Ifilosofi yaMandulo: Democritus. Atomism of Democritus kunye ngokufutshane zakhe ezisisiseko isikhundla. Democritus nefilosofi atomism ngokufutshane

Democritus, atomism, kunye ngobomi ogama sijonga - sobulumko odumileyo yamaGrike ukususela mandulo. Iminyaka yobomi bakhe - 460-371 BC. e. Yaba nguye lowo kuqala waqonda ukuba ihlabathi ayipheli nokuba ingqokelela athom - amasuntswana lincinci ezenza phezulu, yaye wonke wokudla okwentlabathi emhlabeni yaye zonke inkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni.

Kuzalelwa kuyo Democritus, iimpawu zakho ze-bulumko

Democritus wazalwa eThrace, kwisixeko samandulo yesiGrike Abdera. Le ndawo eGrisi ingqalelo nje kwiphondo ekude, kwaye nkqu isixeko sezidenge. Noko ke, isibizo oqhelekileyo "Abdera" lithetha "sisidenge", "simpleton", "simpleton" yaba ligama elifanelekileyo enye zihlanjiwe lidala, Democritus. Ukususela ntsomi amaninzi kwaye nobungqina sifunda ukuba Abdera ukuba "sobulumko ehleka".

Kwakubonakala unserious konke oko kwenzekileyo olova. Ibali ngaye kubonisa ukuba Democritus waphawulwa ubulumko enzulu yehlabathi, ulwazi olubanzi, ngokuqaphela.

Nolwazi zobulumko impumelelo

Damasipp, uyise, wayengomnye ngabemi abaninzi ithengiswayo. Ngoko ke Democritus wafumana imfundo elungileyo ixesha layo. ootitshala ikusasa zo sobulumko wamaPersi ababehlala Abdera xa kukho kwasala UArtashashta, ukumkani wasePersi. Noko ke, utitshala real Democritus Leucippus, intloko yesikolo yasekuhlaleni bulumko. Kuyinto ngenxa kuye, leva wokubhalwa bulumko yamaGrike Democritus. Atomism busekelwe phezu isifundo ngokucokisekileyo ngempumelelo ababengaphambi kwakhe. imisebenzi zophando zobulumko zamaGrike imfundo yakhe ayizange iphelele apho. Democritus, atomism leyo eza kuxoxwa ngezantsi, angathanda ukuba aqhelane impumelelo ingcamango zehlabathi, ngoko waya uhambo.

Uhambo lokuqala Democritus

Emva kwexesha elithile uyise wafa. Ushiye ilifa kakhulu unyana wakhe, kunye Democritus wagqiba ukuya kwi uhambo. -Sobulumko baya eBhabheli, yaye emva koko eYiputa. Naphi na apho wadibana iinkcuba sazane kwakunye ne kwizazi baseBhabhiloni kunye nababingeleli baseYiputa. Oku kulandela ukuba inqubo yakhe kwabunjwa phantsi kwempembelelo yeenkcubeko ezininzi zombini ihlabathi amandulo elitsha. Democritus bathabatha ngamnye kubo ezinye izinto waza wadala inkqubo bakhe bulumko.

Ukufundisa, imisebenzi ephambili

Ukubuyela Abdera, waqala ukufundisa ifilosofi, kunye nokudala ezaqanjwa zabo. Diogen Laertsky kamva liqulunqe ikhathalogu abangabasemisebenzini Democritus. Oku kuquka amagama imisebenzi ngaphezu kwama-70. Phakathi kwabo awona abalulekileyo imisebenzi zilandelayo: "Kwale ngqiqo, okanye umlinganiselo", "diakosmos Small" "diakosmos Enkulu". ububanzi nje ezimangalisayo umdla sobulumko. Kwakungekho ulwazi, wayeza kushiya ngaphandle ingqalelo.

Sobulumko Democritus, njengokuba sisazi, saba udumo enkulu kwisixeko ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi. Ubonge iinkonzo zakhe kubemi Abdera wamnika umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu. Kwakhona, saxelelwa ukuba wayengomnye zazikwazi abadumileyo ngexesha lakhe. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Democritus wafunda philology, wadala isikhokelo ubugagu.

hambo lwesibini

Emva kwethutyana wagqiba ukwenza olunye uhambo, eli xesha eAthene. Ngelo xesha kwakukho asebenza zobulumko edume zamaGrike. UDiogenes ukuba Democritus wadibana uSocrates kunye Anaxagoras. Noko ke, abazange ukwabelana iimbono zakhe. Eneneni, ukuba bakho oothixo ngokucacile wakhanyela Democritus. Atomism oko akuvumelani izithixo ngendlela eqhelekileyo.

