Umdwebi uDonatello: ubugcisa, umsebenzi, isithombe

UDonatello ungumdwebi waseTaliyane ongummeli woBuvuselelo bokuqala, isikolo se- Florentine. Ngokuphathelele ubomi bakhe kunye nemisebenzi esiya kuthetha ngayo kweli nqaku. I-biografi yalo mbhali ayiyazi ngokucacileyo, ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuyiveza ngokufutshane.

Ulwazi olutshanje ngolwazi malunga nomdwebi uDonatello

Umzekelisi wexesha elizayo uDonatello wazalelwa eFlorence ngo-1386, kwintsapho kaNiccolo di Betto Bardi - i-wool ecebileyo. Wafunda ngo-1403-1407 kwindibano yomntu ogama linguLornzo Ghiberti. Lapha uye wazi kakuhle, ngokukodwa, ubugcisa bokubethelwa kwebhedu. Umsebenzi walo mdwebi wathonywa gqitha ngumntu onamandla-uFilippo Brunelleschi. UGhiberti noBrunnelski bahlala ebomini umhlobo osondeleyo wenkosi.

UGiorgio Vasari uthe umdwebi uDonatello wayengumntu onomusa, ohloniphekileyo, waphatha kakuhle abahlobo bakhe, akazange afake ukubaluleka kwemali. Abafundi bakhe nabahlobo bamthabatha kuye njengoko befuna.

Ixesha lokuqala lokudala

Umsebenzi walo mdwebi kwixesha lokuqala, ngo-1410s, wadibaniswa nemimiselo yomnxeba ayinikwe ukuhlobisa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zaseburhulumenteni eFlorence. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Or San Michele (ubuqhophololo bayo) UDonatello wenza umfanekiso okaSt. UGeorge (ukusuka ngo-1415 ukuya ku-1417) kunye no-St. UMarko (ukusuka ngo-1411 ukuya ku-1413). Ngowe-1415 wagqiba umfanekiso wesitr. UJohan the Evangelist, wayehlobisa iCentralral ye-Florentine.

Ikhomishini yokwakhiwa kuloo nyaka ukulungiswa kweziphulo-mthetho iyala uDonatello ukuba enze iimifanekiso zabaprofeti. Ngaphezulu kwendalo yabo, inkosi yayisebenza malunga nama-50 eminyaka (ukususela ngo-1416 ukuya ku-1435). Amanani amahlanu aseMyuziyam ye-cathedral. "UDavid" kunye nezifanekiso zabaprofeti (malunga ne-1430-1432) zihlala zixhomekeke kwisithethe seLate esasemva kwexesha elikhoyo. Isiqulatho esingabonakali sincinci kumanani, ubuso bubonakala ngokuchanekileyo ngokucacileyo, imizimba ifakwe iingubo ezinzima. Kodwa kakade kulezi zidalwa uzama ukudlulisela into emitsha yexesha lakhe-umntu onamaqhawe - uDonatello. Umzekisi womsebenzi wenza izihloko ezahlukahlukeneyo, apho oku kuvela khona. Oku kubonakala ngokukodwa kwi-St. UMark (1412), uSt UGeorge (1415), kunye noHabhakuki noYeremiya (iminyaka yokudala - 1423-1426). Kancinci, iifom ziyacaca, imilinganiselo ibe yinto epheleleyo, uhlobo lobuso lubonakala, utshintsho lweengubo luyigqubuthela umzimba ngokusemgangathweni, lugqithise ukunyakaza kwayo kunye nokugoba.

Ibombo likaYohane XXIII

Umdwebi uDonatello udala kunye noMichelozzo ethuneni likaYohane XXIII ngexesha eliphakathi kwe-1425 ukuya ku-1427. Yaba ngumzekelo weklastiki owawusetyenziselwa amangcwaba amva emva kobuNyaka. Ukubambisana kwexesha elide lababini abadwebi baqala ngokuchanekileyo nalo msebenzi.

Amanani afaka kwi-bronze

UDonatello ekuqaleni kwe-1420 ibhekisela ekukhipheni imifanekiso yobhedu. Kulo mbhalo, umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ngumfanekiso kaLouis Toulouse, owawunikwe ngo-1422 ukuhobisa i-niche e-Or San Miquel. Le ngenye yezikhumbuzo eziphawulekayo, ezibonakalisa ukuqonda ubungcwele njengobuntu bomntu, obulawula ubuKhosi.

