Yintoni na izinga lentswela-ngqesho? Indlela ukujonga umgangatho ngqesho kweli lizwe?

Iminyaka eliqela ilandelelana, abanye abahlalutyi kunye iingcali zoqoqosho ukuqikelela nokuqalisa kwe yokudodobala kwezoqoqosho eRashiya. Le meko ithetha ezininzi iingxaki ukuba ngummi eziqhelekileyo, engundoqo iyileyo - izinga lentswela-ngqesho kweli lizwe. Ukufunda lo mbutho mba ezifana Rostrud - nkonzo federal, alawulwa yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa lezeMisebenzi noKhuseleko loLuntu.

Kunjalo, izinga lentswela ayikwazi kuthathwa njengenyathelo ngokupheleleyo ezimbi kweli lizwe. konke kuxhomekeke kwindlela owenza izibalo ezo. Inyaniso ukuba zonke iindidi zabantu ukuba ngokuzithemba kunganxulunyaniswa inani abangasebenziyo. Kutheni le nto isenzeka nendlela ukujonga umgangatho ngqesho kweli lizwe? Makhe sijonge ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

La magama kunye neengcaciso

Igama elithi "ukungasebenzi" ibhekisa kwimeko apho esebenzayo ngokwemigqaliselo yezoqoqosho yabantu awukwazi ukufumana umsebenzi ehlawulwa yaye ngaloo ndlela lube uhlobo iintsimbi ukulayisha bonke abahlali karhulumente. Njengoko kuchaziwe yi-International Labor Organization, abangaphangeliyo - umntu ofuna ukusebenza kwaye ithuba emzimbeni, kodwa oko akuthethi ukufumana yokusebenza ethile.

Ukuze kubalwe kakuhle Kwiimpawu zonke, simele siqale yahlula bonke abantu ngokwamaqela 2:

1. Ngokwezoqoqosho engasebenziyo (EN) - abo abemi abangakwaziyo kuthathwa abasebenzi ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka:

• izikolo abafundi abasisigxina;
• umhlala, apho iinzuzo zomhlalaphantsi isiseko sabelo awungeni ndawo;
• abantu benza indlu, ukunyamekela abantu abagulayo, abantwana, kwaye ke ayikwazi ukuba ukusebenza;
• abantu waphoxwa uphendlo lwakho umsebenzi uze uyeke ukuzama;
• nje andifuni ukusebenza okanye musa ukuba isidingo esinjalo.

2. Ngokwezoqoqosho asebenzayo (EA) - inani labemi eyomeleleyo kweli lizwe, sele umsebenzi okanye ukufuna esebenzayo ngaye. Le ndima zahlulwa ngokweendidi ezimbini:

• lixakekile (B) - abemi (nokuba ubudala) abaqeshwe aze kuhlawulwa ngomsebenzi wabo, kwakunye nabo abasebenza kuzo, umzekelo, ishishini losapho elungileyo, kwaye intlawulo ayifumanekanga;
• abangasebenziyo (B) - yinxalenye yabantu yokusebenza-ubudala, ayinazo iiklasi, apho ufumana ingeniso; kwimeko bafundiswe umsebenzi ilungele ukuqalisa emsebenzini ngoko nangoko; eli ukhangela (uthumela umsebenzi, uya kwiziko okanye abahlobo zengqesho, uya imiboniso umsebenzi, njalo-njalo ...); kuqeqeshwa (uqeqesho) ngokuthi iinkonzo zengqesho.

Ngokubanzi sinokuthi ukuba izinga lentswela uchazwa lulwahlulo udidi lokugqibela siye sahlolisisa inani elipheleleyo EA (yabantu esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho). Kodwa siza sithethe kancinane emva koko.

Imiba echaphazela izinga lentswelo ngqesho

Phambi ukujonga umgangatho ngqesho kweli lizwe, kukuba ukuthetha ngento kuchaphazela le index. On ngqesho kuchaphazela inani ezininzi kakhulu kweli lizwe, phakathi zona ezimbalwa ezisisiseko:

• ukukhula okanye ukwehla kwezoqoqosho;
• zabantu;
• yimveliso yabasebenzi;
• umnqweno yabemi ukutshintsha umsebenzi okanye imisebenzi ukutshintsha;
• izizathu ezibalulekileyo eluntwini: ukunqongophala kwemfundo, ukukhulelwa, utywala okanye ukuxhomekeka iziyobisi, etc;.
• unikezelo kunye nemfuno ukuba uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi.

kabanzi ngokuhlola ezi zinto, kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ngqesho.

