Unyaka kwesiseko Irkutsk. Foundation womzi kwimbali Irkutsk, umhla

Irkutsk akuyi kuphela kuqwalaselwa isixeko eziphambili Eastern eSiberia, kodwa kananjalo imyuziyam, zisekhona lo romanticism yamandulo ngokungummangaliso. Apha ngokuvumelana ngalo ayive zabarhwebi amabhotwe, ubukhosi Russian classical kunye grand ezimbejembeje. Ngoku isixeko olutshintshayo a lot of amandla kunye nesiseko omkhulu lwenzululwazi nobugcisa.

Irkutsk imbali kwesiseko

Uzizuze phi kwafika eli gama? Igama lo mzi wanika umlambo Irkut. Ngokuphathelele lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na unyaka isiseko Irkutsk" izazinzulu kukho izimvo ezininzi. Abanye ukuxhasa imfundiso ukuba esi siganeko senzeka ekuqaleni, nabanye uqinisekile ukuba phakathi kwenkulungwane XVII. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, unyaka ukuba isiseko Irkutsk - we 1652, xa le ndawo weza Cossack looding Ivana Pohabova, sagqiba ukwakha indlu. Yaba kwindawo apho imilambo ezimbini - i Angara kunye Irkut - zadityaniswa. Kodwa ke abantu apha ayizange ihlale ixesha elide, waza waya ngenjongo irhafu izimvu Yasaka (irhafu uhlobo) bonke abo ukuhlawula irhafu.

Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, umhla isiseko kwisixeko Irkutsk - Julayi 6, 1661. Ukuba kuthathwa esemthethweni. Emva koko, phezu kodonga lasekunene Angara River eyasekwayo ngomnye entolongweni Pokhabov - uYakobi. Le ndawo yokuhlala igama Irkutsk. Ummandla ukhethe Akumangalisi, njengoko oku kulapho ilizwe echumayo, amanzi lubanzi iintlanzi, kunye namahlathi - umdlalo. Ukongeza, le ndawo yaba ekwahlukaneni kweendlela ezinkulu urhwebo phakathi eMpuma West. Le yokuhlala likhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye sele kunyaka 9 isiseko Irkutsk ukuya eTshayina walandela isithunywa eMoscow yokuqala. Emva eminye iminyaka emi-5 ukuya eTshayina ndaya Russian Ambassador UNikolai Spafary.

Isimo esitsha

Nanamhla oku, ukugcina uxwebhu ecatshulwe phezulu kunyaka-23 th ka isiseko Irkutsk, t. E. Yabhalwa kunyaka 1684, nto leyo ichaza isiphelo kwidolophu kwenkulungwane XVII. Ithi ukuba isixeko ngelo xesha kwakukho ibandla, iinqaba ezintandathu nenkundla njengeLizwe lobunganga, apho wayehlala iirhuluneli e Irkutsk. Ukongeza, wakha ezibhateni, ihotele, nemiqolomba Cossacks abangatshatanga, izisele kunye koovimba. Towers babe slits apho nemipu, yaye kwenye yeendonga kwathiwa-kuthiwa wompu njengephempe eyayisetyenziselwa ukugcina izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo.

Ngonyaka wama-25 isiseko Irkutsk anikezelwa yokugqibela status sixeko. Esi siganeko senzeke ngo-1686. Ngelo xesha nye ezikhuphile ingubo yaso iingalo kunye ngetywina. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, yayingengomarhe umzi omtsha saa nje kuphela eSiberia, kodwa yonke indawo Russia. indawo ekulungeleyo aze umhlaba ochumileyo wayenza embindini kummandla wezolimo, ngoko apha bathontelana abantu abasuka kwiindawo ezininzi zeli lizwe. Kunyaka 36 yesiseko wesixeko Irkutsk kuso apho amafama zokulima abo abelwe iziza kunye amadlelo ezo iintsapho namakhulu amathandathu. Ngokutsho amaxwebhu bamandulo, aba bantu ukuba kuqoqosho enazo zonke wabucala ubuncwane isixeko wakhupha ikhuba, namahashe, inqwelo, ngokunjalo nemfuyo neenkukhu. Kodwa ke ngenxa lonke uqoqosho isonka. Basithwesa le Cossacks, kwakunye iintlobo ngeentlobo oosomashishini kunye nabaphandi, owafuduka entliziyweni eSiberia zikhangela umhlaba ochumileyo.

