Yamachiza Danish Janai Nils: biography, ukuvulwa

Niels Bohr - yamachiza Danish kunye nani loluntu, omnye wabaseki physics ngohlobo olulo ngoku. Waba ngunozala kunye nomlawuli Copenhagen Institute for Physics theory, umdali bezikolo kwihlabathi ngokwenzululwazi, kwakunye njengelungu bezinye iintlanga Academy of Sciences USSR. Eli nqaku liza kuxubusha ngembali yobomi Niels Bohr kunye nempumelelo yakhe ephambili.

Merit

yamachiza Danish Janai Nils waseka ingcamango i-atom, olusekelwe phezu imodeli langa le-atom, bebeba quantum kwaye buqu banikela postulates zabo. Ukongeza, Bohr wakhumbula umsebenzi obalulekileyo kwithiyori enyukliya, reactions enyukliya zesinyithi. Wayengomnye Abenzi bemeko- ubucukubhede quantum. Ukongeza uphuhliso entsimini yemvelo, Bohr wabhala inani imisebenzi kwi-bulumko nenzululwazi yendalo. Scientist ngenkuthalo balwa nxamnye isisongelo zenyukliya. Ngowe-1922 waba wawongwa Prize Nobel.

ebuntwaneni

Isazinzulu Future Niels Bohr wazalwa eCopenhagen ngo-Oktobha 7, 1885. Uyise waba unjingalwazi umKristu amalungu eyunivesithi, kunye nomama wakhe Ellen weza kwintsapho osisityebi yamaYuda. Niels waye enomnakwabo omncinane uHarald. Abazali baye bazama ukwenza oonyana ubuntwana eyonwabileyo wanelisiwe. Impembelelo entle yosapho, kwaye ingakumbi unina, badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso iimpawu zazo zokomoya.

ukubunjwa

imfundo Primary waba esikolweni Janai Gammelholmskoy. Esikolweni, wayelithanda ekhatywayo, yaye kamva - Skiing nokuhamba. Kule minyaka imashumi mabini anamithathu, Bohr waba izidanga kwiYunivesithi Copenhagen, apho egqalwa yamachiza inobuchule nomphandi. Ngokuba ngeprojekthi yakhe ukubhala kwinkcazelo kumphezulu ukuqina amanzi a jet ze intlokoma yamanzi, Niels yanikezelwa imbasa yegolide kwi-Royal Danish Academy of Sciences. Abafundileyo, i yamachiza ngifuna Janai Nils wayesebenza eyunivesithi. Apho ziqhuba inani zophando ezibalulekileyo. Omnye wabo enikelwe kwithiyori electron classical zeenkampani zesinyithi idale isiseko ithisisi yakhe zobugqirha Bora.

ukucinga lateral

Ngenye imini umongameli Royal Academy, Ernest Rutherford, wacela uncedo kugxa e University of Copenhagen. Last wafuna ukuba umfundi wakhe mlinganiselo uphantsi, ngoxa yena wayesithi ifanelwe uvandlakanyo "ezigqwesileyo". Zombini ephikisana nxaxheba wavuma ukuba bathembele ngokwembono lesithathu, akukho umlamli mnye, owaba Rutherford. Ngokutsho imibuzo ukuhlolwa, umfundi kufuneka uchazele ukusebenzisa indlela Barometer uyakwazi ukubona ubude besakhiwo.

Kuphendula umfundi ukuba kufuneka wokubopha Barometer ukuya intambo ende sikhwele naye ukuya eluphahleni lwesakhiwo, zinokuwehlisa phantsi uze ulinganise ubude intambo adlulileyo phantsi. Kwelinye icala, impendulo yaba echanekileyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye iphelele, kodwa kwelinye icala - kwakufuneka ingako yokwenza physics. Ke Rutherford wacebisa ukuba umfundi kwakhona uzame ukuyiphendula. Wamnika imizuzu emithandathu, endithethisa ukuba impendulo kufuneka abonise ukuqonda imithetho yemvelo. imizuzu emihlanu kamva, weva xa umfundi ukuba ukhetha ezona kwezisombululo ezininzi, uRutherford wamcela ukuba aphendule kwangaphambili. Ngeli xesha umfundi wahambisa Barometer ukuya eluphahleni, bamphose ezantsi ukulinganisa ukuwa, usebenzisa ifomula okhethekileyo bana phandle ukuphakama. Le mpendulo utitshala, kodwa ke uRutherford Babengenakuwakhanyela ngokwam uyolo ukumamela abanye of version umfundi.

