Umbutho WezeMpilo Wehlabathi (WHO): umqulu, iinjongo, iinkqubo, iingcebiso

Kwimimandla yanamhlanje, enye yezinto eziphambili kubomi bomntu. Ukuphucula umgangatho walo kwaye ubude bathumela inani elikhulu leemeko ezixhasa abalawuli malunga nawo onke amazwe ehlabathini. Ukulungelelanisa izenzo zabo, kunye nokuqhuba eminye imisebenzi emininzi yokugcina nokuphucula impilo yomphakathi, i-World Health Organisation (I-WHO) yasungulwa, okwangoku kungomnye wemibutho ehloniphekileyo kunye nefuthe ehlabathini.

Ukuqala kwezenzo kunye nenjongo ye-WHO

Imisebenzi yayo yaqala ngowe-1948. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-Ephreli 7, ukuba isishwankathelo sagunyazisiwe kwaye izibophelelo zokuqala zenziwa, ngokukodwa, umzekelo, ukuphuhliswa kohlu lwezizwe ngezizwe. Kwixesha elizayo, i-WHO yaqhubeka ithatha uxanduva lokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo ezinkulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Enye yezona mpu melelo ebalulekileyo yiphulo lokuphelisa i-smallpox, eliphelile ngempumelelo ngo-1981. Imimandla yempembelelo, imisebenzi nemisebenzi yombutho inqunywe yi-charter kwaye ikhokelela kwinjongo efanayo-ukufezekiswa kwezinga eliphezulu lempilo elinokwenzeka kuphela kule miqathango, kuzo zonke izizwe zehlabathi.

Iimigaqo ze-WHO

I-Charter ye-World Health Organisation ichaza impilo njengombuso wenhlalakahle kumgangatho wenyama, wengqondo nentlalo. Yaye ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ukuba umntu akanalo izifo kunye neziphoso eziphathekayo, ngoko kusasa kakhulu ukuba athi unempilweni, kuba imeko yokulingana kwengqondo kunye nenzululwazi yezenhlalakahle ayiqwalaselwe. Amazwe angamalungu e-WHO, xa usayina umqulu, uyavuma ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokunandipha izinga eliphezulu lempilo, kwaye nayiphi na impumelelo karhulumente kwintsimi yempilo iyabaluleka kubo bonke. Ukongezelela, kukho imigaqo eyenzileyo, kwaye ilandelwa ngabo bonke abamkela umqulu. Nazi ezinye zazo.

• Impilo yendalo yonke iyona nto iphambili yokufezekisa uxolo kunye nokhuseleko, kwaye kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokusebenzisana kwabantu kwaye lichaza.
• Uphuhliso olungalinganiyo lwezempilo, kunye namanyathelo okulwa nezifo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi yingozi eyingozi.
• Impilo yomntwana yinto ebaluleke kakhulu.
• Ukunika ithuba lokusebenzisa zonke iziphumo zonyango lwangoku liyimfuneko ebalulekileyo kwizinga eliphezulu lempilo.

Sebenzi ye WHO

Ukufezekisa injongo ekujoliswe kuyo, umqulu uchaza imisebenzi yombutho, owona mkhulu kakhulu kwaye ahlukeneyo. Ukuziguqulela, i-World Health Organization isebenzisa zonke iileta zesiLatin. Ekubeni kuninzi kakhulu kubo, sinika ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngoko, imisebenzi ye-WHO ilandelayo:

• UMthetho njengombutho odibeneyo nolawulayo kumsebenzi wamazwe ngamazwe kwintsimi yokukhusela impilo;
• Ukubonelela ngoncedo olufunekayo kunye noncedo lobugcisa kwimisebenzi yezempilo yomphakathi;
• Khuthaza nokuphuhlisa umsebenzi ukulwa nezifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kunye nenkxaso yesondlo enokufuneka;
• Ukukhuthaza imfundo engcono kwimisebenzi yezempilo nempilo;
• Ukuseka nokusabalalisa imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe okutya, amayeza kunye nezinye iimveliso;
• Ukuphuhlisa ukhuselo lomama kunye nobuntwana, ukuthatha amanyathelo okuvumelanisa ubomi.

Umsebenzi we WHO

Umsebenzi wentlangano uqhutyelwa ngohlobo lweeNkcazo zeMpilo zeHlabathi, apho abameli bamazwe ahlukeneyo baxubusha imiba ebalulekileyo kwimida yoluntu. UMlawuli oyiNtloko ukhethwe yiKomidi eliLawulayo, elibandakanya abamele abavela kumazwe angama-30. Imisebenzi yoMlawuli oyiNtloko ibandakanya ukubonelelwa kweengxelo zonyaka kunye neengxelo zemali zombutho. Unalo igunya lokufumana ulwazi oluyimfuneko oluphathelene nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ngokuthe ngqo kumashishini karhulumente nakumaziko abucala. Ukongezelela, unyanzelekile ukuba agcine ii-ofisi zeengingqi zikwaziswa kuyo yonke imiba yommandla.

