Uhlalutyo Critical: iintlobo, iindlela kunye concepts

Ukukwazi ukuhlalutya kuvokotheke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba abantu. Xa practice obu buchule kunye nokusetyenziswa ngexesha konga ixesha kwaye uthintele izenzo ukujaduka ukuba zingangunobangela kuphela imeko, oko kunceda ukusombulula intsinda-badala ngoonobangela kunye neziphumo. Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo - ingqiqo kakhulu capacious. Iluncedo hayi kuphela nabaphandi kodwa isebenza, mhlawumbi, kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu. Kunye neempawu zayo siseko ukusebenza kwaye siya uzame ukuqonda.

Yintoni na?

Kwabonakala Le mbono "uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo" kamva ngaphezu umsebenzi wakhe. Zobulumko yamandulo, uAristotle, uSocrates wasebenzisa imigaqo zakhe kwiincwadi zakhe, uphando. Jikelele classical definition kwesitokhwe ekunokuthiwa ukuqikelela izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo kwimimiselo ethile, izigqibo kunye nezimvo ngokusekelwe ukuhlanganisa lwabo izimvo zabo kunye nezinye okanye neemfundiso, izibonakalisile ixabiso labo kunye nemveliso.
Xa ukutolikwa analyte kufuna indlela enobulungisa buso. Ngoko ke, apha iikhrayitheriya eziphambili iinxa zonke, ingqwalasela ebanzi.

umgomo

Kutheni imfuneko yokuba uhlalutyo ebalulekileyo? isifundo ngasinye (ezenzululwazi kunye practical) iye imisebenzi ethile. Kulo mzekelo, ukuhlalutya ngokunzulu kuthetha ukuba lokuvavanya le misebenzi kumgangatho yesisombululo, esebenzisa ubungqina ukuqinisekisa okanye ukuphika ukuchaneka hypothesis zabo okanye omnye umntu.

Ukusuka kwindawo ngayo lwembono, uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo inceda ukuphuhlisa ukucinga, ikhuthaza ukuyilwa izimvo zabo bathi, kuphucula umsebenzi kwengqondo, isinika ingqondo. iziseko zawo badla ibekwe nangoku ngexesha esikolweni kwaye ziphuhlisiwe kwiiyunivesithi.

iindlela

indlela Uhlalutyo Critical lubandakanya indlela ukuphumeza le njongo. Kunokuba aqale kunye ezenza ukuba. Kwimeko yokuqala, uhlalutyo imeko injani ukusuka jikelele ukuya ethile. Oko kukuthi, kuqala umphandi hypothesizes okanye saziwe. Emva koko, umgca iyonke evunyiweyo nasengcamangweni sibhekiswe uphando, okanye theorem. Oku a link labucala. Umzekelo elula indlela ezinjalo kuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Umntu uyafa.
• UMozart - indoda.
• Isiphelo: Ukufa Mozart.

Ngokwahlukileyo ukuba kutsalwe imali emiselwe indlela ezenza ukuba. Apha, iqulunqwa uhlalutyo ebalulekileyo, phezu koko, ukususela ethile ukuya jikelele. indlela sigqibo yakhiwe hayi logic, kodwa kunokuba nge izimvo ezithile ngokwasengqondweni, bezibalo okanye echanileyo. Ukwahlula yoqheliso epheleleyo kwaye zingagqibeki.

Lwalo lokuqala sibhekiswe kuhlalutyo imvume ubungqina ukuze ubuncinane inani iinkcukacha ukuba benze wonke amathuba. Enye ngobuwena iqwalasela ngabanye, imiphumo kwaye yehlise ukuba i-terminal eqhelekileyo (hypothesis sizathu) kucelwa ubungqina. Intsusa nesiphumo - ezi izinto eziphambili ekusekelwe uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo. Umzekelo indlela ezenza ibonakala uthotho lwamabali umcuphi K. Doyle of "Sherlock Holmes." Nangona umbhali ngempazamo libiza indlela zokucupha ezibanjwayo:

• Xa abantu, N iyityhefu.
• Man N Ibhola ubungqina.
• Xa abantu, N akukho ubungqina bokuba kwenye indawo kommangalelwa ngexesha lesenzo esithile ngowexesha ulwaphulo-mthetho.
• Ngoko ke, umntu N ngumbulali.

. Umqambi nesebenzayo Ch S. Pirs ingqalelo uhlobo lwesithathu yokuqiqa njenge kwestokhwe indlela - nemithathu. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba kukho nantoni na awayefike sele isigqibo cognitive olunokusetyenziswa ukuvula imithetho theoretical component. Okokuqala, zonke iingqiqo aba abstract, ayiqinisekiswanga ngamava. ukugqiba indlela uhamba inkqubo ngeenkolelo (yeengcinga), lijonga izigqibo ubhalo:

• Isakhiwo: Abantu uzicingela.
• Isiphelo: kokufa Mozart.
• Ngenxa yoko, Mozart - abantu (karhi engekhoyo).

