Umdwebi uMashkov u-Ilya Ivanovich: ubugcisa, ubugcisa

Umbhali oqaqambileyo, oyisibonakaliso wenkulungwane ye-20 uMashkov Ilya Ivanovich wayephila ubomi obunomdla obunomdla. Wadlulela kwimpembelelo yabaculi abahlukeneyo, uphendlo lwe-revolutionary nokufumana indawo yakhe yobugcisa. Ilifa lakhe namhlanje yimisebenzi emininzi emininzi, ekholeji ezininzi zehlabathi.

Ubuntwaneni kunye nosapho

UMashkov Ilya Ivanovich wazalelwa kwidolophana yaseMikhailovskoye kwiDon Army (namhlanje iNgingqi yeVolgograd) kwiintsapho ezihluphekayo. U-Ilya wayengowokuqala wabantwana abasithoba, kwaye kwakungekho mali kubazali ababandakanyekayo kworhwebo elincinci. Le nkwenkwe, eyabonakalisa kakhulu ukukhangela kunye nokwenza amakhono ukusuka ebusheni, yayithunyelwa kwisikolo esithile, kodwa eneminyaka eli-11 ubudala bamthabatha apho bamthumela ukuba asebenze ukuze ancede intsapho. Kwafuneka amele iiyure eziyi-14 kwisitya sesitengiso somthengisi, asebenze abathengi, wayemthiyile lo msebenzi, kodwa kwakungenakukhetha.

Ukufunda nokufunda

Kamva uMashkov u-Ilya waya emsebenzini kwivenkile yomrhwebi, umsebenzi wawungelula, kodwa apha ngezinye iinkqubo wayetyala ukuba athathe amaphosta kunye nemiqondiso. Lo msebenzi wamnceda kakhulu. Ngethuba lakhe elithile wayekopisha imifanekiso esuka kumaphephancwadi, udwebe izinto ezizungezile, iintaka. Le nkwenkwe yayithanda kakhulu ukudweba. Nangona wayexakeke kakhulu kwizemali, wayezibhalela ibhokisi leposi kunye neepende. Ngelinye ilanga utitshala kwi-gymnasium yaseBorisoglebsk wambona umfana wecala waza wambuza ukuba ufuna ukufunda. U-Ilya wamangaliswa gqitha, kuba akazange akrokre ukuba ukudweba kungafundwa. Ngoko ke waqala ukufumana izakhono zokuqala kunye neengcebiso ezivela kwititshala kwi-gymnasium. Oku kwamvumela ukuba aqonde ukubizwa kwakhe kwaye abeke injongo - ukuba abe ngumculi.

Ngomnyaka we-1900 wangena eSikolweni saseMoscow sePraint, iSakhiwo kunye neZakhiwo. Lapha ufunda kubafundisi abavelele: K. Korovin, L. Pasternak, V. Serov, A. Vasnetsov. Ukususela kwiminyaka yokuqala yokuqeqesha uMashkov uye wabonisa italente engavamile kunye nomzobo ongezantsi. Wayemthanda kakhulu u-hyperbole, umbala ogqithiseleyo, ngelixa wayinika ixesha elininzi lokuqonda indlela yokudweba, yayisebenza kakuhle. Njengomfundi ohluphekileyo esikolweni, wanikezwa umsebenzi osebenzayo, kwaye sele sele u-1904 uMashkov uqala ukunika izifundo, ukufumana ubomi bakhe.

Ulutsha olutsha

Ngokukhawuleza uMashkov u-Ilya unyuka waya ngasezinyaweni zakhe. Ngomnyaka we-1906 wakha i-workshop yakhe ekwakheni i-Polytechnic Society. Uya kuba yindlu yakhe yokudala kude kube sekupheleni kosuku. Ngo-1907 wadibana noPetr Konchalovsky, le ntlanganiso yaba nempembelelo enkulu kumculi. Ngowe-1908, umculi waya eYurophu, waya eFransi, eNgilani, e-Austria, eJamani, e-Italy, eSpain, apho waqhelana khona neendlela ezintsha zokupenda.

