Ukukhetha Natural. Ukukhetha eziphathekayo. Siseko engundoqo Ukukhetha izinto

uhlobo wethu umama ilumke kakhulu. Amandla kwaye asingqinelani umzimba nje akukho amathuba okusinda. Ngaba kunokwenzeka kwi imithetho yendalo ukuvumela izilwanyana ezigulayo wanika inzala efanayo mpilweni? Kakade ke, ukuze zonke izinto kufuneka silwe ukuze ziphile. Ophumelele lo mlo womelele, onzima, nexoxo kwaye zisempilweni. Ukukhetha ke zendalo. Ukukhetha Material nendlela iza kuxubusha ngayo kwinqaku zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Ingcamango zivunywa

Ukuba unike inkcazelo, singatsho ukuba le nkqubo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni ukwanda kumanani abantu abaninzi akhulayo kwaye naphaya. Buthathaka kwaye azilondolozwa apha naphaya nje awukwazi ukukhuphisana. imfundiso Synthetic yendaleko iqwalasela zivunywa, ukhetho eziphathekayo, njengengcambu unobangela zonke adaptations kunye neendidi zemfundo supraspecific.

Ukukhetha Natural, nangona kucingwa ukuba unobangela nolwamkelo eziphilayo kokusingqongileyo, kodwa asinguye yedwa ngumtyholwa zazivelela endalweni. Igama elithi yazise Charlz Darvin, abaninzi imisebenzi yakhe eyayinikelwe isifundo yalo mbuzo.

Ukusuka apho kulandela zivunywa

Zofuzo naziphi ekwaziyo yemfuza, nto leyo kwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Xa inkqubo yokukhethwa yendalo ukudityaniswa zazo, kodwa kuphela abo igalelo kukhubazeko nokulungiswa eziphilayo kokusingqongileyo. Lidla ngokuthi indlela yokukhetha yendalo self-kuyabonakala, njengoko lulandelayo izinto ezininzi:

1. ephilayo nganye unako ukuvelisa inzala ukukhanya kakhulu ngaphezu ezisindayo.
2. Kuyo nayiphi na labantu, kukho ongenabuyambo yemfuza, oko izinto ekrwada ukulungiselela ukhetho yendalo.
3. Zemfuza eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo kwahluka phakathi ngokwabo basinde nje kuphela, kodwa kwakhona ukukwazi ukuzala.

Ezi zinto bunegalelo ekudaleni ukhuphiswano phakathi eziphilayo ukusinda nokukotshwa, yaye zombini zikwimeko eyimfuneko nasekusungulweni uhlobo ngokukhethwa yendalo. Kwindalo, ngoko walungiselela ukuba eziphilayo kunye imikhwa kuluncedo ilifa ukudlulisela ukuba abantwana babo, ngoxa abantu ngaphandle noludumileyo abanjalo, nethuba omncinane kokudlulisela.

indlela yokukhetha

Isibakala sokuba ubume kanye wabeka indlela yokuba liyafana ukhetho ngumntu, ngokuba okokuqala wathetha uCharles Darwin kunye Alfred Uoles. Baqiniseka ukuba indalo akuyomfuneko lokumba zonke iimeko - kwanele ukwenza iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentaka, phakathi kwawo nexoxo liyazigxumela. indlela yokukhetha angamelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ukuvela abantu iimpawu inoveli.
2. Ukuba mpawu luncedo, le ephilayo iphila kwaye ushiye inzala.
3. Inzala ilifa iimpawu luncedo aze aqalise ukudlulisela ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo.

Ngaphandle kokuba ezifunyaniswe genetic mihla ukwenza uhlengahlengiso zabo, eli ingcamango zikaDarwin kuhlala enye. Mhlawumbi kuphela utshintsho kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, kodwa hayi kakuhle nje yena, ngenxa yemfuza, leyo ngakanye ngokwendalo.

