Dzheyms Chedvik: engobomi, iifoto, ukuvulwa

Sir Dzheyms Chedvik (Ifoto ethathwe kweli nqaku) - yamachiza IsiNgesi kaNobel, ngubani ndizuze udumo emva kokufunyanwa neutron. ngokwesiseko Kuye kwatshintsha yemvelo lelo xesha wavumela izazinzulu ukwenza izinto ezintsha, kodwa kwakhokelela lokufunyanwa ngokucandeka yenyukliya kunye nokusetyenziswa yayo zomkhosi iinjongo ngoxolo. Chadwick wayephakathi iqela zezazinzulu baseBritani, ngubani ngexesha Second World War i-US wanceda ukuphuhlisa ezabo atomic.

Dzheyms Chedvik: ibhayografi emfutshane

Chadwick wazalelwa Bollingtone, Cheshire, eNgilani, Oktobha 20, 1891, unyana ka-Dzhona Dzhozefa kunye Anne Meri Noulz. Wafunda kwizikolo zikarhulumente eziphakamileyo zasekuhlaleni cebetshu Manchester. Le elinesithandathu wafumana inkxaso-mali yokufunda kwiYunivesithi Manchester. UYakobi wayefuna ukufunda imathematika, kodwa ngempazamo waya iintetho ezitshayelela physics aze abhaliswe kule elithile. Ekuqaleni, yena saseFilipi isigqibo sakhe, kodwa emva konyaka wokuqala wezifundo, wafumana ikhondo umdla ngakumbi. Chadwick waye wabhalisa eklasini ka Ernest Rutherford, apho wayefunda umbane kunye ubutsalane, kunye umhlohli kamva wamiselwa iprojekthi yophando uYakobi kwi element Radium radioactive.

izifundo okuqala

Dzheyms Chedvik waphumelela ngowe-1911 yaye waqhubeka ukusebenza uRutherford phezu ukufunxeka gamma imitha kunye isidanga master ngowe-1913, umphathi negalelo kwinjongo yakhe izibonelelo zophando, nto leyo ebizwa ngokuba umsebenzi kwenye indawo. Wagqiba ukufunda eBerlin kunye Hans Geiger, ngubani wayetyelele Manchester ngexesha xa uJames wafumana isidanga yenkosi. Ngeli xesha, Chadwick lamisela ubukho spectrum esiqhubekayo ibeta radiation enciphisa abaphandi kwaye kwakhokelela kokufunyanwa neutrino.

Hlala kwinkampu

Ngaphambi nje kokuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, xa izenzo empi engaphephekiyo, Geiger Chadwick walumkisa ukuba wabuyela eNgilani ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. UYakobi inkampani zokuhamba amacebiso edidekile yaye wahlala de ekupheleni kwemfazwe kwinkampu POW waseJamani. Kwiminyaka emihlanu entolongweni wakhe Chadwick wakwazi ukuthethana kunye abalindi nokuqhuba fluorescence basic uphando.

Umsebenzi Cavendish Laboratory

Dzheyms Chedvik, ogama engobomi yinto yemvelo ukuba onke amathuba eziya kugqitywa ngo-1918, enkosi iinzame uRutherford wabuyela kwinzululwazi, waza waqinisekisa ukuba intlawulo isiqalo wayelingana nenani atomic. Ngowe-1921 waba wawongwa internship uphando Cambridge College Gonville kunye Keys, yaye kunyaka olandelayo waba umncedisi kwi Rutherford kwi Cavendish Laboratory.

Ukusebenza yonke imihla, yena wafumana ixesha uphando, ulwalathiso apho luphela kwacetyiswa yi Rutherford. Chadwick neqabane nesiphelo uCharles D. Ellis ngoko waqhubeka izifundo Trinity College kunye Rutherford, uphando izinto transmutation xa sibukela amasuntswana alpha (nuclei helium). Iqela lophando e Vienna, ingxelo ngeziphumo ezingekho ziyangqinelana data ezifunyenwe yi ilebhu Cavendish, ukuchana esele midlalo bakhusela ngokulungisa experiments Chadwick kunye noogxa bakhe.

Ngowe-1925, uYakobi watshata Aileen Stewart-Brown. Esi sibini ziye iintombi abangamawele azalwe.

Ngo 1920 yee Dzheyms Chedvik baqhube imifuniselo kwi ukusasazeka kwamasuntswana alpha kwi target luphinde ludubuleke evela zesinyithi, kuquka igolide neyuranium, uze inkoliso helium olungundoqo obulingana efanayo kunye amasuntswana alpha. Uchitha waba yezi zinto, kwaye Chadwick wachaza oko 1930 njengoko into quantum.