"Diakosmos Elikhulu"

Abuyele emzini wakhe, sobulumko wadala umsebenzi "diakosmos Enkulu". Lo msebenzi lizisa umbono lwe inkqubo yehlabathi. Democritus ayekholelwa ukuba zonke izinto iqanjwa athom, amasuntswana zincinane. Ngoxa babembalwa, ukuba ukuhambahamba. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo athom babe ninomdla omnye komnye njengeentaka uhlanganise emfutshane - milenge kunye milenge, amahobe kunye kukumagobo. Oku yindlela Umhlaba.

Atomism Democritus Basics

iintlobo ezimbini iimpawu nesenzeko Democritus zingahlukaniswa. Enye - "izinto ngokwabo" - ixabiso image, lukhuni, eshukumayo, ubunzima. Ezinye iimpawu nesenzeko ezinxulumene amalungu ahlukeneyo izivamvo oluntu - ivumba, isandi, ukukhanya, umbala. Ngokutsho sobulumko, isindululo-athom uyakwazi ukuchaza yonke into eyenzeka kwihlabathi lethu. Le ngxelo isekelwe phezu atomism ka Democritus. Ngokufutshane chaza izimvo eziphambili ze-bulumko, elandelayo kulo mbono.

Democritus wayekholelwa ukuba athom sele motion rhoqo, rhoqo kokuba uxhulumaniso, ngoko ukudibanisa kuwo. Inkqubo zokuqhawula connecting kukhokelela yokuduka nenkangeleko kwezifundo ngamnye. Ngenxa intsebenziswano yabo iyantlukwano ukuba ukho. umhlaba Fixed - embindini iphela. Imilo layo cylinder flat leyo singqongwe moya. Lo moya ezihambayo kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo yasezulwini. I-sobulumko bakholwa ubunzima umzimba iziyobisi ezingekho kwi imeko kushushu kwaye xa benehlombe motion setyhula olukhawulezileyo phezulu. Ziqulethe uluhlu into efana Earth. Atom zomlilo kuqatshelwa zonke iindawo iphela. Ba smooth, ngeenxa nezincinane kakhulu. Ezi athom inendima ebalulekileyo - nowokuchwayita iphela. Xa umntu, ingakumbi eninzi kubo.

Kakade ke, siye sachaza atomism ka Democritus ngokufutshane. Ukuthetha ngayo kunokuba elide, kodwa ke kufuneka ukuba sithethe nabanye ngempumelelo kwale bulumko.

Le ndoda ikulo kwimibhalo Democritus

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umntu ekwimeko ephambili yamandulo izifundo sobulumko yamaGrike. Waqiqa ngelithi ubume yomzimba wethu kufanelekile kakhulu. Esihlalweni yokucinga na ingqondo, isihlalo ukuthabatheka - intliziyo. Noko ke, umzimba, ngokutsho Democritus, i "isitya komphefumlo." Sobulumko ingqalelo umsebenzi ibalulekileyo zonke inkxalabo zabantu kuphuhliso kwengqondo yakhe.

Democritus ixoxe ukuba ihlabathi ekutshintsheni ngezenzeko - ihlabathi engabonakali. Study of iziphumo zakhe zinakho abantu kungakhokelela ulwazi lokwenyaniso. Democritus, ngokuqaphela ihlabathi waseMelika izivamvo, wacinga, ezifana Heraclitus, loo mntu kufuneka abe noxolo lwengqondo, kuzo zonke iimeko. Lowo na ukwahlula le abalulekile ngengozi, ukuba kunokwenzeka nolonwabo nolulahlekisayo ngokujonga ebumnandini zenyama, kodwa ngaphezu kwabo bonke ukunika indlela echanekileyo ubomi bakhe izangoma.

