Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi Ostrovsky. Amanyathelo kunye neempawu bobuchule Ostrovsky

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky - umbhali odumileyo Russian wemidlalo, zibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso yokubonela yesizwe. Wabumba isikolo esitsha imidlalo eziyinyani babhala imisebenzi emininzi emangalisayo. Eli nqaku liza zichake amanyathelo eziphambili bobuchule Ostrovsky. Kwaye ke imizuzu kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe.

ebuntwaneni

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, ifoto apho thaca kweli nqaku, wazalwa ngowe-1823, Matshi 31, eMoscow, kummandla Malaya Ordynka. Uyise - UNikolai Fedorovich - wakhulela umbingeleli usapho, waphumelela Moscow Theological Academy ngokwayo, Noko ke, abazange kukhonza ebandleni. Waba lommeli enkundleni, inxaxheba kwimicimbi zorhwebo kunye egwebayo. UNikolai Fedorovich ikwazile wavuka isikhundla sokuba ngumcebisi titular, yaye kamva (ngo-1839) ukuze ufumane yezikhulu. Umama wemidlalo elizayo - Savvina Lyubov Ivanovna - yaba intombi sexton. Wafa xa uAlesandire wayeneminyaka esixhenxe ubudala. Usapho abantwana abathandathu yokukhula Ostrowski. UNikolai Fedorovich wenza zonke ukuba abantwana bakhule ichulumachile kunye imfundo ephucukileyo. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva Lyubov kokufa kwakhe waphinda watshata. Umfazi wakhe waqalisa Emilia Andreevna imvelaphi Ticino, Baroness, intombi ka-Swedish eyahamba. Abantwana unethamsanqa kakhulu ngomama wam; waba nako ukufumana indlela kubo waza waqhubeka inxaxheba kwimfundo yabo.

ulutsha

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky wachitha ebuntwaneni entliziyweni Zamoskvorechye. Uyise ithala leencwadi elungileyo kakhulu, ngenxa koko inkwenkwe abazana lingekafiki ixesha ukwenza iincwadi ngababhali Russian kwaye waziva Ukuthanda yokubhala. Noko ke, uyise wabona inkwenkwe igqwetha kuphela. Ngoko ke, ngo-1835, Alexander wathunyelwa kwisikolo First Moscow, emva kokufumanisa ukuba umfundi e University Moscow. Noko ke, ukufumana isidanga umthetho evela Ostrovsky zange baphumelele. Yena baxabana notitshala washiya eyunivesithi. Ngomhla icebiso kayise Alexander kaThixo waya kukhonza kunobhala wenkundla yaye basebenza kule ndawo iminyaka eliqela.

ipeni test

Kodwa Alexander akazange iinzame ukuzibonakalisa kwintsimi boncwadi ukushiya. Xa midlalo yakhe yokuqala wayebambe kokumgxeka, "ukuziphatha nezentlalo" ulwalathiso. Eyokuqala imisebenzi Ostrovsky zapapashwa edishini entsha, "eMoscow City iGazethi" ngo-1847. Ezi nomzobo comedy "othethwayo unetyala" kunye kwisincoko "Notes Zamoskvoreche umhlali." Phantsi kwe ncwadi lithetha "incwadi A. O "and" D. G. "Into yokuba nguDmitry Gorev ethile wanikela intsebenziswano ekuchubekeni abaselula. na uye washukumisa ekubhaleni enye ngasese, kodwa kamva yaba ukuba Ostrovsky mthombo lembandezelo enkulu. Ezinye nabagxeki ngoko otyholwa zokuveza ekuchubekeni. Kwixesha elizayo, ukususela lulusiba Alexander II iya kukhululwa ezininzi imidlalo emikhulu, yaye akukho bani onobuganga sithandabuze italente yakhe. Okulandelayo iya ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha ubomi kunye nomsebenzi Ostrovsky. Le theyibhile ingezantsi iya nokumisa ulwazi.

