Uvavanyo lokuhlola: iimpawu, iindlela kunye neziphumo

Uhlolo lokuhlola lugama lenkqubo yonke yeendlela zokuxilonga ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni, uhlalutyo loqoqosho, ingqondo, ukuthengisa kunye nezinye izinto. Ezi ndlela zenza kube lula ukubala, ukuhlukanisa, ukunika isithuba esithile okanye uvavanyo kwimicimbi kunye nemigca engakwazi ukuqinisekiswa.

Ziziphi iimeko eziyimfuneko yokuvavanywa kwengcali?

Ngethuba lokuphina nawuphi na uphando kuwo nawaphi na amanyathelo ayo, indlela yokuhlola ingcali ingasetyenziswa . Kwimisebenzi yolawulo, ingafumaneka ngokufanelekileyo:

• Kwinqanaba lokuchaza iinjongo kunye neenjongo zenkqubo yophando.
• Ngexesha lokwakha okanye ukuvavanywa kweengcinga.
• Ukucacisa imeko yengxaki. Ukutolika iinkqubo neziganeko ezenzekayo.
• Ukulungelelanisa ukwanela kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo.
• Ukwenza iziphakamiso, kunye nokuphumeza ezinye iinjongo.

Uvavanyo lwengcali luchanekile kwiimeko xa kungenakwenzeka ukwenza isigqibo esekelwe kwizibalo ezichanekileyo (ukulungiselela umfanekiso wesimo sengqondo, iimpawu zokusebenza, ukuqikelela ukungaqiniseki koqoqosho kunye neengozi).

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezi ngqikelelo kuba kubalulekile kwimeko yokukhetha enye okanye izinto ezininzi ezivela kwisicwangciso esicetywayo:

• Ukuqaliswa kwenguqu yomveliso yezinye iimveliso eziphuhlisiwe.
• Ukukhethwa kwabadlali bezinto ezivela kubadlali abaninzi.
• Ukumisela kwiprojekthi yomsebenzi wesayensi, oza kuxhaswa ngemali.
• Ukukhethwa kweshishini eliza kufumana mboleko yemvelo.
• Ukumiselwa kweprojekthi yotyalo-mali yokutyalomali kwezibonelelo zemali.

Ziziphi iingcali kunye zisebenza njani?

Oku kulandelayo ukusuka kwigama le ndlela, ukuhlaziywa koontanga kubandakanya ukubandakanyeka kweengcali okanye enye ingcali eneengcali ezifanelekileyo ukukwenza uvavanyo lwabantu ngabanye, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweengcamango zabo. Ukukhethwa kweengcali kwenziwa ngokuqwalaselwa ngokwaneleyo kwezigwebo kunye namava kulolu hlobo.

Uvavanyo lwengcali lungabonakaliswa ngokulinganayo nangokulinganayo. Idatha yovavanyo lweengcali iyafuneka ngabaphathi, abaphathi kunye nabasebenzi beqela lolawulo njengesizathu sokwenza izigqibo.

Ukuphuhliswa kovavanyo lweengcali kudla ngokubakho ngokudala iqela elisebenzayo elungiselela imisebenzi yongcali (okanye iingcali ezininzi). Ukuba kufuneka usebenzise abangaphezu komntu omnye, babumbene kwikhomishoni yengcali.

Ziza kuthatha phi iingcali?

Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yesabelo kunye nekhono lomsebenzi, enye ingcali okanye ezinye iingcali zingamenywa ukuba zenze uvavanyo lwengcali. Ngexesha elifanayo, uvavanyo lwengcali lubizwa ngokuba ngumntu ngamnye okanye uqokelelane.

Umntu ngamnye uvavanyo, apho utitshala ebonisa ubunzulu bolwazi lomfundi. Kulo hlobo luthwala uxilongo, lubekwe ngugqirha omnye. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezinzima okanye ezilukhuni (ukugula okukhulu, ukuchaza umba wokugxotha umfundi), bathelela kwisisombululo esipheleleyo seengxaki. Lapha sifuna iikhompyutyana zoogqirha kunye nentlangano yekhomishini yootitshala.

I-algorithm efanayo isebenza emkhosini: ngokuqhelekileyo isigqibo senziwe ngumlawuli wedwa, kodwa ukuba kuyimfuneko, ibhunga lempi lidibene.

Ukulandelelana kwenkqubo yokuhlola

Ukulandelelana kokwakhiwa kweengxelo zontanga kunye nenjongo yilezi zigaba:

1. Yenza uhlalutyo lwemeko efuna ukuphandwa.
2. Ukukhethwa kweengcali kwenkqubo.
3. Ukuphonononga iindlela ezikhoyo apho izahlulelo zengcali ziza kulinganiswa.
4. Ukuqhuba inkqubo yokuhlola ngokwayo.
5. Ukunciphisa nokuhlaziywa kolwazi olufunyenweyo ngexesha lovavanyo.

