Uzbekistan, Khiva: ukubona indawo (inkcazelo, ifoto)

Isixeko esiyingqayizivele, esabonakala ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-2500 edlulileyo, iKhiva (Uzbekistan) ibetha imbali kunye nemibono yayo. Yisixeko esinomoya omangalisayo, inkcubeko yasendulo kunye nebonakalayo ebonakalayo.

Ukubonakala kwesi sixeko

Apho isixeko saseKhiva (Uzbekistan) sitholakala namhlanje, ukuhlaliswa kokuqala, ngokwezinto zakudala zakudala, kuye kwavela emva kweminyaka engama-4 ukuya ku-3 ukuya ku-BC, kwakukho inkampu yabazingeli nabalobi beCalminar. Kwiminyaka eyi-2 leminyaka, indawo yokuhlala yokuhlala yama-nomads kunye namafama sele sele ekhona apha. Ukulima kwamafama axutywe kunye nezithethe zabafundisi beza ezivela eMzantsi Urals, ngenxa yoko, kwakusungulwa inkcubeko yaseAmirabad yokuqala yaseBronze. Ukususela ngeli xesha abahlali baphumelelane, kodwa i-delta yase-Amu Darya ayizange ibe yinto engenanto. Le ntsimi yayiphambili kakhulu kwiindlela zorhwebo, kwaye yayinamathuba amaninzi okuzalisa iinkomo kunye nolimo.

Imbali yeKhiva

Iimvumi ezalandelayo zithetha ukuba isixeko saseKhiva sikhule phakathi kwendawo ye-oasis, apho kwakukhona khona umthombo onamanzi amnandi. Le nto yayityholwa nguNowa Sim. Isixeko sokuqala, esabhalwa kwimithombo ebhaliweyo, sabizwa ngokuba nguHaywak, ngoko kwakukho uHorasmiya, uHvarezm kwaye, ekugqibeleni, iKorezm. Wayephila kwixesha lokuchuma kunye nokulwa, yayiyinkunzi yombuso omkhulu weKhorezm.

Esi sixeko saqala ukuba ngumninimzi we-Afrigids, ngoko isixeko saye sahlulwa ngama-Arabhu kwaye yaba yinxalenye yombuso wamaSilamsi. Emva koko abalawuli baphumelelana: ubukhosi bamaMamunide, iGhaznavids, Seljuks, Anushteginids. Esi sixeko sinamandla amaninzi ukuba singayilwi, ngoko bekufuneka ihlale ifuna ukunqoba abalawuli abahlukeneyo.

Ngo-1220 loo mzi wabhujiswa ngumkhosi waseGenghis Khan. Kodwa ibuyelelwe kwakhona ngokukhawuleza kwaye iya kuba yindoda. Ngoko, uTamerlane amahlanu ngokuzama ukuwuthabatha isixeko ngesiqhwithi, kwaye ngo-1388 ekugqibeleni uyaphumelela. Kamva isi sixeko siyaqhubeka sisuka esandleni sisandla. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 i-Khiva yaba yindawo ephakamileyo yokomoya yehlabathi lamaSilamsi, apha bayakha ama-madrasahs. Kodwa imifuno yangempela yeso sixeko ngethuba lolawulo lobukhosi base-Uzbek be-kungrats.

Ikhulu le-18 le-19 leminyaka yaba lixesha lokwakha nokuqokelela ubutyebi kwisixeko. Ngo-1873, ngenxa yokusebenza komkhosi, uKhiva waba yinxalenye yolawulo lwaseRashiya. Ukususela ngeli xesha, isixeko siyinxalenye yesiphondo saseTurkmen. Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lo sixeko luqala, izikolo nezibhedlele zakhiwa apha. Ngowe-1919, iArmed Army iguqula igunya elikhoyo le-khanate kwaye ibeka umyalelo omtsha, isixeko siyinxalenye yeSoviet Union. Ukususela ngo-1924, iKhiva inxalenye ye-Uzbek SSR.

Kubaluleka kwenkcubeko yehlabathi

U-Uzbekistan, iKhiva ngumlando wendawo eyayiqulunqwa ngayo imveli yasendulo. Apha ubeka i- Great Silk Road, eyayiyinkokheli yempucuko.

Ngekhulu le-8 nele-9, le mimandla ibamba indima ebalulekileyo yezoqoqosho nezenkcubeko kulo mmandla. I-Khiva yahluma ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-18 neyokuqala kwe-20, ngexesha leKhiva Khanate. I-Khiva ngeli xesha liba liziko lezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho, liqokelela ubutyebi obukhulu, konke oku kubonakaliswa kwinto yokubonakala kwesi sixeko, apho izakhiwo ezizodwa zidalwe.

