UMikhail Bulgakov: isebenza. Uluhlu imisebenzi kunye nemihla

Namhlanje nyaniso ndinixelela ngaye uSobomi kunye nomsebenzi imbongi odumileyo wemidlalo uMikhail Bulgakov, uluhlu imveliso oya kufumana ekupheleni kweli nqaku.

Le ndoda wazalelwa Meyi 3, 1891 eyayiseKiev. Abazali bakhe kakuhle ofundileyo kunye nabantu ezikrelekrele. Umama wakhe wasebenza njengomfundisi kwi preschools, baza baphumelela Theological Academy uyise ezifundiswa ngamaziko emfundo ahlukeneyo. Ekupheleni kuka-1893 waqalisa ukwenza imisebenzi kumhloli karhulumente yengingqi Kyïv, phakathi elo kuhlolwa uncwadi, hayi kuphela Russian, kodwa nakwezinye iilwimi. Kodwa intsapho Michael kaThixo waba nabantwana abahlanu.

ekufundeni

Bulgakov wafunda kwi First Alexander Gymnasium, nto leyo yaba kwinqanaba eliphezulu lemfundo, kwaye ngo-1909 yangena kwisikolo zonyango Kiev University. Emva koko, ngowe-1914, leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ngowe-1916, emva kokuphumelela, umbhali elizayo babesebenza kwisibhedlele entsimini e Cherepovets kunye Kamenetz-Podolsk. NgoSeptemba waloo nyaka ukuba wakhumbula ukusuka ngaphambili ize ithunyelwe ukuya kwisibhedlele zasemaphandleni ibekwe apha kwiphondo ESmolensk.

Vyazemskij period

Ngowe-1917, Bulgakov watshintshelwa Vyazma. Le sokuphila kuboniswa kwindalo eyenziweyo, "Amanqaku ugqirha oselula" ngo-1926. Imisebenzi ye Bulgakov, uluhlu endababalwa ngezantsi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucinga ngaphandle kukhankanywa kulo msebenzi. Ophambili wakhe - ugqirha abanetalente, ngumsebenzi onyanisekileyo, ngokufuthi ngokusindisa abantu kwiimeko ezibonakala ndingenathemba, uyazi kakuhle ngengxaki abalimi abangafundanga ukusuka ESmolensk kwiilali abangevayo kwaye uziva engenamandla ukutshintsha into ibe ngcono.

revolution

INguqu waphula indlela ukusoloko yobomi. Kwisincoko "Kyïv-City" (1923), umbhali uveza uluvo lwakhe ngalo. Uphawula ukuba kunye notshintsho revolution bayingozi kwaye ngesiquphe "kwafika ibali." Bulgakov uxolelwa emkhosini emva kokuba Oktobha Revolution, wabuyela eKiev, apho kuhlala ngokukhawuleza amabutho yaseJamani. Apha umbhali sokuvalwa maelstrom kweMfazwe Civil waqala. Imisebenzi ye Bulgakov, uluhlu endababalwa ngezantsi, iquka nokudalwa le minyaka.

Bulgakov - udokotela

Ekubeni UMnu uMikhail yaba ugqirha elungileyo, iinkonzo zakhe, yaye yena kunye namanye amaqela alwayo. Nangona yena kuyo nayiphi na imeko waqhubeka ethembekile eziqulethwe iimfundiso entliziyweni yakhe ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa ukwandisa ingqumbo nxamnye inkohlakalo abamhlophe kunye Petlurites emva koko kuboniswe amabali "Night kule nombolo lesithathu" yaye "ukubhabha" kwinoveli "I-White Guard" nemidlalo "Running 'yaye' Days of turbines." Ngokunyaniseka enze umsebenzi zonyango, Bulgakov kuka-1919, waba lingqina unwitting zolwaphulo kakubi kohlanga Vladikavkaz. Ukwala ukuthatha inxaxheba kule mfazwe, ekuqaleni 1920, wayishiya umkhosi Denikin Bulgakov. Works, uluhlu apho uya kufumana kweli nqaku, ngendlela enye okanye enye ibonisa ezi kunye nezinye iinkcukacha buqu.

umsebenzi wokubhala

Mr uMikhail nanini ugqiba ukushiya izifundo zakhe amayeza ukuze uqalise ukubhala umsebenzi ngokubhala amanqaku kumaphephandaba asekuhlaleni. ibali lakhe lokuqala, wayigqiba ekwindla ka-1919. Ebusika ka-1919-1920 kubhaliwe kwathiwa Iimbali ezimfutshane eziliqela ezihlekisayo namabali. Ngo omnye wabo, "unikelo ukuba sibe nokwazisa," ubalisa ibali kukungafani street eziye zenzeke ngexesha leMfazwe Civil kunye Revolution e Kiev.