Yintoni na?

Nabani na ofuna ukwazi ukujonga njani umgangatho ngqesho kweli lizwe, kufuneka uqaphele ukuba le nto inokuba ukusebenza eyahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke yayo hlobo. Ngqesho kungaba:

• Voluntary. Olu hlobo lu dityanisiwe into yokuba abanye abantu andifuni ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezithile, umzekelo kwiimeko apho umvuzo lifinyele. Kwakhona, kukho mqondo kwezoqoqosho i "umgibe ngqesho". Oku kwenzeka xa, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo inqanaba yengeniso yomntu uhlala ngokoqobo ayitshintshanga, akukhathaliseki noba iyasebenza okanye hayi. Ngokomzekelo, xa isixa lesibonelelo ehlawulwa ngurhulumente, phantse ngokulinganayo kumvuzo icetywayo. Kulo meko, isivuseleli ngokomsebenzi abantu ayikho.
• Kwabantu ngenkani. Luphawulwa yokuba umntu enxanwe ukufumana umsebenzi yaye ukulungele ukuzilwa, nje awukwazi ukufumana umsebenzi. Oku kwenzeka xa umvuzo lokwenene lidlula leyo eyenza igalelo lizama yonikezelo kunye nemfuno. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni iziphakamiso aqalile ngaphezu imfuno.

ngqesho ngokuzenzekelayo kungenziwa zohlulwa ngokwendidi 3:

• nkqubo lwenzeka xa ngoomatshini (esizisebenzelayo) imveliso ikhokelela intsalela abaqeshwa okanye yokuswela kwabo yemfundo;
• uphawu yamaxesha onyaka athile kumashishini apho production ngamaxesha athile;
• Lubonakala yi ukuhla nezolo nokungazinzi koqoqosho kwimveliso kummandla othile okanye kwilizwe lonke.

Okunye ukubuka

iingongoma eyongezelelweyo zingahlukaniswa iintlobo ezininzi:

• Lwamaziko kwenzeka xa ungenelelo kwiimanyano zabasebenzi okanye urhulumente ekumiseleni amazinga lomvuzo notyeshelo imithetho rhwebo.
• Kwesakhiwo kwenzeka ukuphelisa uqoqosho eziphelelwe lixesha nasisihlo of imisebenzi emitsha efuna neziqu.
• Usukuzwano ezinxulumene utshintsho ngokuzithandela imisebenzi, imveliso (out) ka (c) ukuya kubeleka, ukutshintsha yokuhlala, njalo-njalo; ngokuqhelekileyo uhlobo zexesha elifutshane.

Unako kwakhona inokwabela omnye iintlobo 2 ngqesho: i abhalisiweyo ezifihlakeleyo. Okokuqala oluvakaliswe umlinganiselo abantu abangasebenziyo, ngokusemthethweni eyamkelwa ngenxa yenkonzo yengqesho ukuba inani elipheleleyo labantu eyomeleleyo. Eyesibini ichaza inani labantu abaninzi abangazange babhaliswe okanye oqeshwe ngokusesikweni kuphela, kodwa eneneni ithunyelwe kwiholide ngeendleko zakhe ngenxa imithamo yemveliso asezantsi.

Izinga kweli lizwe; ifomula ukubala

Nganye kwezi ntlobo lube indlela yayo yokubala, kodwa siza sithethe ngobuwena jikelele ngakumbi. Le indlela yokuqingqa izinga lentswelo ngqesho ichazwa njengokuba umlinganiselo yenani lilonke abangaphangeliyo ukuba inani labantu esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho. Kubonakala ngathi le nto:

K = (B * 100%) / EA,

apho EA = H + B (B - abaqeshiweyo; B - abangasebenziyo).

