Yintoni na eziphilayo. Yintoni ukufunda eziphilayo. Imithetho eziphilayo

Biology Science iquka inani elikhulu amacandelo kunye nakumagatya of Sciences. Noko ke, elinye iluncedo mncinane kunye ethembisayo, umntu kunye nemisebenzi yayo eziphilayo. Kakhulu kutshanje kuvelile, kodwa ngokukhawuleza ukuza kweli kuphuhliso kwale nzululwazi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, waba umseki macandelo ezifana biotechnology kunye nobunjineli yemfuza. Yintoni eziphilayo nendlela aba amanqanaba lasungulwa nophuhliso? Makhe sihlolisise lo mba ngokubanzi.

Yintoni eziphilayo?

Kwindawo yokuqala, eziphilayo - yinto inzululwazi. Umqulu, umdla, inzululwazi oselula kodwa olukhula ngokukhawuleza. Le etymology elithi linentsusa yalo ngolwimi Greek. Ngoko ke, "Mikros" lithetha "ezincinane", inxalenye yesibini gama livela "BIOS", gama elo elithetha "ebomini", yaye inxalenye yokugqibela Greek. "Logos", bona bubonakala zokufundisa. Ngoku uyakwazi ukunika impendulo yokoqobo kumbuzo izinto eziphilayo. Le mfundiso ye micro-ubomi.

Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba ukufunda izinto eziphilayo omncinane esimele alubonakali ngeliso lenyama. Ezi elilodwa olunye-zezi:

1. Prokaryotes (eziphilayo anuclear okanye hayi akuba ezikhutshwe ngumongo):

• iintsholongwane;
• Archaea.

2. eukaryotes (eziphilileyo kernel ahombise):

• ulwelwe kwiseli enye;
• lenyama.

3. kwamagciwane.

Noko ke, kuqala inikwa isifundo eziphilayo iintsholongwane kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo ngeentlobo, iintlobo kunye neendlela zokuvelisa amandla. Oko ke iziseko eziphilayo.

Nomxholo lenzululwazi

Umbuzo ukuba ukufunda eziphilayo, impendulo kusenokuba: ukuba ufunda ukwahluka engaphandle iintsholongwane kwimilo kunye nobukhulu, ifuthe lazo kokusingqongileyo eziphilayo, iindlela zokondla, uphuhliso kunye nokukotshwa Cya, kwakunye nefuthe lazo ngendlela uqoqosho kunye noluntu.

Micro-eziphilayo - kukho izidalwa ezinokuba kuhlala ezahlukahlukeneyo iimeko. Kubo neze imida kwi lobushushu, asidi ayinayo eliphakathi, uxinzelelo nokufuma. Phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imiqathango, kukho ubuncinane omnye (yaye ngokufuthi ezininzi) iqela iintsholongwane ezinokuba kusinda. Namhlanje eyaziwa amagciwane uluntu ukuba bazalise iimeko anaerobic ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi mlilo termoistochnikov ezantsi, enxibe ezinzulwini elwandle, kwaye kwiimeko ezimaxongo kwamatye ashushu, njalo njalo.

Nesayensi amakhulu iintlobo ezincane, ekugqibeleni dibanisa ukuya kumawaka. Kodwa ndafumanisa ukuba yinxalenye encinane kuphela iintlobo ngeentlobo ukuba ukho kwindalo. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi microbiologists ezininzi kangaka.

Kwelinye lamaziko edumileyo, apho kukho isifundo eneenkcukacha micro-eziphilayo nazo zonke iinkqubo ezinxulumene nazo, waye Pasteur Institute eFransi. Igama emva umsunguli adumileyo inzululwazi eziphilayo Lui Pastera, i-Institute of Microbiology, kukhululwa kweendonga zayo eninzi yeengcali ezimangalisayo abaye benza ezifunyaniswe kungekho ngaphantsi elincomekayo kwaye ebalulekileyo.

In Russia namhlanje Institute of Microbiology. S. N. Vinogradskogo Academy of Sciences, yona iziko lophando inkulu kwicandelo eziphilayo kweli lizwe lethu.

nomlando zenzululwazi ekuzakuqalwa

Imbali eziphilayo njengokuba inzululwazi yenziwe izigaba ezithathu ezisisiseko olunemiqathango:

• morphological okanye okuchazayo;
• saline okanye ukugcinwa;
• zale mihla.