Ngokutsho Democritus, injongo ukuphila kwethu ulonwabo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho uyolo zangaphandle kunye neenzuzo, kwaye noxolo lomgadi umphefumlo nokwaneliseka. Oku kuphunyezwa ngezenzo nyulu kunye neengcamango, nokuzeyisa, ukubunjwa engqondweni. Ngokutsho Democritus, ulonwabo ngamnye kuthi kuxhomekeke kwindlela aziphatha ngayo. Oothixo kusinika okulungileyo kuphela, kodwa umntu Ukumatha wakhe esenza sibe ebubini. Isicelo kwiimeko zobomi labucala kunye noluntu lwe inqondo sisiseko bulumko yokuziphatha Democritus.

imikhosi Divine kwiimfundiso Democritus

Kungokwemvelo ukuba abo thixo akukho ndawo ehlabathini njengoko nzulu ngezinto iyiyo ukuba. Atomism Deomkrita iyayikhaba ithuba lobukho babo. -Sobulumko bakholwa ukuba abantu ngokwabo ukuba beze nabo, bona lwalo iipropati zabantu ngezimanga zendalo. NguZeyus, umzekelo, Democritus bunxulunyaniswa ilanga, kunye Athena, wayekholelwa - isimntwiso engqondweni.

Ngokutsho iimfundiso zakhe, imikhosi kaThixo - iingalo ingqondo yoluntu kunye nendalo. Wabadala ke uThixo inkolo, okanye iziporho, ukwenza indlela abantu bacinga ngayo amandla endalo, okanye oomoya ( "iidemon"), - abantu abafayo.

operation lwezibalo

Lo bulumko, njengoko oko kungqinwa imithombo yamandulo, babhala imisebenzi emininzi zezibalo. Ngelishwa, iziqwenga nje ezimbalwa kufika ixesha lethu. Ukuba ibe inani iimilo Formula volume, umz, iiphiramidi iikhowuni, ukuba lithathelwe.

Imiba Social kuliwe Democritus

A lot of ingcamango kunye neengxaki zentlalo Democritus. Kunye nenkolo atomism, ngokufutshane echazwe ngasentla, kunye nabanye ngezimvo zakhe zamkelwe kamva iinkcuba ezininzi. Umzekelo, indlela intle izixhobo karhulumente, ngokwale sobulumko, umgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente. Democritus wabona injongo yobomi babantu ukuphumeza evtyumii - zikarhulumente ezizodwa apho abantu abanalo uthando kwaye ningoyiki nto.

izinto okuzenza Democritus

imveliso Uthotho, ingqondo banokuqonda, ulwazi olunzulu Democritus wayephakamile phantse zonke zobulumko, mandulo bexesha lakhe. enemisebenzi kakhulu msebenzi wakhe. Wadala ezinde kwinzululwazi yemvelo, imathematika, ubuhle, inzululwazi, izakhono zobugcisa, igrama.

Impembelelo kwezinye bazimele

Democritus kunye atomism bulumko ingakumbi ziye zaba nempembelelo ngamandla uphuhliso nenzululwazi yendalo. Le mpembelelo siye kuphela inkcazelo ezingacacanga, kuba abaninzi imisebenzi yakhe balahleka. Noko ke, oko kuthathwa ukuba nje semvelo Democritus omkhulu ngaphambili Aristotle kaThixo. Le yokugqibela ukumbonga kakhulu kuye yaye sasithetha malunga nomsebenzi wakhe ngentlonelo olukhulu.

Njengokuba besesitshilo, uninzi imisebenzi njengomntwana onengqondo sele yalahleka ngoko, siyazi ngazo kuphela imisebenzi kwezinye zefilosofi ekwabelwana ngaso okanye phikisa iimbono zakhe. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba atomism bamandulo Democritus kunye iimbono bulumko nempembelelo kakhulu Tita Lukretsiya Carus. Ukongeza, Leibniz kunye uGalileo Galilei, ekuthiwa ngunozala umhlaba omtsha isixhobo ingqiqo, wathembela phezu kwiincwadi zakhe. Ngaphezu koko, uMdali yamachiza atom Niels Bohr wakha wathi ukuba icebo wanikela kubo atom lulandelayo ngokupheleleyo ukusuka kumsebenzi we-sobulumko yamandulo. Imfundiso atomism ka Democritus, kangangokuba iye yasinda umdali wayo.