Impumelelo lokuqala

Yenzeka nini le nto? Uninzi ubuchule ethandwayo Ostrovsky ezifunyenwe emva kokupapashwa ngo-1850 comedy "abantu bakhe - zibaliwe!". Lo msebenzi wenza ngokutsha kakuhle kwi kwizangqa boncwadi. Ivan Goncharov nomdlalo N. V. Gogol zamnceda uvavanyo entle. Noko ke, kule umphanda zobusi efumene Impukane ezihamba ngamafutha lawo. Abarhwebi Moscow abanempembelelo, ngokokude iklasi wakhalaza kwabasemagunyeni esiphezulu dramatist nobuganga obukwanjalo. Le yokudlala nangoko wavalwa ekuqulunqeni, umbhali wagxothwa ofisi ibekwe esweni ngokungqongqo amapolisa. Kwathi phezu komyalelo lobuqu loMlawuli Nicholas Yokuqala. Supervision kwapheliswa kuphela emva wenyuka etroneni, uMlawuli Alexander II. A abaphulaphuli comedy yeqonga babona kuphela ngo-1861, emva kokuba kwesiqalekiso yokuvalwa kuqulunqo yayo.

imidlalo okuqala

Early Works A. N. Ostrovskogo wasala ingakhathalelwanga, imisebenzi yapapashwa ubukhulu becala magazini "Moskvityanin". Wemidlalo beneminyaka bayawafundisisa olu hlelo kunye njengoko umhlalutyi kwaye umhleli kwiminyaka 1850-1851. Phantsi yempembelelo 'abasebenzi abatsha Umhleli "phephancwadi kunye ideologist iphambili yale isangqa, AA Grigoriev, Alexander wabhala umdlalo" Ubuhlwempu kungekho mthetho, "" sihlale ebusika yakho "," kuphila ngendlela ongathanda. " Izihloko bobuchule Ostrovsky kweli xesha - le idealization amasiko yamandulo Russian ngamadoda kunye nezithethe. Le mizwa umsindo kancinane bokubanga kokumgxeka zombhali. Noko ke, imisebenzi yalo mjikelo liye landa izakhono ezinkulu ka-Alexander Nikolayevich. imidlalo zakhe malivakale nezaziwayo.

Intsebenziswano kunye "Contemporary"

Ukususela ku-1853, ithuba leminyaka engamashumi amathathu, Alexander Nikolayevich udlala ixesha nganye eboniswe kwi Maly (eMoscow) kunye Alexandrinsky (eSt Petersburg) ezinkundleni. Ukususela ngo1856, umsebenzi Ostrovsky aba rhoqo kulindixesha "Contemporary" (imisebenzi eziprintiweyo). Ngexesha ubundlobongela kweli lizwe (phambi ukupheliswa serfdom ngo-1861), imisebenzi umbhali obumisiweyo kwakhona yaba edge kokumgxeka. Xa umdlalo "Xa itheko ibhabhalaza wasemzini" umbhali udale umfanekiso omhle Bruskova Titus Titych, leyo kuthwelwe amandla rough kunye ezimnyama despotism zasekhaya. Apha okwesihlandlo sokuqala wakhalisa elithi "uzwilakhe", ukulungisa kamva lonke igalari abalinganiswa Ostrovsky. Xa comedy "A Luyingenelo Post" waba norm bemsinekela amagosa prodazhnichestvo. Drama "umfundi" yaba ingxwaba ophilileyo nxamnye yokugonyamela kwabo mntu. Kuya kuchazwe ngezantsi kunye namanye amanyathelo Ostrowski art. Kodwa ke impumelelo phezulu eli xesha lomsebenzi wakhe uncwadi yaba umdlalo "Ukuna" kwezentlalo nasengqondweni.

"The Storm"

Kule umdlalo, "BYTOVIK" Ostrovsky beqabe umoya buthuntu nedolophu kunye ukuhanahanisa yayo, unya, "abaphezulu" kunye nezityebi igunya okunjalo. Umahluko phakathi ihlabathi abantu abangafezekanga Alexander imele umfanekiso ebangel 'umdla iVolga indalo. Ngumfanekiso uCatherine baye ubuhle yeengxaki charm engancumisiyo. Ukuna -sibonisa ukudideka yokomoya Heroine, kwaye ngexesha elinye imele ngumthwalo yokoyika, phantsi abantu abaqhelekileyo abahlala ngokusisigxina. Ubukumkani ukulululamela imfama kubeke yi Ostrovsky, imikhosi ezimbini: ingqiqo, ngubani ushumayela kulo mdlalo Kuligin umphefumlo nyulu UKaterina. Ikholose ngaye "Ray ukukhanya ebumnyameni," IGAM umgxeki watolika umfanekiso umlinganiswa ophambili njengophawu yoqhankqalazo nzulu, ngokuthe ngcembe ivuthwa kweli lizwe.