Ngokubanzi, imbali eziphilayo anayo kuphuhliso iminyaka malunga 400. Yiloo nto ke ukuqala kwisehlo malunga nekhulu XVII. Ngoko ke, kukholelwa ukuba isayensi eselula xa kuthelekiswa namanye amasebe eziphilayo.

sigaba Morphological okanye achazayo

Igama ngokwayo ithi kwesi sigaba Kwadlula, ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, nje zibandakanya ukuqokelelwa kolwazi malunga iseli morphology yebhaktiriya. Yonke le nto yaqala emva kokuvulwa prokaryotes. Le emagqabini fanele umnyibilikisi lenzululwazi ekuzakuqalwa Italian Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek, owaba ingqondo abukhali, ukunamathela yaza yabonisa kunye nokukwazi elungileyo ukucinga ngokuqiqisisisayo ukuba iimeko. Kwakunye Technician olungileyo, uye wakwazi ukuba imlungisele lens, enika ukwanda amaxesha 300. Kwaye ukuphinda impumelelo kwakhe kuphela phakathi izazinzulu Russian kwinkulungwane XX. Yaye akukho vytachivaniem kwaye ndiyabanyibilikisa lens le ifayibha optical.

Ezi lens wakhonza njengoko material apho Leeuwenhoek wafumanisa iintsholongwane. Kwaye ekuqaleni wamisa ngokwakhe umsebenzi kunokuba uhlobo prosaic: ISAZINZULU wayefuna ukwazi ukuba kutheni esihogweni krakra kakhulu. Wagcoba iinxalenye zesityalo, yaye ehlola ngemicroscope ngemveliso yazo, wabona ophilileyo ihlabathi liphela yezidalwa ezincinane. Yaba ngo-1695. Ukususela ngoko, uAntonio iqala ukuphonononga ngamandla kwaye bachaze iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iiseli bacteria. He buyazohlula kuphela fomu, nangona kunjalo, oku sele yenziwe.

Leeuwenhoek bobabo malunga 20 imithamo ngesandla, ezichaza ngokweenkcukacha ukulenza, intonga, ezijikeleze kunye nezinye iindidi iintsholongwane. Wabhala umsebenzi yokuqala eziphilayo, ekuthiwa 'izinto ezifihlakeleyo bendalo yafunyanwa ngama Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. " Eli lilinge lokuqala ukuhlela ukushwankathela ulwazi ezingasetyenziswanga le morphology amagciwane kwakucingwa ukuba sisazinzulu O. Muller, owenza ngo 1785. Ukususela ngoko imbali eziphilayo iqalisa ukuba kuzuze amandla ayo.

sigaba period okanye ukugcinwa

Kweli nqanaba kuphuhliso inzululwazi siye safunda iindlela ezenza umsebenzi amagciwane. Iinkqubo apho inxaxheba, kwaye ngaphandle kwazo akunakwenzeka ngokwendalo. Kuye kwaba nakwenzeka kwisizukulwana ezizenzekelayo ubomi ngaphandle inxaxheba eziphilayo. Zonke ezi olufunyanisiweyo zenziwa ngenxa amalinge, enkulu Scientist-wemithi, kodwa emva kwezi olufunyanisiweyo nabo ezinto eziphilayo Lui Pastera. Kunzima ukuba zazi ukubaluleka kwakhe ekuphuhlisweni kwale nzululwazi. Imbali eziphilayo ngenkankulu ukuziphuhlisa ukuze ngokukhawuleza ngokupheleleyo, ukuba lo mntu buchopho.