Apha ukujonga njani umgangatho ngqesho kweli lizwe. Amanani ihlanganiswe isekelwe phezu kwezi izibalo.

yonobangela yezoqoqosho

Nabani na onomdla ukujonga njani umgangatho ngqesho kweli lizwe, kufuneka bazazi ukuba le nto ithetha nemiphumela emibi ngokwaneleyo negative. Ngokwemeko-kwezoqoqosho lwembono, ukwanda ngqesho kukhokelela ekwandeni iinkcitho mali Goszanyatosti ngentlawulo iinzuzo ngqesho kubemi ebhalisiweyo. Ukwandisa inani abangasebenziyo yenza ilahleko yemivuzo kunye irhafu yengeniso, nto leyo kakhulu yendalo: akukho msebenzi, no pay, yaye ngenxa yoko i irhafu ukuhlawula kungabikho mntu.

Enye kwezoqoqosho ngenxa ngqesho na ukuhla kwamandla ukuthengwa abemi. Ngokunxulumene nelahleko imisebenzi esisigxina, abantu banyanzeleka ukuba yokunciphisa imali yabo ubuncinane.

factor social

Phakathi iingxaki zentlalo ingabizwa ukuthotywa komphakathi. Le ndoda waphelelwa ngumsebenzi wakhe, ulahlekelwa kuphela ngemali. Ulahlekelwa izakhono, ukuzithemba, basoloko ndidandathekile, iyenza nzima uphendlo ngakumbi. Ngakumbi eyingozi simanga phakathi kwabantu abatsha, apho ukunqongophala amava kunye uqeqesho lwengcali kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba engqesho. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, isizukulwana isabelo abaselula ungakhetha kophuma nokusebenza search of non-yabasebenzi, ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Amava kwezoqoqosho kumazwe aphuhlileyo kubonisa ukuba imarike lingenako ukuhlangabezana nale ngxaki wedwa. Ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kufuna ungenelelo karhulumente, uncedo lwakhe noncedo.

izibalo

Ngokutsho zezoqoqosho, ingxaki kukungabikho umsebenzi osisigxina, ngaphezulu okanye wengingqi ngaphantsi. Kwizixeko ezikhulu, oko phantse ukuba waziva, ngelixa kwiidolophu ezincinane kunye neziphakathi-ertyisi, njengoko kunjalo kwimiphetho, lo mbuzo kakhulu sibi. Ezi zikhombisi nempembelelo engentle kummandla we-izinga lentswela-ngqesho kweli lizwe.

Iinkcukacha-manani zithi izinga lisezantsi ngqesho abantu akhawunti ngenxa 1990 kwaye ka-5.2%. Wavele, impembelelo kuqoqosho umyalelo eSoviet Union uxhasiwe isonjululwe le ngxaki. Kodwa xabiso liphezulu inani ngo-1998 (13.2%).

Kubulungisa kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ifuthe imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yingenelo ezi mpawu, kwaye ngo-2007 izinga lentswela-ngqesho kweli lizwe (Statistics iyakungqina oku) lancitshiswa kwi 6.1%. Kwixa elizayo, ezi mpawu mihla kwi +/- 1.5-2% kwi 5.3% ekupheleni kuka-2014.

Sase- iRashiya 2014-2015

Kwenzeka ntoni namhlanje? Njani na inqanaba ngqesho kweli lizwe? ERashiya, ngokutsho iingcali, apho kuye kutshanje kubekho ukukhula ngokuthe yale meko. Oku kungenxa ukuhla amazinga kunye imiqulu zokuvelisa kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuncitshiswa abasebenzi. Ke ukuba amanani e-5.5%, kuthelekelelwe abanoqoqosho, ekupheleni kuka-2015 izinga lentswela esemthethweni uya kuvuka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ukufikelela 6.4% zarekhodwa ngoJanuwari kulo nyaka.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba esweni IMF abezoqoqosho ngexesha elinye phantse ngokupheleleyo uluvo labezempilo Russian. Izizathu imeko enjengaleyo kwimarike yemisebenzi ngokuqinisekileyo ingxaki kwi-Eurozone, ngokunjalo, Kakade ke, ingxenye kwezopolitiko. ukwayo kwezoqoqosho iRussia ngokucacileyo nefuthe elibi kumacandelo athile ezoqoqosho, kwakunye dudula inani elikhulu abatyali-mali. Kuyasithuthuzela kukuba, njengoko uqikelelo zeIMF, ngo-2016 le meko yazinza kancinci yaye iqondo lentswela iya kunyothulwa nge nje isiqingatha ekhulwini.