WHO

Isakhiwo se-WHO siquka iiyunithi zengingqi ezi-6: iYurophu, i-American, iMeditera, i-Southeast Asia, iPacific kunye ne-Afrika Phantse njalo iinqununu zithathwa kwizinga lesithili. Ekwindla, ngexesha lomhlangano wonyaka, abameli abavela kumazwe ommandla baxoxa ngeengxaki ezixinzeleleyo kunye nemisebenzi yendawo yabo, ukuthatha izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Umlawuli wengingqi, uququzeleli msebenzi kweli nqanaba, ukonyulwa iminyaka emi-5. Njengomntu jikelele, unalo igunya lokufumana ngokuthe ngqo ulwazi kwinkalo yokukhuselwa kwempilo kumaziko ahlukeneyo kummandla wakhe.

Imisebenzi ye-WHO

Okwangoku, imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo ye-World Health Organisation iyafumaneka. Iinjongo ze-millennium zifana nokuchazwe ngamajelo ahlukeneyo. Ziquka imisebenzi elandelayo:

• Uncedo ekuphelisweni nasekunyangeni izifo ezifana ne-HIV kunye nesifo sofuba;
• Uncedo kwiiprojekthi ezijoliswe ekuphuculeni iimeko zokubhinqa nabantwana abakhulelweyo;
• Ukuchongwa kweziganeko zophuhliso lwezifo ezingapheliyo nokukhusela ukuphuhliswa kwazo;
• Uncedo ekuphuculeni impilo yengqondo yabemi;
• Ukusebenzisana kwimisebenzi ekujoliswe ekuphuculeni impilo yeminyaka eselula.

Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo kunye oqhubekayo wenhlangano kule mimandla uye waqhubeka ixesha elide, kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, kukho impumelelo. Kodwa kusekuqaleni ukuthetha malunga nokugqiba kwabo.

Impumelelo ye-WHO

Phakathi kweempumelelo eziqakathekileyo ze-WHO zezi:

• Ukupheliswa kwe-smallpox ehlabathini;
• Ukunciphisa okubonakalayo kwiziganeko ze-malaria;
• Iphulo lokugonywa kwezifo ezithintekayo;
• Ukufumanisa nokulawulwa kwe-HIV;
• Ukudalwa kweenkonzo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo eziphambili.

ICD

Umsebenzi obalulekileyo we-WHO kukuphuhliswa nokuphuculwa kohlu lwezizwe ngezizwe (ICD). Kuyimfuneko ukuze ube nokukwazi ukuqokelela, ukulungelelanisa nokuthelekisa idatha efunyenwe kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ixesha elide. Ukususela ngo-1948, i-World Health Organisation iyaqhubeka kwaye isekela lo msebenzi. Ngomzuzu kukho ukuhlaziywa kwe-10 kwe-ICD. Enye yeempumelelo eziphambili zale nguqulelo yinguqulelo lwamagama ezifo kwiifom zeefom. Ngoku isi sifo sibhalwe ngeleta yesiLatf alphabet kunye neenombolo ezintathu emva kwayo. Oku kwenzeke ukwandisa isakhiwo sekhowudi kunye nokugcina indawo yamahhala kwizifo ze-etiology engacacileyo kunye neemeko eziboniswe kwindlela yophando. Ukwahlula kwangoku kwe-WHO kusetyenziswa ekuqhubeni iimviwo zengqondo, kuba oko kuyimfuneko phantsi kwemithetho yeRussian Federation.

Izibalo kunye nemigangatho

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi wenkcazo yenkcazo yenkalo yempilo yabemi kunye nokudweba ngokwemigangatho yemigangatho efunyenweyo ecacisa iimeko zokuphila kubantu abasemhlabeni wonke. Ukuqhathaniswa nokuthembeka kwedata, baqokelelwe, umzekelo, ngobudala, ngesini okanye kwindawo yokuhlala, kwaye iqhutywe ngendlela ekhethekileyo eyenziwe yi- OECD (Umbutho woBambiswano loQoqosho kunye noPhuhliso), i- Eurostat kunye nezinye izidumbu ze-UN, kuquka i-WHO. Inkcazo yomgaqo isekelwe kumxholo wayo wokubala, oko kukuthi, uluhlu oluthile lwexabiso apho kukho inkcazelo ebonakalayo yeqela elithile labantu. Oku kunceda ukuhlola ngokuchanekileyo impilo yabantu kwaye benze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imigangatho ye-WHO ihlaziywa ngezikhathi ezithile, ngenxa yokuvela kweemeko ezintsha okanye iimpazamo ekuqhubeni uphando. Ngoko, iminyaka engama-9 edlulileyo iitafile zeendlela zokulinganisa nokuphakama komntwana zahlaziywa.