Kungaba yimfuneko ukwenza ukuqinisekiswa kwegalelo, apho uvavanyo lwengcali luza kusekwa khona. Kwezinye iimeko, iqela elisebenzayo kufuneka litshintshe ukubunjwa kweqela lobuchwephesha okanye libhekiselele ukulinganisa kwakhona imibuzo efanayo (ngombono wokuthelekisa ukuvavanywa okukuyo kunye nedatha yenkcazelo esuka kwezinye iindawo).

Inkqubo yokuvavanya: iimpawu zezigaba

Isigqibo esifanelekileyo semibutho yentlangano sibaluleke kakhulu ekuphunyezweni ngokuphumelelayo kwenkqubo:

• Iindleko zokucwangcisa kweso siganeko (ukuhlawula iingcali kunye neengcali ekuhlalutheni idatha efunyenweyo, indleko zokuqeshisa igumbi, ukuthenga iimpahla zeofisi).
• Ukulungiselela izinto eziyimfuneko (ukuhlanganiswa nokuprintwa kweefom, ukubonelela kwempahla).
• Ukukhetha nokuyalela umodareyitha wesiganeko.

Kwinkqubo yomsebenzi, iingcali kufuneka zikhokelwe yimithetho ebekiwe, njengoko ixesha elongezelelweyo lokwenza isigqibo alichaphazeli ukuchaneka kwayo.

Xa iimpendulo zazo zonke iingcali zifunyenwe, uvavanyo lwengcali luvavanywa . Oku kuqwalasela umgangatho wokubambisana kwazo zonke iimbono. Ukuba akukho mvumelwano ecacileyo, iqela elisebenzayo kufuneka lifumanise isizathu sokungavumelani, silungele ukubunjwa kwamaqela amaninzi yeembono kunye nokungabikho kokubambisana ngenxa yolu vavanyo lwengcali. Emva koko iphutha lokufunda livavanywa kwaye imodeli yakhiwa ngokusekelwe kwidata efunyenweyo. Oku kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba emva koko uphumelele uvavanyo lohlalutyo.

Izindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukuphonononga uhlolo lwabaontanga ngabanye: yintoni intathendlebe

Phakathi kwamasu asebenzayo kwaye aqhelekileyo asetyenziswayo:

• Indlela yokuhlalutya.
• Indlela yokubhala iskripthi.
• U dliwano.

Ngokuhambelana nendlela yokwenza udliwano-ndlebe, iintetho zengxubusho kunye nengcali, kumbuza imibuzo. Ingongoma yencoko yile ngongoma yokuphuhliswa kwezinto okanye into ebalulekileyo. Inkqubo yoluhlu lwemibuzo iphuhlisiwe kwangaphambili.

Ukusebenza kunye nomgangatho wovavanyo lwengcali ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni ingcali iya kuba nakho ukubonelela ngethuba elincinci.

Uvavanyo ngeendlela zokuhlalutya

Xa ukhetha indlela yokuhlalutya yovavanyo, ingcali yengcali kufuneka ilungiselele ukusetyenziswa ngokuzimeleyo komsebenzi ozimeleyo. Kufuneka ahlalutye iindlela, ahlole urhulumente kunye nezindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuphuhliswa kwezinto, ngokubhekiselele kuyo ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili.

Inkqubo yovavanyo lweengcali inikezela ukufundisisa lonke ulwazi malunga nento ekhoyo kwiingcali. Isiphumo senziwe njengememorandam.

Inzuzo ephambili yendlela yokuhlalutya kukuba ingcali ingabonisa wonke amandla akhe. Enyanisweni, le ndlela ayifanelekanga ukuhlalutya iinkqubo ezinkulu kunye eziyinkimbinkimbi, ekubeni ingcali ingenakufumana ulwazi kwiindawo ezikufutshane.

Ukuphunyezwa koviwo ngokubhalwa kweempendulo

Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqongqo, le ndlela ayifanele ibekwe kuphela kwinqanaba leendlela zokuhlola, kuba isetyenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ukusebenza kwiqela.

Ukusebenzisa le ndlela, ingcali kufuneka imisele ingcamango yeenkqubo kunye neziganeko ezifundwayo ngokumalunga nexesha kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo yeemeko. Emva koko unako ukuseka ukulandelelana kweziganeko (ukuphuhliswa kwazo, utshintsho ukusuka kwimeko ngethuba eliza kuthethwa ngalo). Isimo sibonisa zonke izigaba zesisombululo seengxaki, kwaye sinokubonelela ngemingcipheko enokwenzeka.

Uviwo lokuqokelela: indlela yokwenza "ingqondo"

Ukuvavanya iinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinkulu, iinkqubo ezininzi, umntu akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokukhanga iingcali ezinengcali.

Bangakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi obelwe ngokusebenzisa enye yeendlela ezilandelayo:

• Isizukulwana sokuqokelela izimvo ("sicinga").
• Indlela "635".
• Indlela yeDelphi.
• Ukuvavanywa kwamashishini.