Le ndlela ilandelayo isekelwe yokulinganisa indawo kunye Barometer ukuphakama wesakhiwo umthunzi isithunzi, elandelwa inani isisombululo. Yeyona inketho ezifana Rutherford, yaye ngehlombe wacela umfundi, ukuba ubakhanyisele indlela eseleyo. Emva koko umfundi wamthembisa le ndlela ilula. kwakufuneka nje ukubeka Barometer phezu udonga lwesakhiwo uze wenze amanqaku, uze ubale inani lamanqaku, nande kubo ubude Barometer. Abafundi bakholelwa ukuba impendulo ecacileyo enjalo ngokuqinisekileyo ayikwazi ngoyaba.

Ukuze ukuba kuqwalaselwa emehlweni oosonzululwazi prankster umfundi namadini ephambili ukhetho. Kuqhina zobalo ukuba ntambo - wandixelela - kufuneka ukuyishukumisa ukusuka kwisiseko kwesakhiwo kunye uphahla, isixa womxhuzulane zibambene. Ukususela umahluko phakathi data bakufumana, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwazi ukuphakama, xa oyifunayo. Ukongeza, kuqala zooswingi phezu umtya ukusuka eluphahleni, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukujonga ukuphakama kwexesha precession.

Ekugqibeleni, abafundi bacelwa ukuba ukufumana umphathi kwesakhiwo kunye baze Barometer enkulu ukuze ufumanise ukuphakama kwakhe. URutherford wacela ukuba umfundi wayengaziva ukuba impendulo eqhelekileyo le ngxaki. Akazange ukuzifihla ukuba wayesazi, kodwa wavuma ukuba sidla kunye nootitshala tell indlela yabo yokucinga iiwadi esikolweni okanye ikholeji, kwaye ligatya kwezisombululo engekho semgangathweni. Njengokuba mhlawumbi thelekelwayo, lo umfundi Niels Bohr.

Ukufudukela England

Ekubeni wayesebenza kule yunivesithi iminyaka emithathu, Bohr wafudukela eNgilani. Kunyaka wokuqala wayesebenza e Cambridge Joseph Thomson, ngoko ndafudukela Ernest Rutherford eManchester. laboratory Rutherford ngelo xesha kuthathwa kakhulu obalaseleyo. Kutshanje, kukho amalinge ezaye zakhokelela kokufunyanwa imodeli langa ye atom. Okunye ncam, imodeli ngoko wahlala lisathukuza yayo.

Yemifuniselo phezu sicatshulwa kwamasuntswana alpha usebenzisa ngefoyile ye wavumela uRutherford ukuba baqonde ukuba xa liziko i-atom kukho neqembu elincane ityala, nto leyo ebangela ukuba phantse lonke ubunzima atom yaye zicwangciswe electron ngeenxa emiphungeni. Ekubeni atom na zombane cala, isixa amacala elektroni kufuneka ilingane intlawulo module kernel. Kwisigqibo sokuba intlawulo zenyukliya okanye iphinda intlawulo electron ube negalelo kwesi sifundo, kodwa okwangoku wahlala ncam. Kodwa wachaza izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo - izinto banayo iipropati yemichiza efanayo kodwa ubunzima ezahlukeneyo atomic.

Iziqalelo zenani. umthetho ukufuduka

Ukusebenza elabhoratri ka Rutherford, Bohr waqonda ukuba iipropati yemichiza kuxhomekeka kwinani elektroni kwi-atom, oko kukuthi, ukususela isigxina sakhe, hayi iindimbane, echaza ubukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo. Le yinto yokuqala impumelelo ebalulekileyo Bohr kule elebhu. Ekubeni kwisuntswana alpha ubeka nucleus helium nentlawulo ye-phinde ngo 2 ziguge alpha (yamasuntswana ophuma kwi core) "intombi" isiqalelo kwi lwezakhi ziya kubekwa phezu ekhohlo ezimbini iiseli ngaphezu "umzali", yaye ukubola beta (electron okhutshwa of nuclei) - ekunene ngu iseli enye. Ngenxa yoko kwasekwa "umthetho ukubana eqhumayo." Ngaphezu koko, yamachiza Danish wenza inani yezinto ezibaluleke ngakumbi, echaphazelekayo kanye umfuziselo atom.

