Yimibono zesimo eBerkeley and Hume

Phakathi iinkqubo ezininzi bulumko ingqalelo igunya umgaqo yokomoya ehlabathini izinto eziphathekayo, abambalwa kuma ngaphandle iimfundiso kaYohane. EBerkeley noDavid Hume, leyo zingaphawulwa ngokufutshane achazwe yimibono ayinyani. Ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze kwizigqibo abo imibhalo ephakathi scholastics-nominalists kunye nabalandeli babo - ezifana conceptualism, John Locke, lowo ubanga ukuba ezifanayo - na ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo edla ephindaphindekayo iimpawu zezinto ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokusekelwe izikhundla John Locke, IsiNgesi ubhishophu kunye sobulumko George. Berkeley wabanika nentsingiselo yawo yokuqala. Ukuba kuthe saa kuphela, izinto ekwanti, yaye kuphela ingqondo yomntu, ubambisa ephindaphindekayo ezendeleyo kwezinye zezi zakhiwo, kuchonga izinto kwi qela ubiza iqela na amazwi, oko kuthathwa ukuba ingaba akukho mbono abstract, akuyi kwiipropati kwaye iimpawu izinto ngokwabo. Oko kukuthi, asinakukwazi ukucinga indoda abstract, kodwa ndicinga "umntu," sicinga ngendlela ethile. Ngoko ke, ukongezelela ezingqondweni zethu yokutsala musa ukuba ubukho babo, bathi eveliswa kuphela umsebenzi wethu ingqondo. Oku yimibono ayinyani.

Xa umsebenzi wakhe "Kwi-siseko Knowledge Human" nzulu ngezinto ngokuqulunqa ingcamango yayo esisiseko: "ukuba khona" - lithetha "ukuba waqonda." Sibona into zethu izivamvo, kodwa ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba into efanayo iimvakalelo zethu (kunye neengcamango) malunga naloo nto? J. yimibono ayinyani. Berkeley uxoxa athi ezingqondweni zethu 'akwazi' into umbono wethu. Emva koko ke kuvela, ukuba isifundo angacingi into knowable, akukho namnye - njengoko kwaba njalo e Antarctica, amasuntswana Alpha okanye iPluto ngemihla George Berkeley ..

Umbuzo ke ngulo: kwakukho nto phambi abantu? Ngenxa ubhishophu yamaKatolika, uYohane. EBerkeley kwanyanzeleka ukuba ashiye yimibono yakhe luluvo, okanye, njengoko kuthiwa, solipsism, aye kwisikhundla of yimibono njongo. Endless kwi Zeitgeist wayecinga zonke izinto phambi kokuba ekuqaleni ubukho babo, yaye ubanika ukuba sivakalelwe. Kwaye ngenxa iyantlukwano yezinto nokulandelelana apho umntu kufuneka enze, kangangoko uThixo ulumkile yaye ulungile nje.

sobulumko British Devid Restaurants kuphuhliswa yimibono zesimo eBerkeley. Ngokusekelwe kwiimbono ze empiricism - ihlabathi ukufunda ngokusebenzisa amava - sobulumko ulumkisa ukuba iingcamango zethu kokuphatha jikelele badla ezisekelwe kwiimbono zethu ingqiqo bezinto ngamnye. Kodwa umbandela nendlela abayibona ngayo sensory ngayo - akusoloko kunjalo. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi-bulumko - isifundo hayi endalo kodwa ihlabathi luluvo, iimbono, iimvakalelo, logic yabantu.

yimibono zesimo eBerkeley kunye Hume kube nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekudalweni nasekusungulweni empiricism yaseBritani. It wasetyenziswa, kunye French yiEnlightenment, kunye nokufakelwa akaziwa xa kwithiyori yolwazi Hume wanika yokukhawulezisa lokusekwa ukugxekwa Kant. Ukuma 'into ngokwayo "of the nzulu yaseJamani yaba sisiseko German bulumko yamandulo. amathemba Epistemological Bacon namathandabuzo Hume kamva kwenza zobulumko ukuba ingcamango 'verification "yaye" ukuguqula "iingcamango.