Ngo-1910 uMashkov wagxothwa esikolweni, kodwa ngelo xesha wayesefumene indlela yakhe. Umculi usasebenza kakhulu, uthatha izifundo kwi-studio yeK. Korovin, ubhala ukuba ahlele imizobo kunye nempilo. Wabonakalisa, kubandakanywa kwiSalon eParis, apho umsebenzi wakhe uthengwa ngumbukeli waseRussia uMorozov. Nangona kunjalo, imizobo kaMashkov ibonakala ngombono ongaqhelekanga wehlabathi kunye nezinto ezizungezile. Uxhomekeke kwiingcamango zeYurophu kwaye unomdla wokutshintsha ubugcisa baseRashiya.

"IJack yamaDayimane"

Ngo-1911, u-Mashkov Ilya, kunye noPeter Konchalovsky, wasungula uluntu loluntu "IJack yeDayimane". Okokuqala ngo-1910 kwakukho umboniso ogama eli, emva koko abaculi abafana namalungu abadala uluntu olufanayo. Igama elide sele lidityaniswe noluntu, elibhekisela kwipolkotorzhan. Abaculi baseMoscow babebekelwe injongo yokufezekiswa kwe-revolution kwezobugcisa, kwaye oku baphumelela ngokupheleleyo. Bachasene nezithethe zezemfundo kunye nokwenene, bamemezela ukubusa kwe-Impressionist, i-Fauvist neCubist.

UMashkov waba ngenye yeengcamango zoluntu. Kwabulela kuye ukuba "ii-jack" zivame ukupenda ngeephila ezifana nezibonakaliso zesitolo. Abaculi bazama ukuma nombala. Ngokungafani nabaninzi be-avant-gardist, uMashkov kunye namaqabane abengafuni ukunyaniseka kwezobugcisa. Ngo-1911-14, umculi unobhala woluntu, uthatha inxaxheba kuyo yonke imiboniso yakhe. Ngo-1914 washiya "iJack yeDayimane" waza waya phesheya.

Mashkov kunye ne "World of Art"

Emva kokubuya kwakhe uMashkov wangena kwi "World of Art" - umbutho owawukho ukususela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kunye nokudibanisa abaculi abavelele kakhulu baseRashiya. Kanye nje ngeli xesha iqela livakalisa ithuba lokudala iikhosi ezintsha, ingcamango ephambili iba "i-New Academy" A. Benois. Isiqingatha sesibini se-10-yee-20 zenkulungwane yayinzima kubaculi abayingxenye yale ndawo. Nangona inyaniso yokuba "iWorld of Art" - umbutho owawunomdla omkhulu kwipeyinti yaseRussia, ngexesha likaMashkov, kunoko, ubumbano obusesikweni. Kodwa umculi uthatha inxaxheba kwimiboniso aze axhasane nabahlobo bakhe. Ngelo xesha uMashkov usasebenza kakhulu, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe kuza kwizinto ezintsha.

Umbutho wezobugcisa beRashiya yaseRashiya

Ngomnyaka we-1925, uMashkov Ilya wajoyina uluntu olutsha lwe-AHRR, olushumayela iinjongo ezintsha, eziguqukayo. Enyanisweni, uba ngumnye wezinto zokuqala zokuzibandakanya kwezentlalo. Umculi useMbutho kwada kwawa kwayo ngo-1929. Ngeli thuba watyhila imifanekiso yobomi obutsha obonwabileyo, imizobo yabasebenzi abakhulu, isaphila ngeemveliso ezininzi. Abadwebi baseMoscow, ababesebenzisana nabo baseMashkov, abaziqondi izinto ezintsha, abaninzi babo bahlala ekufudukeni. U-Ilya Ivanovich uhlala e-USSR kwaye uyaxhasa ngokupheleleyo iingcamango ezintsha. Ngama-1930 uMashkov wabhala imifanekiso echanekileyo: "Ukubulisa kwiNdibano ye-17 yeCPSU (b)", "iiSonka zaseSoviet."