Phantse ngunyaka kwesiseko kwisixeko Irkutsk kwi-Ofisi wadalwa ekuthiwa isebe isonka, leyo wayenza kuthathelwa ingqalelo unikezelo, ukwamkelwa, ukuhanjiswa, ukugcinwa kunye nokuthengiswa ingqolowa, irye kunye oats. Ukuze benze oku, nokuba abasebenzi ngokukodwa eyandisiweyo, eyayibandakanya iirhuluneli, nabathetheli, oonobhala Podyachev, iiforimani, njalo njalo. D. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba inani labahlali liye landa kakhulu emva kokuba Tsar uPetros ndzi sungule ku ekuthinjweni apha abatoli abathatha inxaxheba imvukelo nxamnye umlawuli . Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII Irkutsk waba abemi abangaphezulu kwama 3400, kwaye ngemilinganiselo baloo maxesha lo ungumzekeliso ozise kakhulu kuba kwisixeko.

uphuhliso olunye

Phakathi kwenkulungwane XVIII, apha beze emendweni odumileyo eMoscow. Kwaye emva kweminyaka emalunga ne-100 emva kokuba isiseko Irkutsk waba apha intsimbi nyaka ngamnye ukuze aphumeze mboniso grand. Le misebenzi negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso ngokukhawuleza kobuthathaka borhwebo kunye nesixeko ngokwaso, apho baqalisa ukwakha imizi-mveliso emininzi, ababesenza amatye okusila.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, wabonwa e Irkutsk kunye eyadini yayo Izihlalo kunye iivenkile kunye nezitali. project yorhwebo isakhiwo waphuhliswa Giacomo Quarenghi - edumileyo umyili Italian kwinkulungwane XVIII. Ngomhla kummandla Gostiny Dvor wayengekho ngaphantsi kwe ezimakhulu mabini ezivenkileni, kodwa ngelishwa ke akazange asinde. Ukuze baye basinda enye indalo le wizard - White House usaqhubeka emi phezu elunxwemeni Angara. Yakhiwa bezinikwa kumaKanan Sibiryakov. Kamva, le ndlu waba yokuhlala iRhuluneli-Jikelele. Ngoku kukho yenye zotyalo likhulu lizwe - Scientific Library of the Irkutsk State University. Siqulathe iseti yeencwadi era pre-revolution. Ezi ziquka i Decembrists kunye ithala leencwadi, kwakunye inani elikhulu kweempepha ebonakala kwinkulungwane XIX.

Development of wezandla kunye ukuvela shishino

Irkutsk isiseko (ifoto indlela wakhangela ngaloo mihla, lucaciswa kule review), uze eyinika ubume komzi kwatsala flow ebonakalayo abafudukele kweenxweme Angara. Oku kukhokelele kuphuhliso ngokukhawuleza kula mazwe kunye ukuvela kwimisebenzi yobugcisa bezandla. abachweli Local bakha apha isihlenga - impahla encinane yeplanga flat usisangqa kunye sinendawo kunye imasti, ezithi zisetyenziswe kakhulu inkoliso yemilambo emikhulu Russian kwaye isetyenziswe ikakhulu ukuthutha nemithwalo ezahlukahlukeneyo, zalishumi ukusuka tonnes-7 ukuya 200.

Abarhwebi kunye nabahambi nje, loo nto yenzeka e Irkutsk, njengoko enye yalathe ukuba umzi idume abenzi yayo kwikhabhinethi, zenziwe ifanitshala entle. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iimveliso zabo zifunwa nditsho Petersburg. Izinto for wemveliso babo iintlobo ezizodwa imithi ezikhula kuphela neSiberia. Ukongeza, esi sixeko ngabapeyinti elungileyo, ogama ehonjiswe kunye kwizakhelo ezityebileyo yesilivere imisebenzi. Buyela e Irkutsk wenza iinqwelwana mihle zizityebi, kwakunye eqhelekileyo droshky ukukhanya, siqheliswe ngakumbi ukuba kwiindlela zaseSiberia.