imodeli uRutherford-Bohr

Le modeli kwakhona ngokuba iplanethi kuba electron enye ixhomekeke undoqo ngendlela efanayo njengoko iiplanethi ujikeleza ilanga. Le modeli waba eziliqela iingxaki. Into yokuba i-atom kwaba elibi ingazinzi, Ulahlekwe amandla ngekhulu ezizigidi yomzuzwana. Enyanisweni, Noko ke, oku akuzange kwenzeke. A ingxaki kwabonakala ezingenakunyibilika kwaye ifuna indlela ngokupheleleyo entsha. Apha ke wabonakalisa yamachiza Danish Janai Nils.

Ibhoroni wacebisa ukuba, echasene imithetho electrodynamics nezixhotyana, nokujikeleza e atom ihamba apho electron musa likhipha. Le okuwo uzinzile ukuba ngexesha electron kubekwe phezu kwalo ilingana isiqingatha Planck njalo. Imitha kwenzeka, kodwa kuphela ngexesha nokutshintshwa ovela ukusuka orbit omnye komnye. Zonke amandla akhutshwayo xa ithwalwa yi umyinge we radiation. photon onjalo amandla elilingana imveliso zobungakanani ojikelezayo ngu njalo Planck, okanye umahluko phakathi amandla sokuqala nesokugqibela electron. Ngenxa yoko, Bohr Rutherford odityanisiweyo ixesha yokusebenza kunye ingcamango yokuba lowo ufaka isicelo, leyo yaphakanyiswa ngu Max Planck ngo-1900. Loo umanyano echasene onke amasolotya e-worldwork theory zemveli, kwaye ngexesha elinye, musa ukwala ngokupheleleyo. Electron laligqalwa ingongoma eziphathekayo, nto leyo ezinambuzelayo ngokunxulumene nemithetho wezinto ukukhanda, kodwa "kuvunyelwe" kuphela ezo uqhele athwale "iimeko quantization". Omise ezinjalo, amandla electron yi bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo lwezikweri zonke amanani wezijikelezi.

Sekuphelisweni "imithetho ezitsho"

Ngokusekelwe kwi "kulawula ezitsho", Janai wagqiba ukuba amaza wemitha umlinganiselo ukuba izikwere isichasi umahluko phakathi integers. Ngaphambili, le ndlela iye yasekwa spectroscopists, kodwa akaba nako ukufumana ingcaciso theoretical component. Theory Niels Bohr bavunyelwe ukucacisa malumga hydrogen nje kuphela (atom elula), kodwa helium, kuquka insimbi. Scientist sodvizheniya zibonisa isiphumo ongundoqo kunye ukuqikelela oonokrwece ugcwaliswe kangakanani elektroniki, into leyo eyaye engokoqobo le periodicity ye eziqalelo kwenkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Kuba ezi mpumelelo, ngo-1922, Bohr wawongwa Prize Nobel.

Bohr Institute

Zakuba zigqityiwe ukuzaliswa, uRutherford yamachiza sele iyinto eyamkelwa Janai Nils wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe, apho wacelwa yi unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi eCopenhagen 1916. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva waba lilungu le-Danish Royal Society (ngo-1939 umphengululi yamrholela).

Ngowe-1920, Bohr waseka Institute of theory Physics waza waba yinkokheli yayo. Abasemagunyeni of Copenhagen, ngokwamkela ukufaneleka physics, wamnika ukuqalisa zembali "House of Brewer." Institute wadibana kobesikulindele, ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso physics quantum. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kubalulekile ukuba oku iimpawu lobuqu Janai. Zingafanelana yena ephethe abasebenzi abanamakhono kunye nabafundi, imida phakathi kwabo badla ezingabonakaliyo. ziko Bohr ka-ngamazwe, Benindifunela ukuba iwe naphi na. Phakathi famous balapho yesikolo Bohr zezi: F. Bloch, V. Weisskopf, H. Casimir, lady Bohr, L. Andau, J. Wheeler kunye nabanye abaninzi ..

