YaMandulo Rus: yobugcisa, iintlobo zazo, uphuhliso

Ukutshatyalaliswa ubudlelwane ekwabelwana-yesizwe kunye ukuvela eengcali amacandelo emxinwa - ukuba ezi nguqu zisingathwa ngenkulungwane yesibhozo anesithoba Rus Ancient. Yezandla kunokubangela izixeko, yahlukanisa zabemi umsebenzi emhlabeni. Oku kungenxa kokufika neengcali yokuqala - iinkosi kwiintlobo ezithile wobugcisa, leyo buzinze kumaziko yesizwe - imizi.

Cities - Craft Centres

Sazama ukwakha isixeko ukuze indawo yayo okuyo kuvumela zombini urhwebo enokwenziwa ngcono kwaye ngexesha elinye ukuyikhusela ngempumelelo ezintshabeni. Umzekelo, kwindawo apho imilambo amabini, nokuba ngeenxa zonke endulini. Kule mizi, bahlala kunye namagosa. Ngoko ke, ukuba akhuselwe kakuhle. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kunye nophuhliso yobugcisa, isixeko waqalisa ukumela kuphela iinqaba zomkhosi yaye yaba kudederhu lweevenkile.

Eli ziko mzi yesicelo, owayehleli Prince. Le nxalenye livalelwe kunye udonga nqaba kunye emseleni wongqameko nemiphanda eziyingqongileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ngeenxa ukumba umsele nzulu apho ezaliswe ngamanzi. Zonke ezi izinyathelo ziyafuneka ukukhusela neentshaba. Ngaphandle, emhlabeni yesicelo yaba yesisombululo weengcibi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-zokuhlala. Ndibize le nxalenye ye sixeko Posad. Xa zokuhlala ezininzi, yaye le nxalenye Wayengqongwe ludonga ukuzithethelela.

Ubomi umzi swing ngokupheleleyo, kwamagcisa kudala iimveliso, yobugcisa kunye norhwebo eRashiya yaMandulo ayenziwa. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi bekukho phezu imisebenzi unokwakhela zaba ngamashumi omathandathu. Masters ezikhethekileyo ekwenziweni izambatho, impahla kunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo yi-Rus yamandulo. Crafts Ancient Russia phambili ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokukhawuleza. Xa zokuhlala wahlala kwaye wasebenza abanobuchule abanetalente yeendawo ezahlukeneyo: umninindlu ingcibi, izacholo, zomdongwe, bezicathulo, abathungi, abaluki, ilitye-bathezi, abameli neminye imisebenzi. Izandla ezi iingcibi ukudala ubutyebi kwezoqoqosho kunye namandla zikarhulumente yamandulo Russian, izinto yalo phezulu kunye nenkcubeko ngokomoya.

Ngaphandle iron - naphi na

Iingcali maphayona ngensimbi. Ityala labo ibe ngomnye wemimandla ibalulekileyo yahlulwe Crafts Rus yaMandulo 9-12 leminyaka. Lo msebenzi abakhankanywe epics kazwelonke lwemveli: epics, amabali kunye iintsomi, apho nabakhandi usoloko imodeli amandla, ubukhalipha kunye nobubele. Ngelo xesha, intsimbi elifunyenwe ukunyibilika lo ore Bog. Geni yayo off-ixesha, watsha uze uthuthwa zocweyo apho esebenzisa amaziko ezizodwa zaphela. Ukuzithengela metal. abembi Modern ngexesha eyombiweyo izixeko zamandulo rhoqo wafumana slags ezo umhlwa inkqubo lokunyibilikisa isinyithi, eziqwenga ngenkuthalo enziwe mass yentsimbi. iintsalela Found yeevenkile mkhandi ndizigcinile yinxalenye kwentaba kunye yamaziko kufuphi apho ngelo xesha elinye asebenza seengcibi.