ISitembu sikaDavide

Umphezulu walo msebenzi wenkosi ngobhedu ngumfanekiso kaDavide, wadalwa malunga no-1430-1432. Yenzelwe, ngokuchasene nomfanekiso wesikhokelo, kwi-detour detour. Enye into entsha yayingumxholo wobunqunu, obhekiswe nguDonatello. Umfuli-mfanekiso uDavid wabonisa i-naked, kwaye engengubo yokugqoka, njengokuba kwakungokwesiko ngaphambili, ngokokuqala ngethuba emva kweMinyaka Ephakathi, ngokoqobo nangokwezinga elikhulu.

Olunye umsebenzi nguDonalello olumalunga ne-1410s - ekuqaleni kwe-1420s - umfanekiso weengonyama ezibekwe kwi-sandstone - umqondiso kaFlorence, umnqamlezo wokhuni wecawa yaseSanta Croce, isithwathwa sobhedu seCawa lase-Onisanti, isithunzi sebhedu esiseMyuziyam yoLuntu yaseFlorence phantsi Igama elithi "Attis Amorino", okokuthi, ngokucacileyo, umfanekiso wendalo yobudala, i-Priapus.

Sebenza kwindlela yokunceda

Uvavanyo lukaDonatello kwiindlela zokunceda lwaluguqulela kwakhona. Umnqweno wokubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwendawo ekhohlakeleyo ihombisa umdwebi ukuba enze ukukhululeka, apho ukubonakala kobunzulu kuveliswa ngokubhala imiqulu. Iqinisa ubuqhetseba bendawo yokusebenzisa ubuchule bokujonga ngqo. "Ukudweba" i-chisel, umdwebi unjengomfanekiso wesithombe somdwebo. Makhe sikhankanye apha imisebenzi enjengokuthi "iMfazwe yaseGeorge kunye neNyoka", "Madonna Pazzi", "Umthendeleko kaHerode", "Ukuphakama kukaMariya" nabanye. Imvelaphi yendawo yokwakha kwimifanekiso ephathekayo yale nkosi iboniswa ngokusebenzisa imigaqo yokujonga ngqo. Wakwazi ukwenza iindawo ezininzi zendawo apho kubakho abalinganiswa.

Uhambo oluya eRoma, ixesha lesibini le-Florentine

Umdwebi uDonatello ngexesha elivela ngo-Agasti 1432 ukuya kuMeyi 1433 useRoma. Apha yena, kunye neBruelles, ulinganisa izikhumbuzo zeso sixeko, uphando lwemifanekiso yamandulo. Abantu basekuhlaleni, ngokwembali, babecinga abahlobo ababini abacebileyo abazingeli. Ukubonakala kweRoma kubonakaliswa kwimisebenzi enjengomnquba owenziwe kwiCapella del Sacramento ngokomyalelo ka-Eugene IV (upapa), "U-Annunciation" (ngaphandle kweAtartar yeCavalcanti, khangela isithombe esezantsi), isigubhu sokucula somnye wamathredalrals, kunye nepulpiti yangaphandle, Yenzelwe i-cathedral ePrato (ixesha lokudala - 1434-1438).

U-Donatello ufezekisa okwenkqenkquthela ngokoqobo kwiNtlanganiso kaHerode, wadalwa xa ebuya eRoma.

Malunga no-1440, umdwebi wenza iingcango zethusi, kunye neengqungquthela ezisibhozo ze-Florentine Old Sacristy yaseSan Lorenzo (ukususela ngo-1435 ukuya ku-1443). Kwimiqulu emine ekhutshwe kwi-knock, inkululeko emangalisayo yafunyanwa kumfanekiso wezangaphakathi, izakhiwo kunye namanani abantu.

Ixesha lePaduan

UDonatello uhamba ngo-1443 waya ePadua. Apha uqala isigaba esilandelayo somsebenzi wakhe. Uwenza umfanekiso olingana no-Erasmo de Narni (umfanekiso kaGattamelata). UDonatello waphonsa ngo-1447, kwaye lo msebenzi wawufakwe kwithuba elincinane kamva-ngo-1453-m. Umfanekiso wawuyikhumbuzo kuMarcus Aurelius. Ukusebenzisa ukudibanisa okwakhiwa yinkemba kunye ne-Gattamelata wand (igama lesitizo se-Erasmo), kwakunye nezikhundla zezandla, zidibanisa amanani ehashe kunye nomkhwele kwi-silhouette eqinile yomdwebi uDonatello. Imifanekiso eyenziwe nguye ngeli xesha lihle kakhulu. Ukongeza koku ngasentla, wenza isibingelelo saseSt. UAnthony wasePadua, kunye nezixhobo ezine ezibonisa izicwangciso ebomini bakhe obuthatyathwa njengomsebenzi wenkosi yalo mkhulu.