Ngombulelo kwimizamo kunye kunye nentlangano ekhethekileyo, iingcali ziyakwazi ukuqhuba ngokufanelekileyo iinkqubo ezinzima, ezifana nokuhlolwa komngcipheko weengcipheko kwiprojekti yotyalo-mali okanye ukubikezela ukusebenza kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

"I-Brainstorming" ivumela ukuba ichaze ngokugcwele idatha yolwazi yeengcali. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, iingcali zenza iimbono, zize zisebenzise ukuchithwa (phantsi kwazo ukugxeka, ukutshabalalisa), ukubeka phambili iingxaki kunye nokuphuhlisa indlela yokujonga.

Isimo esona sikhulu ukungabikho kokugxeka kokuqala kunye neengxelo zabo zonke iingcamango ezivela ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuchaneka kweendlela "635"

Le ndlela yabizwa ngokuba yinto yokwamkela ukuba iingcali zisebenzise xa zisetyenzisiweyo: ngamnye weengcali ezintandathu ubhala kwiphepha leemviwo ezintathu ezithatyathwa ngokukhawuleza kwithuba elilingana nemizuzu emihlanu.

Emva koko, iphepha liya kumhlanganyeli olandelayo. Ubude benkqubo inesiqingatha seyure. Ngaloo ndlela, izivakalisi ezili-108 ziya kubhalwa.

Yiyiphi into ekhethekileyo yendlela yeDelphi

Injongo yokuphuhlisa le ndlela yokuphononongwa ngontanga yayiyimfuneko yenkqubo echanekileyo kwaye ilungelelaniso enokubonelela ngenjongo kunye neyona nto inobuncedo.

Isetyenziswe ngcali ezimenywe kumaziko esayensi kunye nezobugcisa, iinkampani zokutyalomali kunye ne-inshurensi, kunye nezinye iimeko.

Ingundoqo yendlela kukuba baqhuba uphando olwenziwe ngabanye (ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngoncedo lweemibuzo). Emva koko, uhlalutyo lwekhompuyutha lweemvavanyo zengcali luqhutyelwa ukudala uluvo oluhlangeneyo. Ngokwenza njalo, bachonga kwaye bavelise iingxabano zokukhusela isigwebo ngasinye.

Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, iziphumo zidluliselwa kwiingcali zokulungiswa. Ukungavumelani kwabo kunye nesigwebo esifanelekileyo kufuneka kubhalwe ngokuchanekileyo. Njengomphumo wokubuyela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kokuvavanya ukulungiswa, iqela elisebenzayo lifezekisa ukunciphisa uluhlu kunye nokuphuhliswa kwesigwebo esivumelwene ngaso malunga nethuba lokuphuhliswa kwento ephantsi kokufundwa.

Kule ndlela ilungile:

1. Iingcali ezibandakanyekayo ekuhlaleni aziyazi kunye kwaye azikhulumi. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusebenzisana kwabo kungabandakanywa.
2. Iziphumo zemijikelezo yangaphambilini nazo zinomdla kwaye zinenani kwiqela elisebenzayo.
3. Kuyakwazi ukufumana uphawu lwesalathisi yeembono zeqela.

Ngaphandle kweendleko eziphezulu kunye nobude, le ndlela iba yindlela efanelekileyo yokubeka phambili ukuphuhliswa kweemeko ezide zengxaki yendalo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, uvavanyo luqhutywa yikhomishini ehlelwe ngokukhethekileyo (indlela yee-commissions), apho "itafile ejikelezileyo" iqwalasela yonke imiba yengxaki kwaye yenza isigqibo esivumelwene ngaso. Ukungalungi kuyimpembelelo yabathathi-nxaxheba komnye kunye nokuphazamiseka kweziphumo. Umzekelo wolu vavanyo lweengcali zemiba yootitshala noogqirha.

Ezinye iindlela

Ngaphezulu, iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokwenza uviwo zidweliswe, kodwa kwindlela yokusebenza kwemibutho yezoshishino, isayensi kunye yophando, ezinye zisetyenziswa.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezithile eziza kubaliswa, kunye nezibonelelo kunye nekhono lomsebenzi, oku kulandelayo:

• Umdlalo wezoshishino. Ikuvumela ukuba ufanise inani elifunekayo leemeko ukuze ufunde iimpawu zenkqubo yolawulo okanye ezinye iinkqubo.
• "Inkundla" ityala elilinganiselwe, apho ezinye iingcali zikhusela izigqibo, abanye bazama ukuphikisa.
• Indlela yokunika ingxelo - emva kokuhlalutya, igosa libonisa uluvo lwakhe ngendlela yesaziso sokuhlalutya okanye ingxelo. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuba kufuneka wenze umsebenzi olula (umzekelo, uvavanyo lwengcali ye-inshurensi, irhafu okanye umonakalo wokulimala).

Ngenxa yoko, kunokuthi kuqaphele ukuba ubukho beendlela ezininzi kunye neendlela zokuqhuba ukuphononongwa koontanga kuvumela ukuba umphathi-shishini kunye neqela elisebenzayo likhethe ukhetho oluchanekileyo lokusombulula ingxaki ethile.