Flatworms: iimpawu jikelele kunye nesakhiwo

kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo ezifana iimpethu caba umdla omkhulu zenzululwazi. Kwaye akukho nje into yokuba ezi zinto ziphilayo umdla ngokwayo. Uninzi lwazo ziyingozi kakhulu. Flukes kunye intshulube - amaqela amabini zezilwanyana olwaye lwamfimfitha kaninzi ezibangela izifo kakhulu oluntu kunye nezilo. Ezi Izazi kokuba zidityaniswe kwiqela elinye kunye free-ophilayo Turbellaria - uhlobo Plathelminthes (flatworms). iimpawu ngokubanzi bephela thaca kweli nqaku. Olungileyo eyaziwayo kubo iifom olwaye lwamfimfitha, leyo ukunika umzekelo ogqibeleleyo alternation kwizizukulwana uphawu yokuphila ekumfimfitheni. abalinganiswa kwethu uhlobo flatworms iqala kunye neempawu zolwakhiwo ezi eziphilayo.

flatworms Avilable

Kuba flukes ubukho ngokuqhelekileyo amagwegwe eentsika iilekese, inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuzala kunye qwa yehlise. A ziqwempu tapeworm yakutya nditsho emathunjini, ngenxa yokuba uhlala ukutya ukulungele-to-badle. Ngokusisiseko, ezi zilwanyana zimele kuphela ingxowa ezele amaqanda. Ubunono isakhiwo esilula ngokusekelwe macala mazwe baye flatworms. iimpawu ngokubanzi ngayo: okulungileyo kubini abantu abasindileyo umzimba zifana njengesipili. flatworms-abahlala Free abe imilo umzimba atshabalalisa kunye umngxuma omnye kuphela ethunjini - emlonyeni. inkqubo yokujikeleza, ezi zinto ziphilayo yakutya. Siya ndithi malunga iintlobo zokuqala free-ophilileyo, echaza uhlobo flatworms. iimpawu ngokubanzi yabo thaca ngezantsi.

flatworms Free-abaphilayo: isondlo, intshukumo kunye nokukhululwa

Ectoderm kunye endoderm, uphawu coelenterates, flatworms ezahlulwe kwiseli umaleko sesithathu - ukuphuhlisa inyama kwezihlunu nobuni mesoderm kuyo. Imbonakalo kweenkqubo ilungu le - elinye inyathelo phambili xa kuthelekiswa coelenterates mbutho. Uninzi flatworms free-abaphilayo - eziphilayo emanzini. Zihamba ngokusebenzisa ciliary izihlunu yindibanisela okanye iintshukumo egubungela imizimba yazo. flatworms ezitya kusetyenziswa xa ukondla umqala (ilungu odibanisa emlonyeni ukuya emathunjini) acofiweyo nemveliso yayo ngenxa zokurhwaqela kwezihlunu ezifeleyo iziqwenga ukutya, nto leyo ke wondla ukuya emathunjini. Undigested iintsalela ukutya emva emqaleni kwaye izikhulu.

Flatworms, isakhiwo apho thina ngokufutshane ngokutsha, - iqela lokuqala izilwanyana apho kukho inkqubo yokwenene excretory. It imelwe imibhobho ezimbini excretory Umanyanisa "iiseli lidangatye" kunye nokuvulwa ekupheleni ngasemva umzimba pores excretory. "Iiseli bangi" wafumana igama layo ngenxa rhoqo enyuka phakathi kwabo iinyanda isiliya, ezilawula balance amanzi.

Sinikezela ukuba uqhelane kunye ummeli ngamnye uhlobo flatworms. neempawu Jikelele ifoto ukuba akuncede ukuba angenise olu omzimba umdla.

Procerodeslittoralis

Free-flatworm Procerodeslittoralis ayafika ubude-2 cm kwaye ehlala phezu nemida elwandle du. Ku fanele ukuba udidi Turbellaria, uninzi amalungu ezo yokuphila emanzini. umzimba iribhoni-emile yenza kube lula ukuba kuyenye ioksijini kunye nesiphelo kwimveliso ukutya, nto kubalulekile ukuba isilwanyana, ndayihluthwa kwegazi. Leyo iimpawu zayo jikelele. flatworms Uhlobo kuqhubeka ukuba acinge ngokuya kwi inkcazo inyama luvo kunye namaziko ezibonwayo.