Ngale umdlalo lenyuka laya kutsho i ubuchule ukuphakama alinakuzuzwa Ostrovsky. "I-Storm" Alexander Nikolayevich wenza ekuchubekeni edume kakhulu futhi iziqu Russian.

yezizathu zobume

Kwisiqingatha sesibini 1860s, Alexander waqalisa ukufunda imbali the Time Iingxaki. Waqala ukuba babhalele-mbali ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwaye itshantliziyo loluntu UNikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov. Ngokusekelwe isifundo imithombo umbhali kakhulu yayiyilwe yi uthotho imisebenzi zembali: "nguDmitry i Pretender kunye Vasily Shumsky," "Kozma Minin Zaharich-Sukhoruk", "Tushino". Iingxaki zembali Russian bachazwa Ostrowski ngobuqili uze ngokuthembekileyo.

eminye imidlalo

Alexander kwaba nangoku wayenyanisekile kwisihloko yakhe ayithandayo. In the 1860s wabhala inani "yonke imihla" iidrama kunye nemidlalo. Phakathi kubo: "Iintsuku Heavy", "enzonzobileni", "Jokers". Le misebenzi ezikhuselekileyo sele ufumene umbhali iintshukumisa. Ekubeni umsebenzi 1860s ongasekhoyo Ostrovskogo kwenzeka ixesha lophuhliso olusebenzayo. Xa idrama yakhe kuvela imifanekiso kunye nemixholo ye asakhulayo ukusuka kuphuculo of Russia "omtsha": nabathengisi, abathengi, moneybags angcakacileyo kwamadoda kunye nabarhwebi "Europeanized". Alexander wadala uthotho okhanyayo zikwenza kubonakale ngathi satirical, iphelisa inkohliso of abemi post-guqula, "Easy Money," "Hot Intliziyo", "Iingcuka Izimvu", "Forest". wemidlalo Moral ilungele ukuba umphefumlo ecocekileyo, abantu amanene: Paracha of the "intliziyo efudumeleyo" Aksyusha of "Forests". Ostrovsky ukumelwa intsingiselo yobomi, ulonwabo kunye umsebenzi eziqulethwe mdlalo "Labor Bread". Phantse yonke imisebenzi Alexander II, ebhalwe-1870, epapashwe "Amanqaku iLizwe loobawo".

"Snow Ntombazana"

Imbonakalo le vesi yalo mdlalo lowo random ngokupheleleyo. theatre Small ngo 1873 ivaliwe ngenxa ukulungiswa. abadlali kwakhe wafudukela kulwakhiwo Bolshoi Theatre. Kule nkalo, i-Commission on the Moscow Management theater Imperial bagqiba ukwenza umboniso apho ezintathu qembu aya kubandakanyeka: opera, ibhaleyi nedrama. Bhala isiqwenga efanayo wathabatha uAleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky. "Ntombazana Snow" yabhalwa wemidlalo ixesha elifutshane kakhulu ixesha. Isiseko umbhali wathabatha ibali intsomi Russian. Ngoxa besebenza lomdlalo, wanyula ngenyameko imilinganiso kwimibongo, wacebisana archeologists, ababhali-mbali, izazi kudala. Umculo abhalelwa lomdlalo lwe P. oselula I. Chaykovsky. umdlalo yadlalwa ngo-1873, May 11, eqongeni le Bolshoi Theatre. K. S. Stanislavsky wathetha "Snow Maiden" njenge sentsomi, iphupha, wabaxelela kwisihobe elikhulu, ibe yinzwakazi. Wathi ukuba realist kunye BYTOVIK Ostrovsky wabhala le ncwadi yedrama ngokungathi kude ngoko akukho nzala, ngaphandle romance ecocekileyo kunye nemibongo.

