Utshintshwano Radioactive of nuclei atomic: imbali lokubhaqwa, iintlobo eziphambili utshintshwano

Ukufunyanwa kwe isakhiwo ngumongo atom wayengomnye manqanaba ibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lolwazi mihla emzimbeni. Izazinzulu ziye kufika izigqibo ekunene malunga isakhiwo amasuntswana zincinci kwangoko. Yaye kamva wavula neminye imithetho - umzekelo, imithetho isindululo microparticles, kwakunye features inguqu nuclei atomic, ezithi zivele ngexesha ukubola eqhumayo.

experiments uRutherford

Kuba ngqa utshintshwano radioactive of nuclei atomic wafunda IsiNgesi Explorer Rutherford. Nalapho ke kwacaca ukuba ubunzima iphambili atom iwela phezu ezingundoqo yakhe, kuba electron ezinye ezininzi izihlandlo ezilikhulu elula ngaphezu nucleons. Ukuze aphande isimangalo entle ngaphakathi ngumongo, 1906 godu Rutherford wacebisa ukuhlola atom Ukuzibona usebenzisa amasuntswana alpha. amasuntswana ezinjalo eveliswe kuwohloka Radium, kunye nezinye izinto ezithile. Ngexesha amalinge yakhe, uRutherford wafumana umbono wokuba isakhiwo-atom, leyo wanikwa igama "umzekelo zomhlaba".

Kokuma lokuqala ubuthi

Emva phayaa ngowe-1985, i-IsiNgesi wamazwe uWilliam Ramsay, owaziwa ngokuba zophando lwakhe kwerhasi argon, wenza izinto ezifunyanwa umdla. Le okuthiwa cleveite wabhaqa helium igesi. Kamva, isixa esikhulu helium iye yafunyanwa nezinye izimbiwa, kodwa kuphela ezo eziquka thorium neyuranium.

I Umphandi, kwabonakala engaqhelekanga kakhulu: njani ungenisa igesi kwezimbiwa? Kodwa xa uRutherford waqalisa ukufunda uhlobo imisebe, kwafunyaniswa ukuba helium yimveliso yokuguga. Ezinye imichiza "ukuphehla 'enye, kunye nezakhiwo ezintsha ngokupheleleyo. Le nyaniso iyaphikisana onke amava angaphambili ekhemisi yexesha.

Observation Frederick Soddy

Bekunye ne Rutherford kwizifundo inxaxheba ngqo Isazinzulu Frederick Soddy. Wayengusokhemisti, nangenxa wonke umsebenzi wakhe kwenziwa ngokunxulumene ekuchongweni imichiza ngokweempawu zazo. Enyanisweni, lo ukuguqulwa eziba radioactive atomic zaye yokuqala eyabonwa Soddy. Wakwazi ukwazi oko ke amasuntswana alpha ezazisetyenziswa amalinge yakhe, uRutherford. Ukwenza imilinganiselo, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba ubunzima omnye Alpha yamasuntswana yi iiyunithi 4 ubunzima atomic. Ekubeni efunde inani elithile amasuntswana alpha, abaphengululi bafumanisa ukuba saba into entsha - helium. Iimpawu legesi ayesaziwa kakuhle Soddy. Ngoko ke, kuthiwa ukuba udibaniso lwe-amasuntswana bakwazi ukufaka electron nibe ngaphandle athom helium cala.

Utshintsho ngaphakathi ngumongo atom

Uphando elandelayo bajolise ngokuchonga iimpawu ngumongo atomic. Oososayensi baye bafunda ukuba zonke utshintshwano kungenzeki kunye elektroni okanye electron iqokobhe, kodwa ngqo eziba ngokwabo. Ukuguqulwa nuclei radioactive lula yotshintsho ezinye izinto. Ke iimpawu ezingaphezulu kwezi utshintshwano ezazingaziwa zesayensi. Kodwa kwacaca enye into: zabo yoko, ngandlel 'ithile, iimpawu ezintsha imichiza.

Kuba okokuqala loo udederhu metamorphoses, oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukulandelela inkqubo yotshintsho Radium ibe radon. Le esisabela nesiphumo ukuguqulwa ezinjalo, kunye yi ngabaphandi radiation okhethekileyo ebizwa yenyukliya. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke ezi nkqubo okunokwenzeka ngaphakathi ngumongo i-atom, oososayensi baqalisa ukuphanda, kunye nezinye izinto, hayi nje kuphela Radium.

iintlobo Vula imisebe

uqeqesho olusisiseko, nto leyo efuna iimpendulo zale mibuzo - ukuba physics (Grade 9). utshintshwano Radioactive of nuclei zilibhude njengenxalenye yezifundo yayo. Ngokubonisa ngee-eksperimenti on radiation gaze uranium, uRutherford wafumanisa iintlobo ezimbini kwemitha okanye zinguquko eqhumayo. uhlobo gaze ngaphantsi ogama alpha radiation. Kamva uphando kunye radiation beta. intsimi gamma-radiation Willard ekuqaleni ukufunda ngo-1900. Izazinzulu lubonise ukuba le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa radioactivity ezinxulumene kuwohloka eziba atomic. Ngenxa yoko, ephehlayo ngesibetho kwi sigqibo kude ngexesha lokungeniswa atom njengento yamasuntswana ebumbene.

utshintshwano Radioactive of nuclei atomic: iintlobo eziphambili

Ngoku kucingwa ukuba kukho iintlobo ezintathu utshintshwano ngexesha ukubola radioactive: Alpha ukubola, ukubola beta, electron capture, nelaziwa ngokuba K-kuthinjwe. Xa ukubola alpha ophuma layila i yamasuntswana alpha, leyo nucleus ye atom helium. ndlela ingxenye ezingeyomfuneko radioactive ezitshintshelwa umntu eye kwentlawulo ngaphantsi zombane. Ukubola Alpha izinto abayinqobo ezibekwe lokugqibela lwezakhi. ukubola Beta ifakiwe nayo ukuguquka radioactive of nuclei atomic. Kwalo ngumongo atom kolu hlobo kwakhona utshintsho: ukuba ulahlekelwa neutrinos okanye antineutrinos kunye electron kunye positrons.

Olu hlobo ukubola uhamba elifutshane kwamaza radiation electromagnetic. Xa bamba ngekhompyutha ye isiqalo atom sitsala esinye kwisibizo le electron. Kulo mzekelo, ngumongo beryllium ezingenza abe nucleus Lithium. Olu hlobo iye yafunyanwa ngo-1938 ngokuthi yamachiza American yentsapho Alvarez, naye oye wafunda utshintshwano radioactive of nuclei atomic. Iifoto apho abaphandi baye bazama ukuba zifake ezi nkqubo nomfanekiso, efana ilifu luzizi, kuba ubuninzi amancinci amasuntswana phantsi ukufunda.