Ukuphakama nokuphakama komntwana

Kuze kube ngo-2006, idatha malunga nokuphuhliswa kwabantwana iqokelelwe ngaphandle kokuqwalasela uhlobo lokutya. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yaqatshelwa njengeyiphutha, kuba isondlo sokufakelwa sisiphumo siphumelele kakhulu. Ngoku, ngokwemiqathango emitsha ye-WHO, ukuphakama komntwana kunye nokulinganiswa kuqhathaniswa neerameter parameters zabantwana abancancisayo, kuba kulo mzekelo umgangatho ophezulu wesondlo unikezelwa. Iitheyibhile ezikhethekileyo kunye neetshathi zinceda oomama emhlabeni jikelele bahambelanisa ukusebenza kwabo nemigangatho. Kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni, iNdibano yezeMpilo yeNhlabathi ibambe iprogram ye-WHO Anthro, ukukhuphela apho, unokuvavanya ubunzima nokuphakama komntwana, kwakunye nokuhlola isimo sakhe sempilo. Ukuphambuka kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo sisihlandlo sokubonisana noogqirha.

Ingxaki yokulondoloza isondlo inikwe ingqwalasela enkulu. WHO ukupapasha kuquka ukuhlanganiswa kweencwadana, iipowusta kunye nezinye izinto, apho imithetho yemveliso yengondlo yengane ikhuthazwa. Izinto eziprintiweyo zisetyenziswe kumaziko ezonyango kwaye zincedise oomama abancinci ixesha elide, ngokuqinisekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuphuhliswa kokuchanekileyo kunye nokuvisisana komntwana.

Umbutho wokuncelisa

Ukutya okupheleleyo komntwana akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokotata ubisi. Ngoko ke, uncedo lonina kumanyano ofanelekileyo wesondlo ngumnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo ye-WHO. Iingcebiso zokulungiselela ukuncelisa ibele zilandelayo:

• Isihlandlo sokuqala ukubeka umntwana kwisifuba kuyimfuneko emva kweyure emva kokuzalwa;
• Ungasondli umntwana osandul 'uvela kwibhotile;
• Kumama womama wokubeletha kunye nomntwana kufuneka abe kunye;
• Faka isicelo kwibele xa ufuna;
• Musa ukucima ngaphambi kokuba umntwana afune;
• Ukugcina ukutya kokuhlwa;
• Akukho dopaivat;
• Nika ithuba lokususa ngokupheleleyo isifuba ngaphambi kokuba unike enye;
• Musa ukuhlamba iingono phambi kokutya;
• Musa ukulinganisela ngaphezu kwesinye ngeveki;
• Musa ukugweba;
• Musa ukuvelisa ukutya okuncedisayo kwiinyanga ezi-6;
• Gcina uncelisayo kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2.

Umgangatho ngamnye

Ukuba, ngenxa yesizathu esithile, ukuncelisa ibele akukwazi ukufezekiswa, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba abantwana abangabonakaliyo bafumana ubunzima ngaphezu kweintsana. Ngoko ke, xa kuthelekiswa nezikhombisi eziqhelekileyo kunye nedatha yazo, le nkonzo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo.

Ukongezelela, kukho ezinye iiparameter zokuzalwa ezingafani nomfanekiso ophantsi. Umzekelo, ukukhula ngexesha lokuzalwa. Kungenzeka ukuba, abazali abazalwe phantsi baya kuba nomntwana onobukhulu bokukhula, kunye nokuphakamileyo, ngokuchaseneyo, ngokugqithiseleyo. Ukuphambukiswa okuncinane kwimeko eqhelekileyo akufanele kube yimbangela yokuxhalabisa, apho apho kuthethwa khona ukubonisana okongezelelweyo kwanezifo zonyango kubalulekile.

I-World Health Organisation ikholelwa ukuba i-genetics ayinayo impembelelo enkulu kumazinga okuphuhliswa kweentsana kuze kube unyaka. Isizathu esibalulekileyo sokunyuka kwesisindo singenasondlo sokutya.