Nerve lolwabo, amalungu ezibonwayo ziimpethu free

Ukwenyuka kwe-luvo izitho ekupheleni phambi umzimba tyaba kwale ntshulube yakha ingqondo, leyo ke iintambo luvo ngamehlo ezimbini kwakudala. Noko ke, inkoliso flatworms uyakuphepha ukukhanya kwaye ufumana usebenzisa ukutya chemoreceptors. Xa amalinge, bakhawuleza aphendule ivumba zixhomekeke kuyo ukutya emanzini.

flatworms Ciliated kufuneka isakhiwo ilandelayo. zisendaweni amehlo abo ekupheleni intloko yomzimba, phezu ingqondo, udlulisela iperi iintambo-luvo kuyo. Emqaleni, wakwazi ukuguqula ngaphakathi ngaphandle, ivula ukuba eyayizalwa emathunjini. Zonke iintlobo - hermaphrodites, ukuba zombini amaqanda kunye namasende. ukuvulwa ezikumalungu elibhekisa kuwo cloaca obuni, nto leyo ilungu copulatory. Edlula oviduct, iqanda feed vitellaria netuwa.

Flatworms-flukes: yokuphila

Ifom elula parasitism - .. Ectoparasitism, okt ubomi kumaqweqwe zangaphandle yomkhosi. Ezinye flukes uyibambe up. Umzekelo, Gyrodactylus eqhotyoshelweyo nge iikomityi sokufunxa kunye amagwegwe ukuya iigilizi iintlanzi, apho uthe wadla. Kodwa ke ukuba umntu flukes ebaluleke ngakumbi lwangaphakathi olwaye lwamfimfitha ezifana Schistosoma (iboniswe ngezantsi), nto leyo ebangela schistosomiasis, zesibindi Iphiko (Fasciola), ngokuqhelekileyo ichaphazela bile duct ne izimvu bubble.

Olwaye lwamfimfitha egazini abadala flukes abantu, amadoda namabhinqa bahlala imithambo yegazi yethumbu, ebangela ukudumba yophela ngaphakathi. Amaqanda kwazona nge esinyini okanye emathunjini, yaye, kanye emanzini, ukunika imibungu free-ukuqubha, apho lingena singene inyama cochlear. Ekuhambeni ukuphuculwa, kukho ezinye kwindawo eziwela emanzini kwaye yosulele abantu ekuphumeleni egazini esikhumbeni.

Isibindi Iphiko amaphelo kwi bile duct ne iinkomo lwesinyi neegusha. Yena echumayo: ivelisa amaqanda ngaphezu kwama-40 000, nto leyo aphume umkhosi kunye endleni. Amaqanda free-ukuqubha kombungu kunye awele bempi eliphakathi - mbambela amanzi. Emva uthotho lwamanyathelo kubonakala caudate okwimo isuntswana Iphiko abadala, esihamba ngokusebenzisa udonga umzimba udaka ngaphandle, ukhwela esiqwini sesityalo, kwaye ihlala apho de akuyi kuyidla impahla emfutshane.

Iimfuno lweentshulube ngendlela elula. Ngoko ke, weentshukumo yokusila iinkqubo zazo, kwakunye abasemagunyeni kwanciphisa izivamvo. Inkqubo ngokwesini ngophuhliso ngcono, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubuncinane ezinye yentlanganiso inzala nomnini entsha. Ngoko ke, onke amalungu okuzala of trematodes ngokuqhelekileyo kakhulu omkhulu kwaye inani elikhulu leeseli Intsholongwane abunjwe ngazo. Nokuba baya kufa 99% wenzala, abanye inokuphila, ukufumana umnikazi entsha.

uhlobo host

Esi silwanyana, leyo parasitize Iphiko abadala, ebizwa ngokuba 'yokugqibela "inkosi. Ukuze kube lula ukusuka kwenye sisidleleli ukusuka host enye ukuya kwenye wokugqibela, kukho enye okanye esiphakathi ngaphezulu. Schistosoma usebenzisa enye kuphela host eliphakathi. Kodwa Chinese isibindi Iphiko (Clonorchis, thaca kwifoto ngasentla) - ezimbini: isilwanyana nentlanzi. I-intermediate host ephilayo amaphelo udlula kwisigaba ekhethekileyo mibungu, apho kwandisa amandla yayo yokuzala maqanda.