Isakhiwo Types

Ulwakhiwo Ukubalwa kwesitokhwe na ulandelelwano ngokucacileyo izenzo kuvame ukuxhumana ubhalo:

• Okokuqala, lo umphandi kufuneka bawuqhele umfanekiso isenzeko, imeko mbono. Ukusuka kule material kuyimfuneko ukukhulula ingcamango esisiseko.
• Le meko kufuneka isonjululwe kwi iingongoma ezimbalwa isitshixo kwaye uzobe tezisno izinto njengezinto ezahlukeneyo.
• Kuba into nganye, kufuneka ukwenza eyakho umbono, izimvo, njl
• Inyathelo elilandelayo iqinisekisa ukutyhilwa yayo kushwankathelwe ngentla zomgunyathi.

Ingongoma ebalulekileyo! Ukungqina hypothesis yabo kunokwenzeka yaye kuyimfuneko ukuba basebenzise imithombo zangaphandle: imizekelo, izifaniso, isixhobo esibonisa ingqiqo, ucaphulo, amaxwebhu. Konke oku kungqina kuphela iinxa zonke, ibe banzi ngayo isifundo.

A indima ebalulekileyo ekwakhiweni zezigqibo zidlala izinto, imeko okanye nesenzeko, nto leyo idala uhlalutyo kakhulu. Iifom banokuchaphazeleka kwisigaba lwezenzululwazi, kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko, kunye esebenzayo kunye iinkalo zobugcisa.

Analysis Inkulumo

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, unjingalwazi Ezolimi Norman Feyrklaf waseka uhlalutyo kakhulu intetho. Lowo wathunyelwa ukufunda utshintsho ukuxambulisana ndawo yengqondo bokubhaliweyo ngexesha kunye nomculo ukutyhilwa kwalo. Ngokuphathelele sociolinguistics, Feyrklaf indlela esingundoqo utshintshwano ezinjalo ebizwa intertextuality. A ndlela apho omnye okubhaliweyo ezinxulumene kwezinye izinto (iintetho).

Uhlalutyo intetho Critical ubukhulu becala kwasekwa phantsi kwempembelelo le ngeelwimi Bakhtin, kwezentlalo uMichel Foucault kunye noBourdieu. Elinye igama kubhaliwe otyekele textually analysis intetho (okanye TOD). nendlela yayo ibandakanya iimpawu kweelwimi itekisi, iintlobo ngeentlobo zentetho (isibheno, ingxoxo yababini, ubuciko) kunye neendlela nolwimi (ukuqokelela processing eziphathekayo, lemibuzo, uvavanyo, njalo njalo).

A isici esasenza olu hlobo lokuvandlakanya ezibalulekileyo kukuba akukho ngathi ukuba ingakhethi cala, ie ukuba akukho cala ekuhlaleni. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo, umzekelo, uhlalutyo amadlala intetho ijolise ukutyhila isakhiwo yembono amandla, ulawulo lwezopolitiko, ubunganga ngokuphendla imigaqo-calulo, ezivakaliswe ngolwimi. Ngoko ke apha uzimilisa isixhobo analytical nokuzinceda xa kusenziwa kwezentlalo nezopolitiko.

Dutch ngeelwimi T. Van Deyk imisebenzi emininzi azinikele uhlalutyo sokugxeka intetho kumajelo eendaba. Ngokutsho nzulu, ekuqaleni lenziwe mpendulo yamandulo. Namhlanje imithombo yakhe iindidi ezintlanu ezingundoqo:

• Semiotics, ngokohlanga, structuralism.
• unxibelelwano ngomlomo uhlalutyo.
• Intetho izenzo kunye pragmatics.
• Sociolinguistics.
• Unyango yeekhomponenti ngokwasengqondweni kwisicatshulwa.

On the "iintsika" ezintlanu kunye zohlalutyo esekelwe kakhulu intetho (inkcazo iindaba, izifundo zentlalo , njalo njalo).

nokubhala

Textually-oriented kwaye ukubizwa uhlalutyo zoncwadi-ezibalulekileyo. Umahluko ne intetho nguye kuphela lilungiselelo izinto eziphambili. Imvelaphi (ezichazwe ngasentla) lwenze ugxininiso nomba esesikweni okubhaliweyo, kwaye eyesibini - on umxholo.