Kwesayensi Pasteur ingabonisa iingongoma ezingundoqo:

• Ungqinile ukuba abantu abadala iswekile eziqhelekileyo inkqubo ibile kungenxa yobukho kweentlobo ezithile abe nenkani. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuba uhlobo ngalunye yokubola (lactic asidi, utywala, i-oyile, njalo njalo) luphawulwa liqela elithile iintsholongwane, kwaye ukuba wenziwe;
• kwangena kwishishini ukutya inkqubo pasteurization ukuze kulahlwe iimveliso ezivela microflora, adeleke ibole kwaye ukonakala;
• yena nguye ekuphuculeni omzimba kwizifo ngokuthi kulawulo sokugonya umzimba. Okt Pasteur - ngukhokho logonyo, nguye lowo wabonisa ukuba izifo ezibangwa ubukho iintsholongwane izifo;
• watshabalalisa ingcamango aerobic bonke ubomi, wabonisa ukuba ubomi iintsholongwane ezininzi (butyric acid, umzekelo) musa mfuneko ioksijini, kwaye iyingozi.

Sinokholo engundoqo engenakuphikwa Lui Pastera kukuba zonke ezifunyaniswe bakhe, wabonisa ngokomfuniselo. Ngoko ke akukho mntu wayevunyelwa ukuba bangahlali amathandabuzo malunga semthethweni kweziphumo. Kodwa ibali Microbiology, Kakade, ayipheli apho.

Enye ingcali yenzululwazi owayesebenza kwinkulungwane XIX kwaye abenze igalelo elikhulu ekufundweni ezincinane, uRobert Goch - Isazinzulu German ngubani wothulelw ekususeni imigca ezicocekileyo iiseli bacteria. Oko yobume zonke izinto ziyajongwa zihlobene. Elinye iqela kwinkqubo ubomi ekudaleni yindawo yokuzalela ngenxa omnye, omnye wenza okufanayo lesithathu njalo njalo. Oko kukuthi, icala umbane efanayo, kwaye eziphilayo eziphezulu, kuphela ngaphakathi kuluntu bacteria. Ngenxa yoko, kunzima kakhulu ukuba kufunda kuluntu ecacileyo, iqela ezincinane, ngenxa zobukhulu zabo encinane kakhulu (1 ^-6 m okanye 1 m), kwaye ngentsebenziswano rhoqo olusondeleyo omnye komnye, akanakuba zibangele kuhlalutywa. Kwabonakala ithuba ogqibeleleyo yokutyala ezininzi iiseli efanayo bacterium yoluntu omnye kwiimeko ngumntu. Oko kukuthi, ukufumana okuninzi leeseli ezifanayo, apho iya kubonakala kubo ngeliso lenyama kwaye bahlole iinkqubo apho eza kuba lula kakhulu.

Nantsi into ukuvulwa wenza Goch. Wayila ukususwa yeenkcubeko ehlambulukileyo iintsholongwane kwi eliphakathi zizondlo, nto leyo yahluke ngokupheleleyo uluntu nganye. Kwakhona ukuba zimele impumelelo kumathanga ukupeyinta ezincinane kunye namalungu ayo ngalinye. Robert Goch kuqala wafumanisa tubercle wand (eletha Goch kaThixo), olwaye lwamfimfitha kwezilwanyana nabantu. Le Isazinzulu isicelo indlela izilwanyana zovavanyo abosulelwe yayintsholongwane eyosulela iintsholongwane (yayintsholongwane eyosulela) ngenjongo deducing iinkcubeko ehlambulukileyo ezincinane ezinjalo, yaye liphuhlise neendlela kweentsholongwane kunye nolawulo.

Ngaloo ndlela ke efunde ulwazi oluninzi ezixabisekileyo iintsholongwane, iinzuzo zabo ngeengozi ebantwini. Uphuhliso eziphilayo uye noba indlela ngakumbi.

Wesimanje Isigaba

eziphilayo Modern - yiseti amacandelwana, kunye mini-inzululwazi ojongene isifundo hayi nje iintsholongwane, kodwa iintsholongwane, nomngundo, archaea, yaye zonke iintsholongwane yaziwe 'Ncwadi. Ngomhla umbuzo oko eziphilayo, namhlanje singakwazi ukunika impendulo ngokupheleleyo kwaye eneenkcukacha. It is a inzululwazi enzima ejongene isifundo ezincinane, kwaye izicelo zazo ebomini ebonakalayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo nakwiindawo, kwakunye nefuthe ezincinane kwi enye kwenye, kwindalo eziphilayo.