Sebenza kwiminyaka yakutshanje,

Ngeli xesha, Ostrovsky wabhala comedy ezibalulekileyo zentlalo nezengqondo kunye nedrama. Bathi Bothetha ukufa kabuhlungu ngayo ingqiqo ngokungangqalanga abafazi unesiphiwo kwihlabathi yokugxeka kwaye self-onomdla, "Amakhono kwaye abawathandayo", "uMtshakazi". Apha ekuchubekeni liphuhlise iindlela ezintsha yokuthetha oxwlwa, aphengela umsebenzi Antona chehova. Ukugcina iimpawu idrama yayo, Alexander wafuna ukuqonda "comedy ekrelekrele omhle" "lomzabalazo ngaphakathi 'amagorha.

imisebenzi yangaphandle

Ngowe-1866, Alexander waseka Circle odumileyo Artistic. Yena kamva wanika Moscow isigaba abadlali abaninzi aneziphiwo. Sityelele Ostrovsky DV Grigorovich, Ivan Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, P. M. Sadovsky, AF Pisemsky, G. N. Fedotova, M. E. Ermolova, P. I. Chaykovsky , L. N. Tolstoy, ME Saltykov-Shchedrin, IE Turchaninov.

Ngowe-1874 ukuba wadala Society of ababhali Russian kunye abaqambi opera okukhulu eRashiya. Association uSihlalo Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky kukhethwa. Izithombe mzobo odumileyo karhulumente kumntu wonke fan ubugcisa performing eRashiya. I Mhlaziyi sasingakwazi ukuze imithetho yolawulo nkundla wahlaziywa ngokunceda abazobi, kunye nokuphucula ngaloo kakhulu isimo sabo zemali kunye nezentlalo.

Ngowe-1885, Alexander wamiselwa yintloko inxalenye yaba nkulu zinkundla eMoscow waza waba yintloko yesikolo yeqonga.

Theatre Ostrovsky

Aleksandra Ostrovskogo ubuqambi kuhlangene lokusekwa yokubonela Russian Ngokwengcamango mihla. Wemidlalo kunye umbhali ukwazile ukwakha yakhe yesikolo yeqonga kwaye yonke ingqiqo ngokuququzelela ezizodwa zomsebenzi kumabala emidlalo.

Iimpawu bobuchule Ostrovsky theatre kukho ukunqongophala counter lenze indalo kunye neemeko kakhulu kwi intshukumo yokudlala. Xa imisebenzi Alexander Nikolayevich zenzeka iziganeko eqhelekileyo nabantu abaqhelekileyo.

Iimbono eziphambili oguqukayo:

• yeqonga kufuneka zisekelwe iindibano (asondeze "udonga yesine" angabonakaliyo esahlula ababukeli ukusuka abadlali);
• xa icwangcisa umlinganiselo play kufuneka ibe phezu umdlali ezaziwayo-kakuhle, yaye iqela ukuqonda ngalinye amanye amagcisa;
• abadlali ubudlelwane ukungaguquleki ukuya lwimi: iimpawu zentetho kufuneka baveze phantse bonke abalinganiswa amelweyo mdlalo;
• abantu beze yeqonga ukubukela umdlalo abadlali, kungekhona ukuze simazi kunye yokudlala - babe nokuyifunda ekhaya.

Izimvo kunye nombhali Ostrovskiy uAleksandr Nikolaevich weza, kwagqityelwa kancincane M. A. Bulgakovym and K. S. Stanislavskim.

impilo Personal

ngokuphila ekuchubekeni kwakungekho umdla ngaphantsi kwe umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala. Xa union civil nge elula abakumgangatho ophakathi umfazi asezantsi waphila phantse amabini eminyaka Ostrovskiy uAleksandr Nikolaevich. olunika umdla kunye neenkcukacha kumtshato we umbhali kunye nomfazi wakhe wokuqala nangoku useza abaphandi.

Ngowe-1847, e-St Nicholas Vorobinovskom nasezirhangeni ecaleni endlwini apho wayehlala Ostrovsky, wazinza nodade wakhe oneminyaka elishumi ubudala, intombazana eselula - Agafya Ivanovna. Waye engenazo iintsapho, akukho abahlobo. Akukho bani waziyo apho wadibana naye Aleksandrom Nikolaevichem. Noko ke, ngo-1848 abantu abatsha wazala unyana, uAlex. Kuba iimeko yokukhulisa umntwana ukuba kwakungekho, ngoko ke inkwenkwe yabekwa okwethutyana leenkedama. uyise Ostrowski yaba nenqala ukuba unyana wakhe, bephosa kuphela kwiyunivesithi eyaziwayo, kodwa ezinxulumene umfazi osezantsi elula abakumgangatho ophakathi abahlala ebumelwaneni.