Nangona xa uDonatello ubonisa intshukumo yangempela, njengemifanekiso emibili yaseSt. UJohane uMbhaptizi eFlorence (e-Martelli naseBarello), wayezibophezele kakhulu. Kuzo zombini iimeko, iSt .. UJohn unikezwa ekuhambeni, kwaye yonke iminwe yokugqibela inyawo lakhe ithatha inxaxheba kule ntshukumo. Imfihlelo emitsha yayibanjwe kwindalo.

Isici esahlukileyo sekhono likaDonatello kukuba lo mdwebi uchazwa ngekhono elilinganayo namandla, amandla, ubumnandi nobabalo. Ngoko, umzekelo, odwetshiwe ngo-1434 ukuhlaliswa kwe-balcony evela kwi-marble kwi-cathedral yasePrato ibonisa i-geeni-genius genius kunye nabantwana abadlala izixhobo zomculo kunye nodaniso ngeentyatyambo zeentyatyambo. Ukunyakaza kwabo kuphila kakhulu, kudlalwa kwaye kuhlukene. Oku kuya kuqatshelwa malunga nezinye izinto ezenziwe nge-marble, ezenziwe kwi-Cathedral yase-Florentine.

UDonatello kwiminyaka yokugqibela yokuhlala kwakhe ePadua usebenza kancinci. Kubonakala ukuba uyagula kakhulu. Umdwebi ubuyela ngo-1453 waya eFlorence kwaye uyaqhubeka ehlala apha de kube sekufeni kwakhe (ngo-1466), ngaphandle kohambo olufutshane ngo-1457 ukuya eSiena.

Emva kwexesha le-Florentine

Imibuzo eninzi ibangelwa kamva ngumsebenzi kaDonatello. Lo mdwebi kwixesha elidlulileyo lokudala lenziwe lungekho imisebenzi enomdla kakhulu. Ngamanye amaxesha uthetha ngokunciphisa ubuchule bakhe, kunye nokubuyela kwiindlela ezithile ze-gothic. Umzobo kaDonatello kwixesha elivela kwi-1450s ukuya ekuqaleni kwe-1460s limelelwa ngumfanekiso kaMariya Magdalene (1455, isithombe esezantsi) esenziwe ngokhuni, iqela elithi "uJudith noHolofernes", umfanekiso kaYohane uMbhaptizi, ukhulula kwiingqungquthela zovuko kunye nokunyaniseka kukaKristu Izihlalo ezimbini kwiCawa yaseSan Lorenzo. Kule mi sebenzi, umxholo onzima uDonatello ukhula ngawo. Umqambi kwintsebenzo enamathele kwindalo yemvelo, engqamene nokwehla kokomoya. Iindidi ezininzi zagqitywa emva kokufa kwenkosi ngabafundi bakhe - uBerldldo noBelgogo.

Umzekisi wasweleka ngo-1466. Wangcwatywa ecaweni yaseSan Lorenzo, ehlotshiswe ngemisebenzi yakhe, ngokuzukisa kakhulu. Oku kugqiba indlela yokudala uDonatello. Umzekisi, onobugcisa kunye nemisebenzi yenziwa kule nqaku, ibambe indima ebalulekileyo kwizakhiwo zehlabathi. Siza kuphawula, kwinto edibeneyo.

Injongo yalo msebenzi wenkosi

U-Donatello wayengumntu oyintloko kwiimbali zePlastiki ye-Renaissance. Nguye owaqala ukufunda ngokucwangcisekileyo indlela yokunyakaza komzimba womntu, ebonisa intshukumo eyinkimbinkimbi, waqalisa ukutolika iimpahla ngokubhekiselele kwiplastiki yomzimba kunye nokunyakaza, wabeka umsebenzi wokubonisa umfanekiso othile kwisifanekiso, kwaye wagxininisa ekuhanjisweni kwempilo yengqondo yabalinganiswa. Wafezekisa ukubethelwa kwebhedu kunye ne-marble modeling. Ukhuseleko oluthathu, oluphuhliswe nguye, lubonise iindlela zokuphucula phambili, kunye nokudweba.