Ngokuphathelele ingqiqo elikhulu enjalo eziphilayo kufuneka eze inzululwazi yanamhlanje ukuba iqondo macandelo.

1. Jikelele.
2. Soil.
3. Amanzi.
4. Agriculture.
5. Medical.
6. ZeMfuyo.
7. Space.
8. Survey yokwakheka komhlaba.
9. Ngumzuzu.
10. Ukutya.
11. YOSHISHINO (technical).

Nganye kwezi sezigaba izibandakanye kwisifundo eneenkcukacha ezincinane, impembelelo yazo ubomi kunye nempilo yabantu nezilwanyana, kwakunye ubukho bokusetyenziswa iintsholongwane ngeenjongo ezithile, ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi babantu. Konke oku yeyona nto ukufunda izinto eziphilayo.

Igalelo kakhulu kuphuhliso iindlela zale mihla eziphilayo, iindlela kufuywe kulinywe ezincinane ezenziwe abaphengululi ezifana Wolfram Tsillig kunye uKarl Stetter, uKarl Veze, uNorman Peys, Watson, Crick, Pauling, Zuckerkandl. Zezazinzulu basekhaya zezona ezifana amagama njengoko I. I. Mechnikov, LS Tsenkovsky, di Ivanovsky S. N. Vinogradsky VL Omelyanskii, SP Kostychev, Ya Ya ne Nikitinsky F. M. Chistyakov, A. I. Lebedev, VN Shaposhnikov. Ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi ezi izazinzulu ziye zasekwa iindlela ukujongana kwezifo zezilwanyana kunye nabantu (anthrax, iswekile tick, unyawo kunye umlomo izifo, yingqakaqha, njalo njalo). Zasekwa iindlela ukuphucula umzimba kwizifo iintsholongwane kunye wentsholongwane egazini, iintlobo ezincinane ezifunyenwe ekwaziyo amafutha, ukudala kubunzima ngexesha ubomi nezinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, nozihlambulula isono nokuphucula okusingqongileyo, non-disintegrating ukucazulula anemichiza, kwaye ngaphezulu.

Igalelo aba bantu kubaluleke kakhulu ngokwenene, ngoko inxenye kubo (Mechnikov I. I.) lifumene ibhaso le-Nobel ngomsebenzi wakhe. Namhlanje, kukho nkampani benzululwazi, kwakheka kwi ngokusekelwe eziphilayo, ezo zezona oluphambili eziphilayo - kuba biotechnology, bioengineering nobunjineli yemfuza. Umsebenzi ngamnye kubo ijolise ekunikeni eziphilayo okanye amaqela eziphilayo ngempahla kwangaphambili, indoda lokuposa. Kuphuhliso iindlela ezintsha zokusebenza kunye micro-eziphilayo, ukufumana inzuzo ekusebenziseni iintsholongwane.

Ngenxa yoko, amanqanaba uphuhliso eziphilayo nangona bembalwa ngenani, kodwa lulwazi kwaye ezipheleleyo ngeziganeko.

Iindlela for ukufunda ezincane

iindlela zale mihla eziphilayo isekelwe ukusebenza kunye neenkcubeko nyulu, ngokunjalo usebenzisa iteknoloji inkqubela yakutshanje (enombala, electronic, laser, njalo njalo). Nazi ezona ziphambili.

1. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ezincane. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimikroskopu kuphela ukukhanya japan esipheleleyo se kunikwa, koba njalo chweba, laser kunye elektroniki.
2. Izityalo iintsholongwane kwimidiya ezikhethekileyo zokondla ukuze culturing zizalele nakuzo iinkcubeko ngokupheleleyo olunyulu amakoloni.
3. iindlela Uhlalutyo period-kwemichiza nenkcubeko ngeentsholongwane.
4. Ezinto iindlela uhlalutyo eziphilayo.
5. ubuchule uhlalutyo Genetic. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwaba lula ukufumana mnombo Phantse yonke iqela open ezincinane. Oku kwenziwe imibulelo ukuba umsebenzi Carl Woese, owaba nako States site zofuzo iintsholongwane ngamathanga. Nale owenziwa kwakhiwa kwenkqubo phylogenetic prokaryotic.