Town lakhula ngokukhawuleza. Kuba ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezitsha ilitye kufuneka isitena, yaye kungekudala isityalo encinane lwezitena kwakhiwa apha. Kuseloko lasekwayo Irkutsk, umhla apho Kusekho nto-mpikiswano phakathi izazinzulu, yenzeke ekudibaneni kweendlela zorhwebo ebalulekileyo, akumangalisi ukuba kukho intabalala iimveliso asinikezwanga kuphela eMongolia China, kodwa Central Asia kwaye Europe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, esi sixeko saba liziko enkulu kweli lizwe kunye tovaroraspredelitelny pretty ithabathekisayo umthombo wengeniso, ubukhulu becala ngokuzalisa wokulondoloza imali karhulumente.

Ngenxa yoko, nathi sinokuqiniseka ukuba isiseko isixeko Irkutsk yaba uphuhliso olukhawulezayo urhwebo, umsebenzi wobugcisa kunye noshishino, nto leyo kube nefuthe elihle hayi nje kuqoqosho Mpuma eSiberia, kodwa onke karhulumente Russian. Ukongeza, kudla kwabanjwa kukho iintlanganiso ezahlukeneyo zokubonisana ukuxoxa ubudlelwane ezibalulekileyo mazwe.

ukubonakala

Isiseko Irkutsk (thina gqaba sithetha ngalo ngasentla) yaba sisiganeko esikhulu ngokwenene kurhulumente Russian. Njengokuba ezoqoqosho similise ngcembe lo mzi. amabandla ezimbini eyakhelwe - kunye noMsindisi Cross oyiNgcwele, leyo imangaliseke nanamhlanje. Bona omnye izakhiwo ilitye lidala Eastern eSiberia. Ukongeza, apho wamenzela khona uNdikhoyo arch enkulu loloyiso.

Ngelishwa, inkoliso izindlu kwakhiwa kunyaka isiseko isixeko Irkutsk, batshatyalaliswa yi imililo ezininzi ebuhlungu ezivelayo rhoqo ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala kuzo wayitshisayo inqaba yayisakhiwa ngendlela ibandla somthi Spassky. Yakhiwa, kodwa ngamatye. Kucingwa umlilo kakhulu etshabalalisayo, leyo kwaqhambuka 1679, xa umlilo atshabalalisa ngaphezu 3 amawaka. Wooden kunye izindlu ngamatye malunga ne-100. Emva koko wayitshisa phantse iziko sonke isixeko. kwiminyaka eli-10 kuphela emva kokuba ntlekele apha ezitratweni baphinde-lusekiwe. Ukongeza, abemi Irkutsk kunye ubunzima evela neenyikima, njengoko isixeko ibekwe ngendlela ummandla seismically esebenzayo.

uhambo zesayensi

Kunokuthiwa ukuba phantse unyaka wokuqala Irkutsk abaphandi isiseko banomdla kakhulu kwezi ndawo. Ingakumbi a lot of matutu zenzululwazi bazaliswa ebudeni benkulungwane XVIII, eqalela ebukumkanini Peter I nobukumkani uKumkanikazi uCatherine II. Injongo yokufunda nje kuphela Lake izimvu kunye ummandla zizityebi eSiberia, kodwa East liphela. Eyona njongo zezi zobuntlola yaba ukuhlahlela indlela urhulumente Russian ukuya Pacific Ocean.