imidlalo kumabala emidlalo

Bulgakov ngaphambi White umhlala-Vladikavkaz, nezibi relapsing umkhuhlane. Wabuyisa entwasahlobo ka-1920, xa i-Red Army wayesele ahlala kweso sixeko. Ukususela ngoko, umbhali baqalisa ukusebenzisana kunye nekomiti wotshitsho, ilicandelo ubugcisa, kuba Ingush kunye troupes Ossetian adlala ukubhala, ezibonisa iimbono zakhe phezu revolution. Baye baba nje ukuphazamiseka yosuku olunye yaye zadalwa becala ukuze sisinde ngamaxesha anzima. Vladikavkaz Bulgakov okuvelayo zazibonakala inoveli yakhe edumileyo "Amanqaku phezu cuffs."

Ukufudukela eMoscow

Okokuqala e Tbilisi kwaye ngoko Batumi Bulgakov ithuba kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa wayesazi ukuba yena ukuba abe kufutshane nabantu ngeli xesha nzima lizwe. Ngoko ke, ngo-1921, Bulgakov wafudukela eMoscow. Kusukela entwasahlobo ka-1922, eli nqaku phantsi negunya lakhe livela rhoqo kwiijenali eMoscow kunye namaphephandaba. Izincoko satirical kunye namaphetshana yabonisa iimpawu eziphambili kuluntu post-revolution. Eyona nto ephambili uvuthondaba kuncwadi nouveaux ubutyebi-nepmen, koko wathi: "umhlwa i nep" (ibali elifutshane "Cup of Life" yaye "Trillioner"), kwakunye ukuba inqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu inkcubeko amalungu oluntu: abarhwebi Bazaar, abahlali eMoscow woluntu, abasebenzi bureaucrats kunye nabanye. Mr uMikhail uphawula kunye neempawu ixesha elitsha. Komnye izincoko bakhe apho lo mfana ngumfundi (njengophawu of trends amatsha), babehamba esitratweni kunye nangxowa yamphako entsha.

"I Fatal Amaqanda"

"I Fatal Amaqanda" epapashwe ngo-1924, Bulgakov. Works, uluhlu endababalwa ngezantsi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucinga ngaphandle ukukhankanywa eli bali. isenzo kwayo elinye kwixesha elizayo esikude wengqikelelo, ngakumbi kanye, ngo-1928. Ke iziphumo nep kucaca, kuquka ukunyuka eyomeleleyo umgangatho wempilo yabemi. Yeepesika, uTshawe ezingundoqo ebalini, sele bebone into enkulu leyo bangenakuzisa inzuzo enkulu eluntwini. Kodwa ezandleni, semi-abafundileyo abantu abanekratshi, kunye nabasemagunyeni abanazo, yatyatyamba iintyantyambo ngexesha ubukomanisi imfazwe kwaye aqiniswa iminyaka nep indawo yayo, wayila kuyinto embi. Nje kuphela yeepesika, kodwa phantse onke amaqhawe kweenoveli Bulgakov 20 nakanjani. Xa imisebenzi Bulgakov wafuna ukubonisa umfundi ingcamango ukungafumaneki yoluntu mihla ukwamkela imigaqo ezintsha yonxulumano ezisekelwe ekuhlonipheni zabasebenzi, ulwazi kunye nenkcubeko.

"Running 'yaye' Days of turbines"

Kule midlalo "Flight 'yaye' Days of turbines" (iminyaka 1925-1928), umbhali echaza ukuba bonke abasemagunyeni wempumelelo kwiMfazwe Civil abamelene zizifundiswa. Abalinganiswa kwezi misebenzi abameli imifuziselo kuthiwa-"zizifundiswa amatsha" ngubani bayamkela revolution kuqala, okanye walwa ngononophelo okanye ngokuphandle nxamnye nayo. Mr uMikhail kuthathwa ngokuthi umaleko entsha, njengokuba enoburharha wabhala, kwinqaku lakhe inqaku "Capital encwadini."

Ngosizi umbhali

Esabelayo kutshintsho lwentlalo, Ndava sikweni, ingaba imfuneko ngokomlinganiso, kodwa zange ayeke ukukholelwa ebantwini, yabantu Bulgakov. Works, uluhlu apho sinikeza, kubonakala. Bambuza naye nabanamava abalinganiswa imisebenzi yakhe, apho badibana ukugxekwa rhabaxa. Uhlaselo umbhali ngo-1929 enomfutho. Bathi besusiwe yonke edlalwa bakhe: "Crimson Island," "Iintsuku turbines" yaye "Zoyka yokuhlala". Ukuba kwimeko enzima, umbhali ugqiba ukubhala ileta kuRhulumente, leyo wacela imvume ukuze ashiye ilizwe. Kungekudala emva kokuba incoko Stalin, emva koko Bulgakov wamiselwa umlawuli Moscow Art Theatre nje oncedisayo. Re-wabonakala phezu amanqanaba ekuqulunqweni edlalwa Bulgakov, yaye emva kwexesha elithile - kwaye kwakhona koMthetho "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" (Bulgakov).