Fumana into mkhandi: yonke into amajoni micinga

Ngophuhliso yemveliso metal iqala ingasetyenziswa kwithuba elilkunyeelayo lokuba uphuhliso lorhwebo, ngaphambili wayengazi ababehlala kwilizwe ukulimela. Yezandla of Russia yamandulo, ingakumbi, blacksmithing, ukuba babonisa orientation practical. Iimveliso eyenziwe ngensimbi, bonke kwakufuneka. Bafuna amajoni odolwa isixhobo - yotolo, idabi nezamazembe, ngamakrele, imikhonto, ninamakrele neentonga - nezambatho yokhuselo - chain imeyile nezigcina-ntloko. imveliso izikhali ngo Rus kwinqanaba yamandulo oluthile nobuchule oko kubizwa ngokuba ubugcisa. isikrweqe Ekhethekileyo bafunyanwa zokungcwaba kunye namangcwaba of Kiev, Chernigov kunye nezinye izixeko.

izixhobo zentsimbi ezenziwe ukuze amafama: kungekho asithoba ezinamarhengqa amakhulu entsimbi, ngeerhengqe, openers, amakhuba baba ilizwe processing emangalisayo. Kuyo nayiphi na uqoqosho efunekayo iinaliti, iimela, iisarha, izitshixo, izitshixo, kunye nezinye izinto nendlu yenziwe obujoliswe weengcibi abanetalente. Ezifunyanwa iinkosi yokungcwaba blacksmithing lubonise ukuba nkqu engcwabeni, kunye ngensimbi baya izixhobo zabo - izando anvils, zokutshweza nezitya zokugcina imitya yezibane.

Ababhali-mbali baqikelela ukuba iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-150 iimveliso zesinyithi eyaziwa kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye Russia Ancient. Crafts Russia yaMandulo wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso urhwebo phakathi zokuhlala.

Isakhono ngokudala zobuhlalu

ngensimbi Mfundisi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha wenza umsebenzi omhle, ukudala yobuciko kancinane - jewellery. Ngokuthe ngcembe goldsmithery ishishini kwabelwa kwisebe eyahlukileyo. Ngoko kwabakho craft izihombiso eRashiya yamandulo. iinkosi Russian kangaka abanini kakuhle izixhobo lokuvelisa izacholo, leyo uyazibuza kuphela indlela baphumelela. Yihla izinto clever amaxesha zethu - eziqwini zobhedu, namacici, isiqhoboshi, namajikazi kunye namaso - ngobuciko emangalisayo lemveliso. Jewelry sidalwe ubuchule granulation, phezulu kubo soldered ngokomfuziselo isekelwe ezininzi iibhola yesinyithi. Enye indlela yokwenza izinto ezinjalo afakwe. Le nqubo ungachazwa ukuba wire umzobo obhityileyo zadalwa ezo soldered kumphezulu kwensimbi, izithuba ngenxa zahlutha wayesebenzisa zemibala eyahlukeneyo. bejewellery kahle kunye nani eyahlulayo, kwakunye efuna ezizodwa zobugcisa mobile noomatshini xa ibekwe kwi ipateni imvelaphi abamnyama izitya zesilivere. Ukuze baye basinda okuhombisa entle ngegolide nesiliva entsimbini nangobhedu. ubuchule ezifana nobunzima abonisa umgangatho ophezulu yophuhliso wafikelela yobugcisa eRashiya yamandulo. Ngenxa yoko, izandla weengcibi bamandulo wadala eliphezulu ixabiso izacholo, kwenziwe ubuchule of cloisonne lwawo. Yaba uhlobo bokuhlala Russian goldsmithery wobugcisa. Isakhono bejewellery Russian baba ubuchule nzima kakhulu, nemisebenzi yabo zasasazwa ehlabathini lonke yaye efanayo ixesha yonke buthandwa kunye nemfuneko enkulu.

Kwaye izitena, kunye izitya wabaza yonke

Ubumba Russia yamandulo nawasezincotsheni ezimeleyo emva mkhandi. yevili yombumbi wabonakala ookhokho bethu kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye. Oku kwanika iingcibi zamandulo ukudala izinto ezintle. isixhobo machine yayilula, wafudukela kunye unyawo drive, kodwa ezichu- ukulawula ukudala potters yexesha, ebetha indalo izakhono kunye ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni, imveliso zomdongwe yayingumsebenzi yabafazi. Noko ke, ngqangi zoncwadi ka Kievan Rus 'kukho sibala kuphela lombumbi-babantu.