Government ngemali uhambo eMongolia, Yakutia, China, yaye ukulungiselela kwabo e Irkutsk. Ivela apha, kwaye ulawulo kunye nophuhliso elunxwemeni Amur. Apha, i-ofisi babizwe Russian-American Company, nto leyo kwinkulungwane XIX wayexakeke kuphela kurhwebo, kodwa ke uphuhliso kumazwe ezintsha, Alaska ziphethe iziqithi Japanese. Umendo nonozakuzaku kuqala, waya eBeijing, wawusebenza nge Irkutsk. Apha thina, kunye nendlela engundoqo yabasebenzi ekhokelela China kunye Mongolia. Phantse yonke commerce ngokuphangaleleyo kweli lizwe East Siberian waba ezandleni abathengisi bendawo.

It Irkutsk ulungiselela zobuntlola zokuqala ezimbini ekhokelwa yi Vitus wethu. Uqhube elibonakalayo isixeko yokuba walungiswa HAS zokubonelelwa ukunyuka intaba iimpahla kunye nokutya. Ukongeza, ukwakhiwa iinqanawa ukuba inxalenye zolwandle hambo nto siyiphathisiweyo iingcibi zasekuhlaleni, abaziinkunkqele.

Indawo ngereferensi

Kwinkulungwane XIX Mpuma eSiberia yaba indawo yokukhonza isivakalisi abemi ukungathembeki kwezopolitiko umbuso Russian. Ngenxa yoko, kweli xesha e Irkutsk ngomhla ezimbini abantu bomthonyama , kwakukho enye elubhacweni. Xa isixeko ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo babehlala Decembrists, abavukeli Polish kunye naBantu. Ngamnye kubo ngendlela ethile nempembelelo ziyahlelwa kulo mmandla. Oku kuyinyaniso ingakumbi Decembrists, ngubani ovule apha njengesikolo amakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana, ngokwenjenjalo isodlula inxalenye yaseYurophu kweli lizwe.

Irkutsk Lucky nesibakala sokuba abasemagunyeni baye ukuba bahlala kwiintsapho ezimbini - Trubetskoy kunye Volkonsky. amakhaya abo waba ngokoqobo intliziyo neziko yenkcubeko yeso sixeko. Ukuze baye kufika apho, bonke babefuna Irkutsk ulutsha, njengoko kukho basoloko amalungiselelo ukwenza kunye iikonsathi, leyo zazinyaswa bobabini St. Petersburg kunye nokuhambela iimvumi isiFrentshi kwaye Italian kunye neemvumi.

Development of Science and Industry

Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX esi sixeko saba likomkhulu zamashishini imigodi yegolide. Naphi na e Irkutsk baqalisa zithontelane ikomkhulu abenzi ezinkulu, abarhwebi kunye neenkampani nokuba amazwe. ngenkuthalo Bona benza ekuphuhliseni indawo imigodi yegolide. Ngenxa yoko, baye banda kakhulu ikomkhulu labo waba bantu bazizityebi kuphela eSiberia, kodwa lonke Russia. indima yawo kuphuhliso esi sixeko ayikwazi babebiza imali. Baye benza ekwakhiweni kwizindlu ezinkulu zombini zabo nezakhiwo zikawonke - ezintandane, izibhedlele, kunye namaziko emfundo ahlukeneyo. imali ebalulekileyo nazo kwenziwa zifumaneke, kunye nophuhliso yezenzululwazi. Ngelo xesha kwisixeko kukho umatshini wokushicilela kunye namaphephandaba kuqala.

Ngowe-1851 kwavula yokuqala Mpuma eSiberia iziko yezenzululwazi Irkutsk - isebe Siberian woMbutho Russian Geographical, leyo igama kamva eMpuma-yaseSiberia. Phakathi kweendonga zayo ziye bafunda zamanzi izazinzulu ezininzi obalaseleyo Lena River kunye namachibi, ezifana AL Chekanovsky, VI kunye I. D. Dybovsky Cherskiy. Nantsi ke ngokuma odumileyo, komhlaba kunye wamazwe ngamazwe zaseSiberia V. A. Obruchev.