Yonke imisebenzi, uluhlu leyo ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi, idweliswe kweli nqaku, ngokulandelelanayo, ukusuka apho ubona ukuba emva 1927 ukuba ngaba uvele print na imigca ezininzi umbhali, njengoko waba lilungu uluhlu lwe mthethweni. Ngaphandle koku, uMnu uMikhail ibingasishiyelanga ekhaya. Kungenxa kwilizwe lethu wadala yonke imisebenzi Bulgakov. Uluhlu leminyaka ukubhala amagama abo zibhekisela ekupheleni nqaku.

"Mfundisi noMargarita"

Ngowe-1933, ukuzama umbhali ukuba apapashe inoveli senziwa "Life of Monsieur de Moliere" anomxholo othi "Ubomi of Abantu Outstanding", kodwa kwakhona ukuba ukusilela. Kude kube sekufeni kwakhe, uMnu uMikhail ayisa uzama ukushicilela imisebenzi yabo. Eli xesha wayitshabalalisa umsebenzi phezu imveliso "INkosi noMargarita" inoveli, eyaba enye mpumelelo inkulu ehlabathini ukubhala zenkulungwane yama-20. Ukuze umsebenzi wathabatha iminyaka eli-12 yobomi Bulgakov.

Iinguqulelo okuqala imveliso kwabonakala kuye ngokwaneleyo yimpumelelo, oko kwiminyaka embalwa waphinda wabuya weza abalinganiswa bakhe, ungquzulwano unyuke ngezigcawu ezintsha. Kuphela 1932, inoveli bafumana ibali hetiseka.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, Bulgakov, nangona, yaye waqhubeka ukusebenza, nangoku ashicilelwe. Kwalo phantsi, kwaye oko kuye kwakhokelela ukuba exacerbation kwesi sifo kunye nokufa phambi kwexesha ezilandelayo. Bulgakov wafa ngoMatshi 10, 1940, kwaye wangcwatyelwa eMoscow, le Novodevichy emangcwabeni.

Uluhlu imisebenzi Bulgakov kunye nemihla

amabali:

- "Incwadi phezu cuffs":

• 1922 - "The Extraordinary Adventures of uGqirha", "Red Crown", "Night kule nombolo lesithathu";
• 1923 - imbali Chinese "," Raid "," Incwadi phezu cuffs ";
• 1924 - "La Boheme."

- "Amanqaku ugqirha oselula":

• 1925 - "UBhaptizo vula", "ubumnyama waseYiputa";
• 1926 - "ithawula nge umqhagi", "Blizzard", "Missing Eye", "amaqhakuvana ezikhanyayo", kwakunye kufutshane umjikelo eli bali: "Ndabulala";
• 1927 - kufutshane umjikelo amabali "icaffeine".

UMikhail Bulgakov wabhala imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Uluhlu amabali apho sele kuluhlu, iinoveli supplement kunye nemidlalo.

novel:

• 1924 - "The White Guard";
• 1962 - "The Life of Monsieur de Moliere";
• 1965 - "Amanqaku uswelekileyo";
• 1967 - "The Master noMargarita".

edlala:

• 1925 - "Zoyka yokuhlala";
• 1925 - "Accounting ngenqindi";
• 1926 - 'Days of turbines ";
• 1930 - "The utho of Bahanahanisindini";
• 1955 - "Alexander Pushkin";
• 1962 - "Run";
• 1965 - "Ivan";
• 1965 - "Crazy Jourdain";
• 1966 - "Bliss";
• 1977 - "Batum";
• 1986 - "War Noxolo";
• 1986 - "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo".

Zizo ezi indalo eziziintloko wadala Bulgakov. Works, uluhlu apho thaca kuni ukuba akuphelelanga apha ngasentla. satires Apha ziye ezingafakwanga thina, amanqaku, izincoko, kunye nezinye imisebenzi, ukuze uqhelane kunye oko kuza kuba luncedo.

Imiboniso bhanya bhanya esekelwe imisebenzi Bulgakov, uluhlu esele elikhankanywe ngasentla, wadala emininzi abavelisi basekhaya angaphandle. Le film lithathelwe edume "INkosi noMargarita" - Alexander Petrovich, George Curry kunye Vladimir Bortko, wadalwa eRashiya.