Basebenzisa udaka ngenxa iimveliso zabo, nto leyo iphathwa ngokukodwa ingubo ngamanzi kunye esebenzayo elula. Xilaveko lexikulu zonke iimbiza zomdongwe esetyenzisiweyo nezinye izikhongozeli, apho kwenziwa ezahlukeneyo ngobukhulu, kananjalo zinokusetyenziswa kwiinjongo ezahlukileyo, ukuba kuphalala amanzi okanye ukugcina iimveliso, amaqunube. Neembiza babekwa eziko kunye ukutya okuphekiweyo. Ezo izitya iyaphila unanamhla.

Yintoni eyaziwayo Old Masters?

Ichaza nezigcaliselo yamandulo Rus 9-12 leminyaka, ngokufutshane qaphela ukuba Russian Slavic xesha pre-abangamaKristu bakwazi ukwenza izithombe, ukuvelisa iiseramikhi, ubuchule oyimfakamfele womluki ocoliweyo, edume enamels zabo ubuciko. Ukuze yasinda umsebenzi Kiev amagcisa. Oku iipateni nangokukrola unique kwi amathambo, blackening, ndikrola kwi metal. Ngaba waduma ehlabathini lonke ezindala Russian of glassmaking kunye iithayile.

yobugcisa ezahlukeneyo Iyakwazi Rus yaMandulo, kodwa eyona ngobuchule kubo processing iinkuni. Yale ncwadana ukwakha izakhiwo indlu, izindlu, namasango kunye iibhulorho, iinqaba kunye neendonga. imikhonjana zomthi, konke impahla zoqoqosho ezihonjiswe nemali kunye woodcarvings. Yinto akukho mfihlakalo ukuba kundikhumbuza engundoqo personifying lobugcisa kunye nemisebenzi yezandla e Rus yamandulo, matryoshka - enemifanekiso beqabe unodoli ngomthi kunye yanto ngaphakathi. Kuwo ethumela omnye komnye ezifana ubuhle, yaye ezincinane kancinci ngamnye ngaphezu ezidlulileyo.

mizobo Art

yezandla art zokuhombisa kunye obusetyenziswayo Russia yamandulo ayedumile kude ngaphaya kwemida yawo. Ukususela kwixesha lakudala ookhokho bethu bayinqule kulo lonke ihlabathi ngenxa yobugcisa ukupeyinta yayo yokuluka. Iintlobo ngeentlobo mibala kufuze kwi Isivatho Russian kwakhokelela ukuvela kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezimbo lobuciko. Ngokuba elowo kubo luphawulwa umbala zayo kwaye line.

Gzhel

Bright blue ayibe umzobo kwi porcelain kwisiqalo esimhlophe esibizwa ngokuba Gzhel, owenzeka egameni dolophu kufuphi Moscow, apho oku wazalelwa. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala kukhankanywa kulo mnqophiso ka Ivan Kalita. Okokuqala, inkosi wenza izitya kunye zokudlala, kamva, kunye uphuhliso lwemveliso, uluhlu iye yandiswa kakhulu. Ingakumbi iithayile ziko ethandwayo. ukubumba Gzhel yathandwa ehlabathini lonke. Ezinye mizobo woobawo bethu nabo wafumana izihloko kwiindawo zazo kwendalo kunye nokusasazwa.

imibala eqaqambileyo kwisiqalo emnyama

ukupeyinta Zhostovo - ubugcisa kunye nobugcisa eRashiya yamandulo, nto leyo eza kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo ukusuka kwidolophana ekufutshane eMoscow enegama elifanayo. Ingaba i ukupeyinta ioli phezu neengcedevu yesinyithi. Kulula ukufunda kuba iintyatyambo eliqaqambileyo ezimibalabala, iziqhamo, iintaka, ibekwe kwisiqalo emnyama. iiphatheni kwabona ke elo legqunyiwe ivanishi okhethekileyo, ngoko ke imbonakalo ecwebezelayo. Le ndlela yokudweba unzima kakhulu, umfanekiso yakhiwe kwizigaba eziliqela.

imibala okuchwayitha kakhulu uyakholiswa iliso, ngoko ke neengcedevu athandwa kakhulu eRashiya kwakusekho into zokuhombisa kumakhaya amaninzi kunye neeofisi.