I ukuqala ekufanisweni zivunywa

ukwahluka lelifa umbandela leyo ekhokelela zivunywa. Lonke utshintsho ilifa zisisiphumo izakhi. Kodwa ke inguqu yendaleko umdla kuphela ezo ezichaphazela iiseli ngesondo, kuba kaloku abazukulwana kubo ukudluliselwa kolwazi ukuya kwisizukulwana esilandelayo.

Uninzi kwezakhi ngumlinganiswa sofuzo, okt ngokukhawuleza ayikhangeleki njengokuba yemfuza lubalaseleyo zicinezelwa. Kodwa ke angemi naphi na ukusuka lezakhi abantu musa ukumka apha, nangona, yaye musa kuchaphazela ukufaneleka kunye aliveli phenotypically.

inkqubo Mutational yinto eqhubekayo, inani yemfuza waqokelela rhoqo, kwaye ngaxa lithile, kukho ezimbini sofuzo kwaye phawu kubonakaliswa ngokuyimfuneko. Material sokuhluza emsindweni yemfuza, kodwa olo tshintsho azisoloko kukhokelela ekwandeni ubaluleko bhetyebhetye. Impela ukuguquka ezimbalwa, phezu koko, ukunciphisa umgangatho njengoko bandiqumbise ukuphazamiseka ezahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo metabolic.

Kodwa kukho imizekelo apho yemfuza ebonakala eziyingozi utshintsho kwiimeko zentlalo luluncedo. Xa houseflies babe kuguquka wehlisa isantya neemvakalelo-luvo. Ukuba ephilayo kuba homozygous ukuba phawu elinikiweyo, ngoko ke ukuguquka kuyabulala, kodwa ukugcina ukusebenza heterozygotes, nangona enasilela abantu abaphile qete. Kodwa xa baboniswa inani leempukane yokulungiselela-luvo heterozygotes bebodlula abantu eziqhelekileyo ngenxa slow ngesantya ukubetha buthathaka impembelelo ityhefu emzimbeni.

Types of zivunywa

I ukuqala izinto yokukhetha - Umahluko yemfuza, kodwa zinokubangela ukuba stroke ekwaziyo utshintsho ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Kuxhomekeka nokukhethwa kwalo hlobo zezi zilandelayo:

• Ngqo. Kuyahluka ixabiso avareji iimpawu ixesha elide. Ezi zibandakanya ukwanda ubukhulu emzimbeni.
• Ukukhetha ephazamisayo lujoliswe ukhetho lwezibonisi kakhulu (umzekelo, kakhulu okanye zinkulu, phezu koko, elincinane).
• Stabizirizuyuschy sibhekiswe ekubonakalisweni imilinganiselo kakhulu iimpawu.

Ngesondo - kukwayinto entle ukhetho yendalo. Amanqaku zokukhetha le level - naliphi na loo kwandisa amathuba okuba ukusukelwa ngokwandisa nomtsalane umntu wesini esahlukileyo. Oku kubonakala kakuhle ento eyindoda kwezinye iintlobo (umzekelo, le antlers enkulu amaxhama, imibala eqaqambileyo iintsiba e iintaka).

Indlela yokukhetha zendalo

ifomu yokukhetha ukuba zihlelwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha izixhobo phantse lonk efanayo:

• Indlela eziluncedo ngayo le mfanelo kwabantu abaninzi.
• Imfuneko kunye nokubaluleka wokusindisa usikhokele kwiimeko ezithile.
• nempembelelo entle ukuphumelela iintlobo feature.

Izinto for ukhetho yokufakelwa - kukwayinto entle ongenabuyambo yemfuza, kodwa iikhrayitheriya kakhulu nezinye. Kukho imiqondiso namasundu, eziyimfuneko ukuze loo mntu, hayi umzimba, kuyo ukuba bonke babe kakhulu yingozi. Umfundi omnye zinikeze umzekelo ubunzulu wengxondorha, nibizwayo Pectoral Sandpiper. Zinelungelo goitre enkulu, nto leyo ebenza engaqhelekanga kunye nomtsalane umntu, kodwa uhlobo bantu ziya kuba singenamandla ngokupheleleyo kwaye abakwazi ukuba akhuphisane kunoogxa babo. Baya nje akayi kuba nako ukufumana ukutya kwabo. Kubonakala ukuba kukhethwe izinto na imigaqo esisiseko zahlukile kakhulu zendalo kunye nokukhetha ngumntu.