Uhlalutyo yoncwadi ezibalulekileyo lwenzeka kwi algorithm zoqobo. iingongoma eziphambili yokutolika kuyo: ibali, indawo kunye nexesha intshukumo, abalinganiswa, umxholo, ingcamango nendawo lobuqu ngayo. Amanqanaba amathathu study bangaziwa ngokujonga kule ndawo:

• iintlobo Subject (kwicala umxholo).
• Cognitive (uhlobo mzekeliso, esibalisayo, uhlobo).
• (Izixhobo neelwimi, ezisukuba ekwakheni inkalo kwengqondo) Linguistic.

Xa Uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo kufuneka balandele sabaphathi. Amanqanaba wokuqala nowesithathu iindidi ecacileyo (material ezihlanganiswe). Njengoko ukwenzela inqanaba cognitive, oko kumiselwa ezimbini ezidlulileyo. Kakade ke, ngamnye amacandelo inokuba isifundo esahlukileyo. Noko ke, xa khangela therebetween strong iseti ukuhlanganisa thina, kwinqanaba ngalinye izinto zikhona ezikufutshane.

Imfuno olu hlobo uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo, ukongeza ekubeni kusekwe buqu kunye nophuhliso lwezakhono ezibalulekileyo yokucinga imfuno lwentlalo ukwahlula phakathi imisebenzi nezamkelekileyo ezixabisekileyo kumsinga laliphakathi nje.

Ingongoma ebalulekileyo! Uhlalutyo Lwabo-ezibalulekileyo - oku ingxelo kwitekisi yoncwadi, kwaye uhlalutyo yeencindi enkulu kunye unxulumano kunokwenzeka nenyani.

Le rating of "wayethanda" okanye "musani ndiyayithanda." Kuba zonke iintlobo uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo indlela kufuneka baye isifundo kwisigaba linegunya, ubungqina naziphi kokucingelwayo kwaye nantoni na awayefike sele enxulumene izinto zokufunda.

ulwazi

Olu hlobo lokuvandlakanya ezibalulekileyo lusetyenziswa ukuvavanya iindaba, iimveliso kunye neenkonzo (ukumaketha). Kokuba ejoliswe ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho kunye nokusebenza ingeniso kunye nenkcitho sento ezinxulumene ukuba baguqukile iinketho zentengiso.

Kutheni sifuna kuhlola? A Uhlalutyo olunzulu ulwazi kwimeko marketing ukuba kuwanelisa emarikeni kunye nempahla, ukwanda umgangatho ophezulu, nokubanzulu uhla. Ngokubhekiselele iindaba (uluntu, ezopolitiko, njalo njalo), Inceda ukukhangela umgangatho ulwazi malunga izibakala, ixesha nendawo nokutolika kuyo ingongoma yakhe ngembono kwi iziganeko. Kufuneka sibe imithombo enokuthenjwa iya kuba iingxoxo hypothesis. Injongo yale hlobo uhlalutyo kunokuba kunye nophuhliso ngumlomo. Kulo mzekelo, hypothesis kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iimpawu ngokwasengqondweni, ezentlalo, kunye nenkcubeko amacandelo.

analysis of isifundo

Uhlalutyo Critical yophando sizalwa lo msebenzi zabantu zenzululwazi. Kuba ukuyilwa izimvo ngamnye kufanelekile ngomba othile ifuna ekuqulunqeni oluchanekileyo iingxaki kunye nesisombululo zabo. Le nto inxaxheba kolu hlobo lokuvandlakanya. Uphando lubonisa uluhlu lwemisebenzi nangeendlela ezininzi uveza intetho ephambili.

Ngoko ke, lo wokulungiselela eqongeni, ukuqokelelwa kwezinto, ukufunda zemithombo linegunya, ukubunjwa ingqiqo (ulwakhiwo), uphuhliso yokucinga nocococ lweziqalelo iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba injongo yalo msebenzi ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo kukuba ukufumana ulwazi olutsha, kungekhona gabalala iinyaniso ezikhoyo.

Uhlalutyo Critical lezifundo na isakhiwo ulandelayo (okanye plan):

• target;
• Imingeni kunye nemiba ephambili;
• izinto kunye nolwazi;
• ukutolikwa kunye neziphelo;
• amagama, iingcamango, izimvo;
• hypothesis;
• uphando;
• nombono wakhe, umbono.

Ukuze ufumane inqaku yenzululwazi imithetho uhlalutyo zinokuba nomahluko. Kukho badla phantsi novavanyo umthombo ngokwayo, ukuthembakala Kwempikiswano lombhali, ekuchongeni ezingenasigxina, ephikisanayo kunye nokuhlukunyezwa ekuqiqeni.

izimiso

Principles of analysis ezibalulekileyo luxhomekeke kakhulu hlobo yayo. Ekuqaleni imbali olu hlobo izinto zokufunda kunye nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo Umgaqo enobuchule (okanye "ukhanyiso ngaphakathi"). Le yindlela nje, ekukho phakathi kwafunyanwa yeengcingane, imithetho emitsha enokwehla, ukuba kubekho ukugwetyelwa nesenzeko ezintsha, iingxaki kunye concepts leyinene. Icala elisezantsi kukho umgaqo yokuhlaziya na yayingaphelele oku kwenzeke, iingqikelelo engaqinisekiswanga.

Kuhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo intetho isoloko isetyenziswa Umgaqo zentlalo-ebomini. Injongo yayo, njengokuba umthetho, baba nokuhlalisana utshintshwano ezenzeka eluntwini. Ezi ziquka kwamanye amazwe, ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, kubulawa yesizwe, lukhuni. Unqontsonqa phando, Kakade ke, izicatshulwa weendawo kunye nempembelelo yazo kwiingcamango kwezentlalo. Kwakhona, kule ndlela isifundo kuyanceda ukufumana ezibonisa umfanekiso ntiyiso ukusibuyisela eluntwini, ukuphepha umfundi neempikiswano intetho non-lwentando yesininzi.

Kuba uhlobo olufanayo uhlalutyo kusebenza kakhulu Umgaqo kwengqondo-ebomini. Yena kabanzi wazigquma TA Van Dyck kwaye isekelwe phezu iimpawu ngokwasengqondweni yokwakha nokuhambisa izinto (izicatshulwa, iintetho). Lo mgaqo lisetyenziswa kwi uhlalutyo iindaba (media). Ukongeza, kufuneka ingqalelo umhlalutyi kaThixo swi nga esibalisayo (engaguqukiyo, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano) uvavanyo iziganeko, ngena iinkqubo unxibelelwano ngomlomo (isikweko, abalinganiswa ezihlangeneyo).

Umgaqo historicist amaninzi asetyenziswe izifundo zenzululwazi kunye noncwadi. Oku kusekelwe ukufunda into ethile okanye into isithuba kunye nexesha. Noko ke, abalinganiswa kakhulu abstract. Ukuziqhelisa, oku gangqa kancinci jikelele ngakumbi. Umzekelo, isiseko uhlobo okanye yolwamkelo (ikota yoncwadi) - i injongo sifundo. Ngoko izinto ziqokelelwe enxulumene nomxholo (components cognitive level). Xa inyathelo wesithathu ukuqala ukuhlolisisa nokuyicoca inkcazelo. Ingongoma ephambili apha maxesha ka nasekusungulweni isenzeko ngexesha lekhefu elithile. Kuphela emva kokuba enjalo uvavanyo unokuqala kwizigqibo, yeengcinga kunye neengqikelelo.

Umgaqo neengqikelelo ezingundoqo yenye yeziphambili ekuhlalutyeni ezibalulekileyo. Kaninzi kwenzeka ukugxekwa art (imisebenzi Aristotle, Lessing, VG Belinsky). Ngokuqhelekileyo, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga isikali lwemilinganiselo bazithelekise. Ukudala inkqubo kweekhonsepthi kunceda ngokoqobo ukwandisa okubhaliweyo kwi kumacandelo zezakhiwo, ukulandelela intsebenziswano yabo kunye nolwalamano, kwakunye ukuchonga ixabiso icandelo omnye komnye. Njengomthetho jikelele, lo mgaqo a kuyimfuneko kodwa aphakamileyo, njengoko nasiphi na isifundo esekelwe izixhobo ingqiqo kungakhathaliseki injongo isicelo yayo.

Ngexesha nayiphi Uhlalutyo ezinzima simise imigaqo ezahlukeneyo ukusombulula le ngxaki. Ngamanye amaxesha Yindibanisela ababini okanye nangaphezulu. Kulo mzekelo, omnye sinamandla kwaye enye - igatha lwakwa-. Ngoko ke, istorpizma esiyintloko amaninzi zidityaniswa nomgaqo neengqikelelo ezingundoqo, yaye ixhaswa i ongenantandabuzo cognitive-ebomini, njl

concept

Ingcamango Uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo - ukufunda kunye novavanyo iingcinga eziphambili lombhali kwenkqubo eziphathekayo izimvo kulo mba. Norman Feyrklaf encwadini "Language namandla" libhekisela ingqiqo eyakho synthetic. Umzekelo kunokuba izicatshulwa zezopolitiko ababhali kusoloko kuthethwa ngqo nabantu ngokusebenzisa isimelabizo u-lo mntu yesibini. Umsebenzi ophambili mlonyeni uhlalutyo enzulu yesigama, kukuqinisekisa ifuthe iindlela ezinjalo, impumelelo yabo ukutshintsha iingcinga ekuhlaleni.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba uhlobo ingqiqo eziphathekayo umbhali usoloko kubonwa njengendlela yonxibelelwano kunye nomfundi, kumboniseli olungisiweyo okanye umthengi.