Kuza kube namhlanje, isixeko saseKhiva (Uzbekistan), esithombeni sayo esincinci kuphela sichaza yonke into enomtsalane, sisikhumbuzo senkcubeko kunye neenkcubeko ezibhalwe uluhlu lwezinto ezikhuselwe yi-UNESCO. Isixeko sinehlulwe ngamacandelo amabini. Ngaphakathi kwemida ye-Old Town kukho ezininzi izikhumbuzo zokwakha zokulondolozwa kakuhle. I-Khiva yinto enokugcinwa kwenkcubeko yasendulo yaseMpumalanga, apha ungakwazi ukucwina emkhatsini we-Asia yedolophu yangaphambili kwaye uzive umoya wexesha elidlulileyo.

Khiva namhlanje

Ngo-1991, u-Uzbekistan, uKhiva waqalisa ubomi obutsha, kwafika ukuzimela, kodwa kwavela izibango zaseTurkmenistan. Ngokomlando, loo mzi wawungowokuTurkmen Khanate, kwaye namhlanje eli lizwe lingathanda ukuphinde libuyele eli lizwe.

Namhlanje i-Khiva yidolophu enkulu yase-Uzbek ene-60,000 yabantu, enezibonelelo zesevisi eziphuhlisiweyo. Lo ngumzi ococekileyo kakhulu, awunayo izakhiwo eziphakamileyo kunye nezithuthi ezinkulu, apha iindawo eziqhelekileyo zemizi yasempuma zihlala. Indawo enkulu ye-bazaar yindawo apho abantu, njengamakhulu eminyaka ngokulandelana, befunda iindaba, bathetha, badle.

Imozulu e-Khiva (Uzbekistan) ikhululekile kakhulu, ilanga likhanyisa iintsuku ezingama-300 ngonyaka, imvula ininzi ihamba ngo-Matshi noNovemba. Inyanga eshushu kakhulu ngoJulayi, xa ubushushu bemini busenokufikelela kuma-38 degrees. Ngokwezinga lemozulu ekhululekile, iKhiva inokukhuphisana namaziko amaninzi kwiihlabathi. Namhlanje i-Khiva iyindawo ebonakalayo yezokhenketho e-Uzbekistan, zonke iimeko zeeholide ezithandekayo nezolisayo zidalwa apha. Kuzo zonke iindawo zokulondolozwa kwimbali, isixeko sinalo lonke uncedo lwempucuko. Ukunxibelelana kwamaseli kusebenza kakuhle apha, zonke ihotele zibonelela ngeenkonzo ze-Intanethi, i-Khiva kunye nezinye izixeko zelizwe zidibaniswe neendlela ezilungileyo, kukho izithuthi zikawonke-wonke ezisisiseko kwaye ezingabizi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokubanzi, u-Uzbekistan lizwe elizinzile kwaye likhuselekileyo, apha malunga nantoni yezobugebengu, ininzi enkulu ebangelwa ngabakhenkethi iyaphaya kwexabiso xa kuthengwa iimpahla ezahlukahlukeneyo. Apha, njengakwamanye amazwe aseMpuma, abathengisi balungele ukuxoxisana kwaye ngokokuqala bavakalise ixabiso eliphezulu lempahla yabo.

Yintoni ongayibona

I-Uzbekistan, i-Khiva idume ngokuphathelele imbali yabo kunye nezikhumbuzo zenkcubeko. Utyelelo luya kufuna iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuhlola zonke iintlobo zeso sixeko. Okokuqala, kuyafaneleka ukunyuka kwinqaba yase-Ak-Sheikh-Bobo ukubona isixeko sisuka phezulu kwaye sihambe kuyo. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga, indawo ekhangayo yeso sixeko kunye neendali zayo, iindlu kunye neendonga zentonga zivula. Kwakhona kufuneka uhlolisise iindonga kunye namasango esixekweni, izikhumbuzo ezibalulekileyo zembali, tyelela ibhotwe laseTash-Huli, madrasah Alla-Kuli-khan kunye no-Amin-khan, i-White Mosque. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikelelwe kwinqaba ye-Kunya-Areka, eyalondoloza ukubonakala kwayo kwikhulu le-17. Ewonke, isixeko sineendawo ezi-60 zokubaluleka kwehlabathi.

I-Architecture yesixeko

Ilizwe elihle yi-Uzbekistan. U-Khiva, owona okhangayo ogcinwe kakuhle kwaye oyingqayizivele, akukho nto. Kulapha kuphela ungazigqiba ngokupheleleyo emkhatsini wedolophu yasendulo kwaye ubone iindlela ezininzi zokwakha izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Khiva kubonakalisa izithethe zamandulo zaseMpuma, kunye nobuchule bazo obuyingqalileyo, amandla okudala izakhiwo ezinkulu, ezizongqambileyo ezigubungelayo kunye nezangaphakathi.