tapeworm Lifestyle

Xa tapeworm lula ngakumbi ubume umzimba uyabonakala. Inkqubo kokudla ayifumaneki, ukususela sisidleleli, badl imixholo isiqingatha-zifunxe of emathunjini umkhosi wakhe, ukubamba izinto oko kufuneka kuphela. Ngumnini intloko iimpethu iqhotyoshelweyo, bexhobile, namagwegwe kunye lana. Ezinye umzimba nje uthotho amacandelo athile, okanye proglottids, ezo eqalisiweyo iinxalenye aphezulu ibhanti imiswe ngokukhululekileyo sayo wamathumbu-mkhosi.

Ngaphandle tubules excretory neentambo luvo, izahluko entshulube yehagu, eneneni, amalungu yokuzala. tubules Seminiferous branched ukuhamba kulo bile ejaculatory, leyo, kunye lobufazi ivula lokuvula angasese. Amaqanda isizalo, unikwa kunye netuwa iqokobhe kwidlala kunye vitellarium. Amaqanda zigcinwa wesibeleko.

izigaba tapeworm zophuhliso

Ayaqhama amaqanda intshulube zixhotyiswe nge sac yaye lingqongwe esingxotyeni salo yokhuselo, yande worm esibelekweni. ziqwempu abaqolileyo kwaye ihlukane kunye endleni umkhosi kwazona. Kanye flukes, intshulube enye okanye ngaphezulu onke aphakathi. Umzekelo, tapeworm ebanzi (Diphyllobothriumlatum), ibakho emathunjini yabantu, izinja kunye neekati ifikelele kubude ngaphezu kwe 9 m, host ezimbini intermediate, xa yehagu tapeworm (ebizwa ngokuba yitaenia solium) - elinye.

Umjikelo yophuhliso tapeworm ebanzi

Iimpawu flatworm iintlobo tapeworm ebanzi (ochazwe ngasentla) ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Kuye onke ezimbini intermediate - Cyclops kunye enye abaninzi yamanzi iintlanzi eYurophu, eMelika kunye East Far. Le worm omdala uhlala emathunjini yabantu kwaye ukufikelela iimitha eziliqela ubude. ziqwempu Terminal bahlukane baze baphume kunye endleni, siphelise amaqanda 13 million. imihla ngemihla. Amanzi avela izivingco iqanda umbungu, into edla cyclops. It umbungu Umbungu kuqala. Ukuba Cyclops ukutya intlanzi, uyila umbungu yesibini, nto leyo yaziswa esikule yeentlanzi. Ukuba le ntlanzi zingcoliswe kwaye ngokwaneleyo zokupheka ukutya abantu, ukhululiwe. Ukusebenzisa neefolokhwe mancinane, yile mibala uyanamathela eludongeni yethumbu yomntu kunye neeveki ezi-3 iba kwifom omdala. Umjikelo iyaphindwa.

Umjikelo wophuhliso yehagu tapeworm

Okokugqibela, uya bayamenywa ukuba ukufaka flatworm omnye iintlobo. Cinga nje ngomjikelo uphuhliso yehagu tapeworm. Iqanda kulo, kandziyisa ngaphandle kunye endleni umntu aya kuphuhlisa ezinye kuphela xa ekwindla ihagu emathunjini, apho ukutya kubenze amaqanda iqokobhe yaye uya kwenza ndiseyimbumba, bexhobile, namagwegwe ezintandathu. Yena imngene udonga amathumbu awele egazini, ngalo ufumana kwizihlunu. Apha encysted kuba kwiqamza-Finn, yaye uhlala ngelo xesha de inyama owosulelekileyo ongadliyo abantu. Kwaye ke umjikelo wobomi amaphelo kwakhona.

Ngenxa yoko, siye ngokufutshane ingqalelo umdla kuthi eziphilayo, unike iimpawu zazo jikelele. flatworms Uhlobo ihambisa iingxaki ezininzi zabantu, ngoko iingcali nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha yokulwa nazo.