Ukufunyanwa kwe neutron

Emva ngo-1920, uRutherford ecetywayo khona i amasuntswana ngombane cala ebizwa neutron ukuchaza ubukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo hydrogen. Sasikholelwa ukuba le isuntswana iquka ovela kunye Proton, kodwa umba ubume abuyi kufunyanwa.

Ngowe-1930, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba xa inamathuba eziba ukukhanya ray alpha ekhutshwa ಪೇನ್ ipheyini amqunrhu luchukumisa radiation ngaphandle kwentlawulo yombane. Obekumele ukuba gamma. Noko ke, xa usebenzisa beryllium i imitha ekujoliswe baba gaze amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezu ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto. Ngowe-1931, Chadwick nogxa wakhe Webster wacebisa ukuba reyi cala ngokwenene wangqina ukuba ubukho neutron.

Ngowe-1932, isibini esitshatileyo wabaphandi Iren Kyuri kunye Frederika Zholio wabonisa ukuba radiation beryllium waba gaze ngaphezu kwezo ingxelo ngabaphandi edlulileyo, kodwa nangokuthi gamma ray. Dzheyms Chedvik ufunda ingxelo yaye ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla ekubalweni cala yamasuntswana ubunzima, apho wayeza kukwazi ukuchaza iziphumo yakutshanje. Wasebenzisa radiation beryllium ngokundibuza izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye wafumanisa ukuba iziphumo ziyangqinelana impembelelo amasuntswana cala esinobunzima phantse twatse ukuba ubunzima Proton. Yaba isiqinisekiso umfuniselo ubukho neutron. Ngowe-1925 le mpumelelo, Chadwick wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel physics.

Ukusuka neutron ngeeatom

Neutron liye ngokukhawuleza babe isixhobo se zesayensi ukulisebenzisa ndzulu atom eziqalelo neenguqu kwabo, ngoko kwahlelwa kakuhle ngelithi ukuba akukho aqale. Ngenxa yoko, Chadwick walungiselela indlela eya ngokucandeka of neyuranium-235 kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya. Ngowe-1932, le ukufunyanwa ebalulekileyo yena wawongwa Molteno Hughes, kwaye ngo-1935 i-Nobel Prize. Emva koko wafunda ukuba Hans Falkenhagen wafumanisa neutron ngaxeshanye kunye naye, kodwa woyika ukupapasha iziphumo zabo. Umphengululi German vuma walile ukwabelana Nobel Prize, leyo wamnika Dzheyms Chedvik.

Ukufunyanwa kwe neutron yandinceda ukudala izinto transuranic elabhoratri. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ukufunyanwa reactions zenyukliya Nobel Prize uEnrico Fermi kubefundisi neutron kade, kwaye kokufunyanwa ekhemisi German Otto Hahn kunye Strassmann of ngokucandeka enyukliya, kunale mpembelelo wokudala izixhobo zenyukliya.

Umsebenzi kwi ezabo atomic

Ngowe-1935, Dzheyms Chedvik waba unjingalwazi ophanda kwiYunivesithi Liverpool. Ngokutsho iziphumo memorandum of Frisch-Peierls ngo-1940 ukuba nokwenzeka kokusekwa ukuqhushumba enyukliya , wamiselwa kwiKomiti uMaud ukuba ahlole lo mba ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu. Ngowe-1940 wayetyelele Intshona Melika kwi Tizard elizimisele ukuphuhlisa intsebenziswano kuphando yenyukliya. Emva kokubuyela eBritani, wagqiba ukuba akusayi kusebenza de imfazwe iphelile.

NgoDisemba waloo nyaka Frensis Saymon, owayesebenza uMaud, wafumana ithuba ukohlula Isotope uranium-235. Kwingxelo yakhe wathi ixabiso nokubalulwa zobugcisa kulwenziwo inkampani enkulu ngenxa zokuxhobisa uranium. kamva Chadwick wabhala ukuba emva koko kuphela waqonda ukuba ibhombu yenyukliya kwenzeka kuphela kodwa nakanjani. Ukususela ngoko ke kwafuneka ukuba uqale ukuthatha ipilisi zokulala. UJames ngokubanzi inkxaso iqela iibhombu of U-235, yaye yavunywa ukukhululwa yayo nokuhanjiswa le Isotope U-238.

impilo umphumela

Kungekudala waya Los Alamos, ikomkhulu Project Manhattan, yaye kunye Niels Bohr wanikela icebiso elinexabiso ngabaqulunqe ezi iziqhushumbisi atomic lehla nge iHiroshima Nagasaki. Chedvik Dzheyms, ogama ezifunyaniswe sekungcono utshintshe indlela yembali yabantu, ngowe-1945, iye knighted.

Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, wabuyela post yakhe Liverpool. Chadwick wayeka ngo-1958. Emva kokuchitha iminyaka elishumi e North Wales, wabuyela Cambridge ngowe-1969, apho wafela July 24, 1974.