Ngu Janai ngokuphindaphindiweyo batyelela sisazinzulu waseJamani Heisenberg Vernet. Ngelo xesha xa wadala "ukungaqiniseki Umgaqo" Bohr ingxoxompikiswano Erwin Schrödinger, ngubani lweli ecocekileyo-wave umbono. Kwindawo eyayisakuba "House of Brewer," uMenzi isiseko yemvelo ngokomgangatho entsha zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, elinye amanani ezingundoqo leyo Niels Bohr.

model ingaphezulu obekwa Isazinzulu Danish kunye nomcebisi wakhe Rutherford, akuhambisani. Ihlanganise le postulates e-worldwork theory bamandulo hypothesis, limphikisa ngokucacileyo oko. Ukuze koyiswe ezi eziphikisanayo, ke kwayimfuneko ukuba kuhlaziywe ngokupheleleyo iinkolelo asisiseko le ngcamango. Kulo mba, indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa igalelo ngqo Bora, ukuthembeka layo kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, kunye nempembelelo zobuqu. Umsebenzi Niels Bohr wabonisa ukuba ukufumana umfanekiso ebonakalayo le microworld ayikho indlela efanelekileyo iye isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwi "ihlabathi izinto ezinkulu," yaye waba ngomnye vulindlela kwale ndlela. Le Isazinzulu sele liqalise amagama afana "iinkqubo exposure womlinganiselo ongalawulekiyo 'yaye' amaxabiso ezongezelelweyo".

theory kwenani Copenhagen

Igama linokuba Isazinzulu Danish ezinxulumene (aka Copenhagen) ukucaciswa theory quantum, kunye nofundo lokuba "zango" zayo ezininzi. Indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa iingxoxo phakathi Bohr kunye Albertom Eynshteynom, ababengawathandi yaba Bohr physics quantum kukuwutolika probabilistic. "Imbalelwano Umgaqo", ziqulunqwe sisazinzulu Danish, wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni imithetho microworld kunye nonxibelelwano lwabo kunye classical (non-umyinge) physics.

imiba nuclear

Laqala ukwenza physics Inyukliya isekhona Rutherford, Bohr wachitha ixesha elininzi ingqalelo izifundo zenyukliya. Yena ecetywayo ngo-1936 ingcamango ngumongo compound, kungekudala wanika kubekho ukuhla imodeli, nto leyo eye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufundeni of ngokucandeka yenyukliya. Ngokukodwa, Janai fanele ukuqikelela ngokucandeka yezizwe uranium.

Xa amaNazi eDenmark, ISAZINZULU kwaziswa ngokufihlakeleyo eNgilani yaye emva koko eMelika, apho, kunye nonyana wakhe lady abasebenze kwiprojekthi Manhetennskim e Los Alamos. Kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, Janai wachitha ixesha elininzi kwimiba yolawulo lwezixhobo yenyukliya kunye nokusetyenziswa ngoxolo atomic. Wathabatha inxaxheba ekudalweni European Centre for Research Nuclear, nkqu ngayo izimvo zakhe kwi-UN. Ngokusekelwe yokuba Bohr walile ukuba axoxe yemvelo Soviet yimiba ethile 'kwiprojekthi yenukliya ", Wakugqala bodwa eziyingozi izixhobo atomic.

Ezinye iindawo yolwazi

Ukongeza, Niels Bohr, ogama engobomi ufikelela esiphelweni, nayo yaba nomdla kwimiba kumda kunye physics, ibhayoloji ngokukodwa. Kwakhona, waba nomdla bulumko yenzululwazi.

Isazinzulu Outstanding Danish ufile ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo-Oktobha 18, 1962 eCopenhagen.

isiphelo

Niels Bohr, ukuvulwa apho, Kakade, ukutshintsha nokwakheka, zanandipha igunya elikhulu yenzululwazi kunye yokuziphatha. Unxibelelwano kunye naye, nokuba abatheni, ve interlocutors andinakuyilibala. Xa intetho nokubhala Bohr kwakucaca ukuba ukhetha ngenyameko amazwi akhe, ukuze ukubonisa kakhulu ngokuchanileyo iingcinga zakho. yamachiza Russian Vitaly Ginzburg ebizwa Bora zesi silwanyana sisilumko.