Umhlaba Adrianople. Umqukumbelo Adrianople Peace iSivumelwano

Ubudlelwane phakathi Russia kunye Ottoman kuyo yonke imbali elide baba kakhulu entsonkothileyo, yaye ngokufuthi ukuphikisana zezopolitiko ziye zisonjululwe kwi edabini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ingongoma we nokugqitywa kweemvumelwano kwiimpikiswano zomkhosi. La maxwebhu badla kumiselwa ziyahlelwa abantu yonke owayehlala kwimida kwezi emphaya ezimbini. Phakathi kwazo kunye Adrianople uxolo sivumelwano.

Background (eyi-18)

Adrianople uxolo Okokuqala phakathi Russia kunye Ottoman satyikitywa ngomhla we-13 Juni 1713. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, i Ottoman ophantsi Azov kunye kufutshane kwindawo enqabeni Aurelie lomlambo. Kulo mzekelo, ukupheliswa sivumelwano ngo-1713 njengento impumelelo ongunozakuzaku zikarhulumente Russian, njengoko obechaza nomzabalazo ubukhulu ngasechwebeni kwiBaltic emzantsi-mpuma. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva eConstantinople phakathi kwamazwe amabini satyikitywa "Uxolo elingunaphakade," yaye kwenkulungwane kamva, iziganeko zenzeka ukuba oonozakuzaku ukuba bahlangane kwakhona kwisixeko Adrianople.

Yonke le nto yaqala nesibakala sokuba ngo-Oktobha 1827 urhulumente Ottoman (Port) wayivala Bosphorus ngenxa Russian lwaphela. Oku ephikisana Akkerman indibano yezizwe ngezizwe. abasemagunyeni Turkish egwetyelwe yena izenzo zabo ngokuthi uNicholas I inkxaso amaGrike silwela inkululeko. Sultan Mahmud II wayesazi ngaloo Nokumphikisa ungquzulwano wamajoni, ngoko, wayalela inqaba yaseYiputa kwi iDanube kwaye ethutha ikomkhulu ku Adrianople (Edirne). Esi sixeko sangena kwimbali yoluntu kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi ngaphambi wachaza iziganeko. Ngapha koko, phezu iindlela kuyo kwi AD ngenkulungwane 4, kwakukho Idabi Adrianople, leyo baphela ngokoyiswa uBukhosi baseRoma, iphawulwe ekuqaleni zemfuduko ngobuninzi ukuya ngasentshona ulungele.

War Russian-Turkish (1828-1829)

Nicholas Andikwazanga kuzibamba kodwa uphendule ngolunya izenzo kumazibuko. Aprili 14, 1828 uBukhosi Russian ibhengeze ngokusesikweni imfazwe kwi eTurkey. Kwisithuba seentsuku ezilishumi 6 elihamba Corps Fedora Geysmara weza Moldova, yaye ngoMeyi 27, waqalisa ukunqumla iDanube, apho waya umlawuli ngokwakhe.

Kamva amajoni Russian Wangqingwa kunye Varna. Ngaxeshanye kunye ezi amadabi kwezona Anapa kunye Asia Turkey. Ngokukodwa, June 23, 1828 yathinjwa Kars, yaye emva kolibaziseko encinane ezinxulumene ukuqhambuka isibetho, bawile okanye ibuyiselwe ngaphandle ukuxhathisa Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, Atshur, Ardahan, kaPotifera kunye Bajazet.

Phantse wonke umkhosi Russian wadibana ngezandla ezishushu, njengoko uninzi kwabemi kwiingingqi apho umlo kwenzekayo, kwakukho amaGrike, Bulgarians, yayingamaSerb, Armenia, Georgians, Romanians kunye nabameli bezinye iintlanga, ukuzibiza ubuKristu. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, baye yayigqalwa njengabemi yodidi lwesibini kwaye wayethembe ukuba inkululeko kwidyokhwe Ottoman.