Xa zidityanisiwe, ezi ndlela zinika ulwazi ngokupheleleyo yaye eneenkcukacha malunga nayiphi na kwala magciwane asanda kuvulwa okanye wavula sele kwaye ufumane isicelo zawo ezichanekileyo.

izigaba Microbiology ukuba sele iwupasisile kuphuhliso kwayo inzululwazi ayisoloko ibandakanya isethi enjalo nesisa nangokuchanekileyo iindlela. Noko ke, kuyaphawuleka ukuba kakhulu nangokukhawuleza maxa onke amaxesha yeyona ndlela yokulinga, wakhonza njengesiseko ukuqokelela ulwazi kunye nezakhono zokusebenza kunye sekuba.

Microbiology imithi

Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kwaye kakhulu ngayo ukuba eziphilayo yezonyango eziphilayo impilo lomntu hlulo. Umxholo phando yaba iintsholongwane yayintsholongwane eyosulela neentsholongwane ezibangela izifo ezinzima. Ngoko ke, umngeni ukuba amagqirha, microbiologists: ukuchonga pathogen, ukuhlakulela umgca yayo ecocekileyo, ukufunda iimpawu yobomi kunye nezizathu eziyingozi umzimba womntu, kwaye bafumane indlela ukuphelisa lo msebenzi.

Xa inkcubeko olunyulu pathogen ifunyenwe, kuyimfuneko ukuba ziqhube uphando lokujongisisa molekyuli zebhayoloji ngokucokisekileyo. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ukuvavanya ukuxhathisa komzimba nemithi, ukuze ukuchonga ukunwenwa kwesifo kwaye akhethe unyango kakhulu olusebenzayo lo silwanyana.

Loo eziphilayo lwezempilo, kubandakanywa lwezilwanyana, wanceda yokusombulula iingxaki engxamisekileyo abasemhlabeni: ukwenza lugonyo anthrax, umgada, ubuso na ihashe, iigusha pox, usulelo anaerobic, tularemia nefiva paratyphoid, kwaba lula ukuphelisa esi isibetho kunye parapnevmonii njalo njalo.

eziphilayo Food

Imithetho eziphilayo, ucoceko kunye angandi ngokusondeleyo ziyadlelana bonke banye. Ngenxa ngamagciwane isasazeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye ubukhulu lukhulu xa iimeko zococeko kunye nococeko aziphucukanga. Okokuqala, oku kuboniswa yokudla, kwi ngobuninzi ukutya.

data zangoku kwi morphology kunye amalungu ezincinane, iinkqubo kwemichiza ezibangelwa kubo, kwakunye ngempembelelo yokusingqongileyo kwi microflora asakhulayo ukutya ngexesha zokuhamba, ukugcinwa, intengiso kunye nokulungiswa izinto, ukunceda ukuthintela iingxaki ezininzi. Indima ezincinane kwinkqubo ukusekwa kunye nokutshintsha umgangatho ukutya kunye ukuvela eziliqela izifo ezibangelwa iintlobo ebangela isifo kwaye olungenelelayo, ibaluleke kakhulu, kwaye ke ngoko umsebenzi eziphilayo ukutya, ucoceko kunye nococeko yindima ukuchonga zibuyele inzuzo yomntu.

eziphilayo ukutya kwakhona esikhuthaza amagciwane wokuguqula evela iiprothini ioli, usebenzisa ezincinane ukubola ukutya, kuba unyango iimveliso ezininzi zokutya. iinkqubo ibile ngokusekelwe lactic acid kunye butyric iintsholongwane ukunika uluntu oluninzi imveliso ezifunekayo.

ngumzuzu

Completely ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iqela elikhulu kunene ezincinane, leyo yeyona kakhulu ayikaqondwa - ukuba iintsholongwane. Microbiology kunye ngumzuzu - iindidi ezimbini ngokusondeleyo ezalanayo wenzululwazi ekuzakuqalwa, apho sifunda iintsholongwane yayintsholongwane eyosulela kunye iintsholongwane ezinokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwimpilo eziphilayo.

icandelo ngumzuzu kumba kakhulu kunye nezintsonkothileyo, ke ngoko, ifanelwe isifundo esahlukileyo.