Palekh

Kwiziko lesithili kummandla Ivanovo weza Palekh efinyeziweyo. Olu hlobo yobugcisa ngumzekelo lacquer phezu kwimveliso. Komfaki phezu black yangasemva iintsomi eqaqambileyo, lwasekhaya, izifundo zonqulo ayivathise caskets, izifuba kunye nezinye izinto. Ekukholelwa ukuba Palekh lacquer ezincinane wabonakala kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu, xa iidolophu bekhula norhwebo ezahlukeneyo Rus Ancient. Yezandla wazalelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngendlela enjalo kubugcisa ezindala, njenge Palekh miniatures, wadala zabazobi yamandulo icon Russian. In Palekh amagcisa abanezakhono yaphila, abafumana izimemo kuzo zonke iingingqi Russian ukuba isicelo lwemizobo kwiitempile kunye neecawa. Yaba abo baqalisa ukupeyinta iibhokisi zonke iintlobo izifundo fantastic kunye nembali. Yonke imifanekiso isebenze eqaqambileyo iipeyinti tempera ngaphezulu imvelaphi emnyama.

Ithekhinoloji olu hlobo wobugcisa kakhulu inzima, inkqubo ixesha elide kakhulu ukudala ukutyhila okukhawulezayo kunye multi-eqongeni. Funda uze usilwe usoyise kuthatha ixesha elide, kodwa ke isiphumo idla ibhokisi elimnyama uguqulwe ube ndijonge le nto.

Khokhloma

Olunye uhlobo ngesandla-ukupeyinta phezu kweenkuni - yi Khokhloma, owayebonakele ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amathathu eyadlulayo. Impahla kunye nezinto zendlu, zaveza iintyatyambo eqaqambileyo-nebomvu kutsala ingqalelo lwabo. IiPateni, ukusonga e izivatho ezintle, tsakisaka emehlweni nangemihla yethu. Ekudaleni iimveliso Kokhloma imfihlo, leyo kukuba kukho amaxesha amaninzi endaba, ngoko wobulali eziko. Ngenxa yoko ngokudubula le yellowing ukutyabeka, kunye nemveliso wadala ngomthi, nengubo zibonakala izinto ezixabisekileyo. Ngaphezulu, ngenxa yokuba tableware processing ube okuqinileyo. Isihloko sawo ivumela ukusetyenziswa zeendebe Khokhloma, nezitya zokutshiza, neenkamba ngenjongo - ukugcina ukutya isidlo.

zenja ethandwayo

Lubok - olunye uhlobo lobuciko, emele kubugcisa Russia yamandulo. Ukusekwa intlanganiso imiswe print ephepheni isitya somthi. imifanekiso wesintu Kusasazwe kurhwebo Mhle Kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesixhenxe kwaye kude ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini aba uhlobo kakhulu ezithandwayo kunye eliqhelekileyo zobugcisa Russian entle. Imifanekiso babonisa Lubok zahlukahlukene kakhulu: imixholo zonqulo moralistic, epics esizwe kunye iintsomi, ulwazi zembali kunye zonyango, leyo zisoloko zihamba isicatshulwa encinane, nto leyo ibe efundisayo okanye ezihlekisayo wamxelela ngamasiko nezithethe ixesha bakhe ubulumko ezingundoqo ebantwini.

Yezandla of Russia yamandulo, benkulungwane ye-18: samovar Russian

Isakhono weengcibi zethu Russian, sinokuba nebhongo. Namhlanje, umsebenzi wabo ingabonwa nje kuphela lwembali, koko kwakhona kumakhaya ethu. Ezinye iintlobo yezandla baseRashiya wamandulo othandwa kakhulu. Umzekelo, lonke ilizwe lethu kwaye unanamhla wafumana Tula samovar. Kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini ezi mveliso. Ekuhambeni kwexesha sethu kwisixeko Tula, kukho nkqu yimyuziyam of samovars.

Ngoobani aba iinkosi yokuqala, nto idume Rus Ancient? Imisebenzi yobugcisa, ngelishwa, akwawugcina amagama kwabayili zabo. Ke thina sithi izinto bahlile beza kuthi ukususela kwixesha lakudala. Phakathi kwazo kukho izinto ezizodwa yaye kunqabile, neempahla yekhaya, kodwa kwimveliso nganye uziva isakhono kunye namava weengcibi yamandulo.