Ukubonakala kweso sixeko kubunjwa yimayire ekhethekileyo, uphahla lwama-mosque kunye ne-madrassas, zakha ukubunjwa kwamanqanaba amaninzi kwesi sixeko. Umbono wokwakhiwa komzi wenziwe ngethuba leenkulungwane ezili-18 ukuya kweye-19 ukuya kweye-19, kodwa kwinqwelo ye-landscape efanelekileyo kunye nezakhiwo zamandulo. Ngoko, i-mausoleum yeSheik Sayid Alauddin yekhulu le-14 kunye nethe eliyingqayizivele, elihlotswe nge-majolica, ngumzekelo wezakhiwo zobuSulumane ezinobuthathaka. Ukongezelela kwizakhiwo zetempile kunye neendonga zeendawo zokuhlala eziqhelekileyo zigcinwe ngokupheleleyo kwiKhiva, zihamba kule zitrato zivumela ukuba ungene kwiindawo ezinzulu zeeminyaka kwaye uzive umoya wendawo yasempuma yasendulo.

ITash-Hauli Palace

U-Uzbekistan, isixeko saseKhiva sinesityebi kwizakhiwo zembali, kwaye igosa laseTash-Huli yenye yeendawo zokuqala phakathi kwabo nokubaluleka nobuhle. Ibhotwe lihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso emnandi ye-majolica, ingaphakathi le-harem lihle kakhulu. Ibhotwe ngumzekelo wezakhiwo ze-Khiva, izindonga eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iindonga ezibhakabhaka, ezikhuniweyo, ezinobumba, i-woodcarving ephawulekayo kunye nepeyinti kwiindonga-konke oku kudala ukudibanisa okuyingqayizivele kokunethezeka nokuxakeka. Indawo yokuhlala ehlobo ye-khan iyona yendalo yokwakha yamaSulumane.

Izikhumbuzo ze-Ichan-Kala

Isixeko esidala saseKhiva Ichan-Kala yisithili esilondoloze izakhiwo zembali, apho izinto eziphambili zijoliswe kuyo. Kwiindonga ze-Ichan-Kala kukho into ekubonayo, ungaphuthelwa umkhosi kaMgqibelo weJuma kunye namakholomu angama-212 enziwe ngobuhle nobabalo, uMnaret waseKalta-Minor, ebhekene nezitena ezininzi, ezinobumba be-Islamic-Khodja minaret. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo iya kuhlawulwa kuma-madrassas, ahlotshiswe ngamaphetheni ahlukeneyo ezenziwe ngezitena kunye neetyile kwaye alondoloze umoya wekhulu le-18. Umbala weMpuma ophakathi-ntshona ugcina i-caravan-saray e-Alla-Kuli-khan.

Indlela yokufika khona

Ukuphumla kwengqondo kukho indawo enhle - iKhiva, Uzbekistan. Ndingafika njani kule ndawo emangalisayo? Akukho sikhumulo sezindiza esixekweni, ukwenjenjalo abavakhenkethi bafika rhoqo kwiUrgench. Kukho iindiza ezindiza ngqo kwiivenkile ezininzi zaseRashiya. Awudingi i-visa yabavakatyeleli baseRashiya, unako ukuya eKhiva ngeteksi, ephantsi kakhulu apha, okanye ngebhasi. I-Urgench ihlala kwi-34 km ukusuka eKhiva. E-Uzbekistan, inkonzo yezokhenketho iqulunqwe kakuhle, ngoko unako ukuthenga ityelelo ngokufuduka ukusuka eUrgench, eBukhara okanye eTashkent. Kukho iindwendwe kwiidolophu eziliqela zeSilik Road.

Yintoni enokuyenza

I-Uzbekistan, i-Khiva ngokukhethekileyo, inikezela ngamathuba amaninzi okuzonwabisa. Kuloo sixeko kukho inani leemyuziyam ezithakazelisayo, zibandakanya: i-museum yezobugcisa apho ungabona khona iimveliso zenzimbi, izigodo, izimbizi, izambatho kunye nezinye izakhono zobungcali; IMyuziyamu yoBugcisa boBuchule kunye noBomi, apho unokubona izinto zekhaya zabantu bexesha langaphambili; Imyuziyam yembali ye Khorezm, iqoqo ekhethekileyo yezinto zakudala eziqokelelwayo ziqokelelwa apha.

Ukufika kwi-Khiva, kufuneka uqiniseke ngokuqinisekileyo ukutya kwelizwe, ngokukodwa njengoko kukho zonke iimeko. Kukho amaninzi amanqaku okutya esixekweni apho unako ukunambitha intembeza yaseMuzbek, samsa, pilaf, shurpa. I-Khiva sele idume ngokudinga iidiliya zayo, ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwiiRoma zakudala, kuyafaneleka ukuba uzame amaqhekeza aseKhivan, anokutya okungaqondakaliyo.

Ixesha elikhululekile kwi-Khiva linokuzithengiswa kwiintengiso zangaphambili, apha ungathengela iiramic zendawo ezingavamile, iimpahla zesizwe, iimveliso zokhuni, imihlobiso.