Kuxhomekeka ifuthe yokukhetha kwento Ukwahluka ngayo abemi iifomu nto zilandelayo:

1. Uqhuba.
2. Gulwa.
3. Kujuba ngeloo.

Kukho imfuneko ingqalelo ukhetho nganye nganye zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Iimpawu Ukukhetha nezakhi

iimeko Isizathu soku ukhetho isoloko itshintsha le ubukho lweentlobo. Abantu abaye babe yoko, kukho iimpawu ukuba ziphambuke ixabiso avareji ngenxa yokuba ukulungiselela ukhetho zendalo umbandela, inika ukwahluka yemfuza, bakwimeko engcono. Izizukulwana ngezizukulwana shift uphawu lwenzeka kwicala elithile, isiphumo siya kuba kangangokuba kunceda eziphilayo ukuphila kwindawo entsha.

Umzekelo okuphawuleka ukufika kwe kombala kwi moth yayifafazeke. Yena ke ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo zihlale phezu ngeziqu yimithi, leyo emhlophe ngebala. Ngako oko, amaphiko ebhabhathane nayo omhlophe.

Kodwa kuphuhliso lwamashisini ojikeleze yayixubana, emoyeni kwakukho eninzi usisi ke uthuthu elalifumanayo kwi zemithi. Ngenxa yoko, umbala wawo ube kude kwamhlophe. Kuzo zonke mabhabhathane mva odle lowo ngenxa yemfuza waye umbala mnyama, njengokuba ukukhanya kakhulu ephawuleka iintaka yaye ngokufuthi kudliwa. Ngaloo kwemvelo ngcembe utshintsho kwicala amabhabhathane umbala.

Kubonakaliswa yokukhetha wokugcina

Cinga sizinze zivunywa. Ukukhetha Material apha - njengoko yokwahluka kwemfuza, kodwa isenzo yayo sele sibhekiswe kukuvela ukutenxa kwisiqhelo. Sinako ukuninika umzekelo: ngokuba zonke izinto, uya kubonakala, ukuchuma ukwanda ulungile nje kuba kukhokelela ekwandeni ubukhulu labemi. Kodwa enyanisweni akunjalo. Izibonelelo zabantu ngabanye kunye avareji wenzala njengoko ukuzisa inzala ezininzi kunzima.

Ukukhethwa bakhetha avareji kunokubonwa iimpawu ezininzi. Umzekelo, iintaka onxweme Kungangcono ukuba kwamaphiko medium size of. Phambi mfutshane kakhulu kunzima ukubhabha, yaye ukuba elide kakhulu umoya kuya kuphazamisana lo moya.

Gulwa ukhetho kunegalelo nokwanda wezi abemi. Nkqu iimeko zozinzo lweentlobo musa kungakhokelela ekuyekeni kwemvelo kanye ngendaleko ngokubanzi. Olu hlobo zokusampula inika ukusebenza ezinzileyo komzimba kwiimeko yesiqhelo ngumsindo.

Ukukhetha ephazamisayo

Kule fomu ngokukhetha iimeko zempilo ezifanelekileyo ukuba ukuhlukana iimpawu. Ngenxa yoko, kukho iintlobo ezininzi yobukho.

Ukukhetha ephazamisayo kukhokelela ekumisweni polymorphism, kwaye nokuba abe unobangela ukuyilwa iintlobo ezintsha endalweni.

Le ukhetho kudla uqalisa ukusebenza xa uluntu luthatha indawo inhomogeneous. iifom ezahlukeneyo ukuqhelana yayigcinwa ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiqathango. Ngokomzekelo, omnye Urhashaza phezu sityalo iintlobo ezimbini - enye eqala ukuba utyatyambe lixakathe iziqhamo phakathi ehlotyeni, kwaye eyesibini - emva kokuvuna hay, okt ngo Agasti.