Noko ke, Alexander wabonisa baqine kunye, xa utata wakhe kunye nomnye umama waya kwipropati zisandula kuthengwa Shchelykovo kwiphondo Kostroma, yalungisa Agafya Ivanovna kwindlu yamaplanga.

Umbhali kunye ethnographer SV Maksimov ngokuqhula ngokuba umfazi wakhe wokuqala Ostrovsky "Umfazi uMarta yeRhuluneli," ngenxa yokuba kufutshane umbhali ngamaxesha ubuhlwempu kakhulu nasekusweleni kakhulu. abahlobo Ostrovsky Agafia Ivanovna kwachazwa ngokuthi umntu ngendalo na krele kunye nentliziyo kakhulu. Kuyinto ephawulekayo wayesazi imikhuba namasiko yobomi yomthengisi zaba nempembelelo ngokupheleleyo kumsebenzi Ostrovsky. Alexander badla wacebisana naye malunga nokudalwa imisebenzi yabo. Ukongeza, Agafya Ivanovna yaba iindwendwe emangalisayo ngezandla ezishushu. Kodwa umtshato esemthethweni kunye Ostrovsky wakhe ekhutshwe nokuba emva kokufa kukayise. Bonke abantwana ezizalelwa kule Union, wafa abaselula kakhulu, kuphela, unina omdala Alex, ngokufutshane abanamava.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, Ostrovsky wazala abanye ukuzenza. Waye inkanuko ethanda Lyubov Pavlovnu Kositsky-Nikulin, badlale Catherine kwi iphambili "Storm" ngo-1859. Noko ke, kwakukho ikhefu buqu: umdlali yaphosa umbhali ukuba umthengisi esisityebi.

Ke Alexander Nikolayevich kukho unxibelelwano kunye igcisa oselula Vasilyeva-Bakhmet'eva. Agafya Ivanovna wayesazi malunga noko, kodwa ngobukroti wazala umnqamlezo wakhe, ndikwazile ukugcina isidima Ostrovsky. Wafa ngowe-1867, 6 Matshi, emva kokugula ixesha elide. Alexander zange ashiye ebhedini yakhe kude kube sekupheleni. Le yokungcwaba indawo umfazi wokuqala Ostrovsky ayaziwa.

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva watshata ekuchubekeni-Bakhmet'eva Vasilyeva, wamzalela iintombi ezimbini kunye noonyana abane. Nalo mfazi Alexander waphila de ukufa kwakhe.

umbhali Ukufa

Ixesha kwezentlalo kunye nemisebenzi yokuyila ayikwazanga kuchaphazela impilo zombhali. Ngaphezu koko, nakuba ingqokelela kakuhle edlalwa kunye ne pension yonyaka $ 3 amawaka, imali Alexander Nikolayevich njalo abaswela. amaxhala zaphela rhoqo, umzimba umbhali ekugqibeleni iye akuphumelelanga. Ngowe-1886,-2 Juni, umbhali wafa kwilifa lakhe Shchelykovo kufuphi Kostroma. UMlawuli Alexander III wanika umbhali yomngcwabo 3000 engange. Ukongeza, umhlolokazi yombhali, wamisela pension kwi mali ka-3 amawaka engange, kwaye kwimfundo yabantwana Ostrowski - nokuba 2400 engange ngonyaka.

Itheyibhile

Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi ka-Ostrovsky kunokubonakaliswa ngokufutshane kwitafile zexesha.

Ezi ziganeko zazaliswa ubomi no-Ostrovsky. Itheyibhile, ebonisa iziganeko eziphambili ekupheleni kombhali, kuya kunceda ekufundeni kangcono imbali yakhe. Ilifa elimangalisayo likaAlexandro Nikolayevich alikwazi ukuxhaswa. Inkundla encinci, nangona ebomini bomculi omkhulu, yayibizwa ngokuba "indlu ka-Ostrovsky," kwaye oku kuthethwa ngokubanzi. Umsebenzi ka-Ostrovsky, inkcazo emfutshane yeyona nto ichazwe kweli nqaku, kufuneka ufunde ngokubanzi.