Ngebudeni bemfazwe, uMashkov uhlala e-Abramtsevo, ubhala iimpawu zamasoldati kunye nabalimala, abasebenzi basekupheleni. Emva kweMashkov kubeka ithemba lakhe kubaphulaphuli. Umgxeki owaziwayo uYakov Tugendhold uthe kwimisebenzi yakhe "uthando oluphilileyo lwenyama negazi" lubonakala. Wayehlala ethanda ukunyaniseka kwiintsuku zokugqibela.

Umsebenzi wokubonisa

U-Ilya Mashkov bonke ubomi bakhe bakhawuleza kakhulu, naye wabonisa ngamandla umsebenzi wakhe. Wathatha inxaxheba kwimiboniso emininzi yekhulu lemashumi mabini. Ezi zeziganeko ze-Knave yeDayimane, iWorld of Art. Ngomnyaka we-1916, kwi "Exhibition of Contemporary Russian Painting" ubonisa imisebenzi engu-70, kwakukho umboniso omkhulu u-Ilya Mashkov. Ukususela kuma-1920, umculi uye wabonakalisa kakhulu ngaphandle: Venice, London, New York. Ngama-1930, abaphathi baseSoviet bahlala bephethe imifanekiso kaMashkov kuzo zonke iidolophu ezinkulu kwihlabathi.

Umsebenzi wokufundisa

Kuyo yonke ininzi yobomi bakhe, u-Ilya Mashkov, umculi, umdwebi, ofundiswayo. Nangona esemncinci, wavelisa indlela yakhe yokufundisa ukudweba nokudweba. Isikolo sakhe, avule ngaso ekuqaleni kwendima ye-20, iya kuba yilapho i-studio ye-AHRR. Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kwakunguFalk, Tatlin, Osmerkin, V. Mukhina.

Emva kokuguqulwa, umculi ufundisa ezininzi, esebenza kwiikhosi ezahlukeneyo, kwi-Military Academy naseVHUTEIN.

Ubomi bodwa

U-Ilya Mashkov wabonisa ukuthokoza kwakhe kwimihla ngemihla. Wayengumthandi omkhulu wamantombazana waza watshata kathathu. Umfazi wokuqala wayengumTaliyane u-Sophia Arentzvari, uMatskov wamtshata ngo-1905, unyaka kamva unyana ophela yedwa umculi uValentin wazalwa. Waba yinjineli yoyilo, ngowe-1937 waphawula. Umfazi wesibini ngo-1915 wayengumculi uFororova Elena Fedorovna. Umfazi wesithathu wayengumculi: ngo-1922 uMashkov watshata noDanilov Maria Ivanovna.

ILifa leMemori

U-Ilya Mashkov, onobudwebo obuxabiseke kakhulu ngabathandi bezobugcisa, wafa ngo-Matshi 20, 1944 kwi-dacha yakhe e-Abramtsevo. Washiya ilifa elikhulu emva kwakhe. Imizobo yakhe namhlanje iqokelelwe kwiidolophu eziyi-78 emhlabeni jikelele. Iqoqo lomhlolokazi lihanjiswe kwi-Museum yaseVolgograd. Imizobo yakhe ayibonakali kwiintengiso kwaye ayithengiswa ngamanani amaninzi. Ngoko, i-"vas "i-Flowers" yayithengiswa ngama-dollar ayi-3.5 yezigidi, kwaye "I-Life Still with Fruits" -i-7.2 yezigidi zeedola.

Ubugcisa bukaMashkov bufundwa ngabagxeki bezobugcisa, iincwadi zinikezelwa kuye. Imyuziyam eVolgograd ithwele igama layo. Inkumbulo yomculi ayidluli, imibukiso yemisebenzi yakhe iqhutyelwa rhoqo kwiimyuziyam ezinkulu. Ngoko, ngo-2014 eMoscow, imisebenzi kamva kamva yaboniswa, umboniso waba yimpumelelo enkulu.