Ngowe-1898, ebudeni bolawulo loMlawuli Alexander III, nge dolophu kwavula kaloliwe Trans-eSiberia. Uloliwe wafika okokuqala Irkutsk ngoAgasti 16 yaye esi siganeko ngovuyo olukhulu ndibulisa nabahlali, ngoko njani ukufumana eMoscow ngoku ukuba iintsuku nje 9. zikaloliwe ngokubekwa negalelo kuphuhliso olunzulu kakhulu koshishino kulo mmandla.

Ukuqala kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini

Ngeli xesha, Irkutsk yaba yeyona intle yonke imizi zaseSiberia. sele kukho ngaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu izakhiwo zamatye, kwaye izitalato zicocekile, ububanzi kakuhle ovuthayo. Yaba ngeli xesha zandifuna ngokupheleleyo iinguqu iziko isixeko - zakhiwa izakhiwo ezinkulu, iindlela ilitye unamatye nakwiipavumente asphalted okwesihlandlo sokuqala. Ukongeza, umsebenzi waqalisa amandla namanzi.

Ngowe-1918 e Eastern eSiberia wavula kwiziko lokuqala lemfundo ephakamileyo - Irkutsk State University. Yaye ekupheleni kukaMeyi kwezi ndawo beza imfazwe yamakhaya. City ngokufutshane waba yokuhlala ePhakamileyo umlawuli Russia - Admiral Kolchak, yaye ngoDisemba 28, sisiqalo yokulwa rhoqo. NgoJanuwari 5, 1920 Irkutsk waxineka yi kwiBolsheviks. Wayichitha kulawula Kolchak kunye Admiral abulawe. Umzimba wayo uphoswe emlanjeni Ushakovka. Esi siganeko kufana umnqamlezo ngomthi, zokubekwa kwindawo iziganeko. Nangona kunjalo, apho jikelele wadutyulwa, xa Umqondiso woonongendi, ilitye lesikhumbuzo elimiswe ngoNovemba 2004.

Impi kwempi iminyaka

Xa imfazwe yamaNazi eJamani, Irkutsk, nangona umgama omkhulu ukusuka kumgca ngaphambili, yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekomelezeni ukuziphendulela eli lizwe. Ngexesha lemfazwe, uyawalwela lokhokho ukuthumela ngaphezu kwama-200 lamawaka. Irkutsk. Abo bahlala kuloo mzi, ukusebenza anako, ukuvelisa iinqwelo emthethweni, kwakunye nokubonelela phambi ukutya.

Emva kwemfazwe, Irkutsk phambili ngokukhawuleza, ngokuthe ngcembe ukuthatha emilise mzi-mveliso. Ngo-1958 siye sagqiba ukwakha yokuqala kwiMpuma eSiberia, isikhululo samandla kagesi enkulu. Emva lwezikhukula inqanaba ichibi le Angara River Wavuka malunga-30, yaye Lake izimvu - 1 imitha.

modernity

Irkutsk ngumzi abafundi. Kukho iiyunivesithi ngaphezulu kwama-40, nto leyo bafundisa amakhulu koogqirha kunye amawaka labaviwa amakhono ezingaphezu kwama-250. Apha kuza sicelo hayi kuphela Irkutsk, kodwa kwiindawo ezikufutshane. Le kwesayensi wengingqi yenye likhulu Russian Federation.

Modern Irkutsk - ngumbindi yoqoqosho Eastern eSiberia. Kukho ngaphezu kwama-70 amashishini mveliso. aphuhliswe kakuhle isakhiwo Umatshini, ukuveliswa kweemveliso eziphathekayo, izinto zokwakha, njalo njalo utyebile kakhulu bemvelo, ezoshishino kunye namandla, kwakunye nethuba lokuba kuthengwe indawo kamasipala ezisezidolophini ixesha elide yokuqasha umhlaba - .. Zonke ezi zinto ziye wadala indawo evumayo kakhulu bezimali.

amasiko Historical, yenkcubeko ngokwenzululwazi lasekwa ngo iinkulungwane ezininzi Irkutsk, kunye phandle bakhe, utywine waqinisela umzi iindawo ezibalulekileyo kakhulu nomtsalane eRashiya, kwakunye ziko, nto leyo wadibanisa kwintsimi enkulu kummandla Angara.