Indima HIV kunye nokukhethwa elibi

Kunoko, asikuko edlalwa ziiNcwadi iifom ezinempembelelo ezahlukeneyo.

1. iziphumo yokukhetha ezincumisayo kwizifundo ukwanda kwenani eziphilayo ukuba luncedo ukuba baphile kwezi meko, iimpawu, ukwandisa ukusinda lweentlobo xa bebonke.
2. , Okanye ikwabizwa ngokuba ukhetho cut-off Inegative, kukhokelela kokutshatyalaliswa abantu iimpawu kakhulu kunciphisa ukhuseleke yaye okuhle. Le ukukhethwa labemi inceda ukususa alleles eziyingozi.

imiphumela Ukukhetha

Siye safumanisa ukuba ukhetho eziphathekayo, ingqalelo imilo yayo. Kodwa kuyimfuneko ukucacisa Yiyiphi imiphumo inika ukhetho oluthile. Driving kukhokelela ukuvela izixhobo ezintsha, oku kubonisa ukuba iziphumo zezenzo zakhe;

1. Lokwandisa. Le ndlela ibonisa beqokelela imikhwa luncedo kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Oku kusebenza kuphela ukuba umzimba kodwa arhente ngamnye. Umzekelo, ukwanda yangaphambili, uphuhliso neuron - konke oku ngumzekelo ngokukhetha accumulator uqhuba.
2. effect zoguquguqulo kukuba ziyanyuswa imiqondiso kuluncedo kwaye buthathaka kuzo abantu abalahlekelwe ukubaluleka wabo ngendlela encomekayo.

Ethetha ngokubanzi malunga ukhetho (Ukwahluka ebonakalayo ukhetho zendalo), unako igama isiphumo izinika nokuxhasa.

Eyokuqala kukuba kwiimeko ezininzi zivuma, eziphilayo badla ukuphila futhi sizale. Apho ezi meko musa ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno, kunye iingxaki ukusinda nokuchuma.

Ukuxhasa effect kukuba iimpawu okulungisekayo akufuneki zithotywe, ukuze zinongezele okanye ahlale kwinqanaba elifanayo.

Material ukulungiselela ukhetho yendalo a ongenabuyambo yemfuza, kodwa ke kuphela into enegalelo ekubeni kuvele ezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Indima yokukhetha endalo zazivelela

Nkqu Charles Darwin wanika entendeni ukuya ukhetho zendalo izinto zazivelela. theory zokwenziwa ukugqala alawulayo yayo enkulu yophuhliso kunye ukuvela tshintsho ku eziphilayo.

Kwiinkulungwane, 19-20 ekuwuvuleni nohlobo ezahlukene ze ilifa yemfuza iimpawu kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni yintoni ezinye izazinzulu abaphika indima ebalulekileyo ngokukhethwa zendalo. imfundiso Synthetic yendaleko, nto leyo nayo olubizwa ngokuba yiniyo-kaDarwin isekelwe phezu Uhlalutyo lwamanani nezihlandlo alleles kwi inani iyatshintsha phantsi kwempembelelo kukhetho efanayo zendalo.

Kodwa inzululwazi na ukuma ngxi, yaye ezifunyaniswe eminyaka yakutshanje kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukungaphumeleli ingcamango lakudala zokwenziwa ukuchaza zonke bokuqonda nasekusungulweni eziphilayo.

Impikiswano kunye mpikiswano malunga nendima yeemeko ezahlukeneyo kuphuhliso yembali yehlabathi ophilileyo kwaye kuyaqhubeka namhlanje. Mhlawumbi lo mbuzo oko phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba ukunika impendulo ngqo. Kodwa bathi enye into: ixesha savuthwa isiqhamo, xa yonke le ngcamango yokuzivelela kwezinto ifuna ukutshintshwa.