, umsebenzi yezoqoqosho ngoku okanye ukwenza komntu. Ababeqondisa indawo evaluation zejoloji ibandakanya ulwabiwo ilungu ekhethekileyo, esibonakala ngeempawu efanayo.

A imigaqo ezimbalwa

Le ngcaciso ingentla ikuvumela ukuba aqonde ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni na yokwakheka komhlaba. Kuyimfuneko ukuba bathi inzululwazi kuthathwa ukuba zembali. Kuye imisebenzi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, kumayelana kwenkcazo ukulandelelana kweziganeko zejoloji. Kuba kwizinga eliphezulu yezi ngxaki sele kudala ungaziva lenze iqela iimpawu zesiqhelo kunye elula, ezinxulumene ubudlelwane ixesha zeengxondorha. ubudlelwane ebandakanya bamele abafowunelwa rocks nakwii nende zabo. Zonke izigqibo zisekelwe iimpawu andibhaqwa. yobudala Relative imisela kwaye ezidibanayo nobuhlobo. Umzekelo, ukuba ikhefu emaweni, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba ezinjengokwaphuka kwasekwa emva kwabo. Umgaqo phambili kukuba izinto zokwakha ezi zoleko kwakhiwa ibe kolulwa phezu komhlaba iplanethi, ukuba ngaba umda naliphi na ubunzima.

ulwazi zembali

Kokuma yokuqala ngokuqhelekileyo athethwa yokwakheka olutshintshayo. Kule meko libhekisela ulwazi malunga ugu ezihambayo, ukhukuliseko weentaba, mlilo kunye neenyikima. Imizamo lokuhlela imizimba zejoloji kwaye uchaze izimbiwa babe uAvicenna kunye Al-Burini. Okwangoku, abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba yokwakheka mihla baqala kwihlabathi bamaSilamsi kumaxesha. izifundo ezifanayo Renaissance Sizibandakanye Girolamo Fracastoro kunye noLeonardo da Vinci. Zezona kuqala ukubeka phambili kwinkolelo yokuba amaqokobhe eziphili zamandulo ezaba lilitye - iintsalela eziphilayo extinct. Bakholelwa ukuba kwimbali nomhlaba ngokwawo elide kakhulu izimvo yebhayibhile malunga noku. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII kwakukho ingcamango jikelele malunga emhlabeni, nto leyo eyaba eyaziwa ngokuba dilyuvianizma. Izazinzulu ngelo xesha babekholelwa ukuba iifosili kunye namatye lentlenga ngokwabo kwasekwa ngenxa koMkhukula.

Imfuno for minerals ngokukhawuleza kakhulu eduze ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Ngoko ke, lo intsimbi wafunda ongaphantsi. Ikakhulu wazithwala phandle nokwanda kanye zemathiriyeli, achaza iimpawu kunye neempawu zeengxondorha, kwakunye isifundo kweemeko zabo ingenzeka. Ukongeza, iindlela zokugada zaye zaphuhliswa. Phantse yonke yokwakheka ngenkulungwane XIX nazo ngokupheleleyo umba ubudala ngqo emhlabeni. uvavanyo abalindelekileyo kakhulu ezahlukeneyo: bethabathela kominyaka ezilikhulu lamawaka ezigidi. Nangona kunjalo, ubudala umhlaba ekuqaleni echazwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Ngeendlela ezininzi, oku kube negalelo ukuthandana radiometric. Oku kubangela Uqikelelo lwexesha - 2 billion kwiminyaka. Okwangoku, ubudala yokwenene umhlaba ifakiwe. Yena-4.5 billion ubudala.