Ukubala kwinkxaso lesiGrike zasekuhlaleni kunye nabantu Bulgarian, ngoAgasti 7, 1829, umkhosi Russian, ebandakanya bonke abantu-25 000 beza Adrianople. umphathi kaNdikhoyo ekampini yaba lungekho kushenxa ezinjalo, wanikezela umzi, yaye emva kwethutyana Ndawa Erzurum. Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, ngenjongo Count Dibich kwafika ummeli Sultan kunye isindululo ukugqiba isivumelwano eyaziwa ngokuba iSivumelwano Adrianople.

impi Ukugqitywa

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba isindululo ukugqibezela ihlabathi Adrananopolsky weza evela eTurkey, Porta wazama ngandlela zonke ukuba nsinya thethwano, ndithemba ukweyisela iBritani kunye Austria ukuxhasa kuye. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo iye yaba nempumelelo, njengoko Pasha Mustafa, wala ukuba nenxaxheba emfazweni, wagqiba ukuba enze kufumaneke umyalelo wayo Turkish amane amawaka umkhosi isiAlbania. Yathi yakudlula Sofia waza wagqiba ekubeni uqhubeke. Kodwa Dibich waqhubeka intloko yakhe, wathi umthunywa Turkish ukuba Adrianople ihlabathi akayi kuqukunjelwa phambi-1 Septemba, uya kuqalisa ukuhlaselwa elikhulu-iscale eConstantinople. Sultan waye boyikiswa ekuthinjweni kwikomkhulu kunokwenzeka, waza wathumela kwikomkhulu imikhosi Russian le Ambassador isiJamani isicelo ukuqalisa amalungiselelo wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano xa kumiwe impi.

Isiphetho Adrianople

Septemba 2, 1829 ngenjongo okungakuncedayo Dibich beshdefterdar (lemali umgcini) Mehmet Sadik Efendi, kunye oyiNtloko Military Mgwebi Ottoman Abdul kadir Bey. Bona olugunyaziswe nasePorte ukuba asayine isivumelwano ka Adrianople. Egameni Nicholas mna, uxwebhu kwaqinisekiswa neesiginitsha Count A. F. Orlova, kunye nomlawuli okwexeshana oozilawuli F. P. Palena.

ISivumelwano Adrianople (1829): umxholo

Olu xwebhu luqulathe amanqaku 16. Ngokutsho kubo:

1. Turkey abuyele yonke imimandla zaseYurophu ahlala kwimfazwe ka 1828-1829, ngaphandle kuba umlomo iDanube, kunye ziqithi. Obuphantsi njengoko Kars, Akhaltsikhe kunye Akhalkalaki.

2. Russian Empire wafumana nogu lwasempumalanga lonke koLwandle Black, ukusuka emlonyeni Kuban River ukuya zankomo St. Nicholas. Kuye inqaba yabo inkunkuma Anapa, kaPotifera, Sudzhuk endleni, kwakunye kwidolophu Akhalkalaki kunye Akhaltsikhe.

3. Ottoman ezisemthethweni lenguqu ukuya Russian Imereti, ubukumkani Kartli-Kakheti, Guria kunye Samegrelo, ize idluliselwe Iran Erivan kunye Nakhichevan khanates.

4. Turkey uye wathembisa ukuba ukuphazamisa sicatshulwa ngokusebenzisa Bosporus kunye iDardanelles Russian kunye Unjengeenqanawa zabarhwebi amazwe.

5. Izifundo ze karhulumente Russian wanikwa ilungelo norhwebelwano sonke kummandla Ottoman, ngaleyo ndlela ayikho amandla namagunya asekuhlaleni.

6. Turkey sele kuyiminyaka enye enesiqingatha ukuba ahlawule lokumiswa (1.5 million ducats Dutch).

7. Ukongeza, isivumelwano eziqulathwe neemfuno ukuqatshelwa ukuzimela Serbia, kwakunye Moldavian kunye Wallachian izilawuli.

8. Turkey iye kwakhona nethe naziphi na iinzame ukufumana kokubizwa kwingqungquthela yamazwe ngamazwe malunga namalungelo urhulumente zamaGrike.

inani

ihlabathi Adrianople yayibaluleke gqitha uphuhliso lorhwebo Sea Black. Ngaphezu koko, uye wagqitywa ukulawula ukuya Russian uBukhosi nemimandla zaseCaucasus. indima yakhe olukhulu ekubuyiselweni geqe Greece, nangona lo mqathango ngokusesikweni kuchaziwe kwimiqathango sivumelwano ka Adrianople kunyaka 1829.