Umbuso ongenalawulo lwentando yesininzi: ingqiqo, iintlobo. kolawulo loozwilakhe and ngegqudu yezopolitiko

kolawulo ongenalawulo lwentando yesininzi kweyela ngegqudu yileyo. Bona ukumela urhulumente esekelwe phezu kolawulo uZwilakhe okanye abalawulayo ophambili ekwanti. Kumazwe ezinjalo, abantu abaqhelekileyo abakwazi ukufaka uxinzelelo phezu abasemagunyeni. Ngenxa kolawulo non-lwentando ezinxulumene kwiimfazwe ezininzi, ubunqolobi kunye nezinye kwiintlungu despotism.

Iimpawu totalitarianism

Nawuphi na ulawulo non-yedemokhrasi nobeka abantu umthombo yemeko amandla. Kwilizwe kunye nenkqubo loo kolawulo bahlali becala akakwazi kuyiphazamisa kwimicimbi karhulumente. Ukongeza, bantu abo ke andingowawo ziingcungcu, yakutya amalungelo kunye nenkululeko. kolawulo Non-lwentando yesininzi zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezimbini - yileyo kunye ngegqudu. Yaye nayiphi na enye imeko, de facto idemokhrasi ayikho. Yonke le resource yolawulo namandla buzinze ezandleni liqela elithile labantu, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ngokupheleleyo umntu omnye.

Esi sisiseko esingundoqo ukholwayo i yileyo bolawulo non-yedemokhrasi - ngemfano senkokeli, apho kuvame iqela enamandla (iqela, emkhosini, njl ...). Power ukwimeko enjalo ibanjwa de kutshanje ngenxa nayiphi na indlela. Ngokunxulumene ukusetyenziswa yoluntu kuquka ugonyamelo. Ngelo xesha linye urhulumente yileyo uzama ukubonakala zisemthethweni. Ukuze wenze oku, le kolawulo zifuna inkxaso yoluntu ubunzima ngenxa yokuduma, impembelelo yembono, ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho.

Phantsi totalitarianism anqunyulwe iziseko zazo yoluntu yoluntu kunye nokuzimela. imisebenzi yakhe ebalulekileyo ngeendlela ezininzi ogosudarstvlivaetsya. Loozwilakhe Party ebesoloko wafuna ukungena nakwesiphi izakhiwo zoluntu - ukusuka amagunya kamasipala kwizangqa zobugcisa. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi amalinge banokude kuchaphazela ubomi lobuqu olusondeleneyo womntu. Enyanisweni, bonke abantu zinegalelo encinane umatshini enkulu kwinkqubo enjalo. umbuso ongenalawulo lwentando yesininzi waba phantsi nawuphi na ummi ezama ukuphazamisa imfuyo leyo. Totalitarianism yenza zife ziphele kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokuchasene abantu abaqhelekileyo, kodwa nxamnye uzwilakhe wasondela. Kuba iyimfuneko ukomeleza nokugcina igunya, njengokuba ngesothuso athile zihlaziywe egcina abanye bay.

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Olilizwe eqhelekileyo yileyo uneempawu eziliqela. Sihlala phantsi kwenkqubo lweqela elinye yolawulo kwamapolisa, lo yedwa kwengcaciso eendaba. Urhulumente yileyo awukwazi ukubakhona ngaphandle ulawulo ngokubanzi phezu ubomi noqoqosho lweli lizwe. Le ngcinga kulo rhulumente, njengokuba umthetho, nguye nephupha. Iqembu elibusayo isebenzisa slogans malunga wedwa enkulu elizayo abantu bayo kunye nenjongo eyodwa inkokheli yesizwe.

Nawuphi na ulawulo non-yedemokhrasi kufuneka asebenzise ngokomfanekiso zazo ze kotshaba lowo lokulwa. Elinye iqela ukuze impiriyali amazwe, Democrats, kwakunye amaYuda zabo, kulaks kunye nabalimi njalo. E. Iintshaba nezinambuzane gunya echaza zonke yeentsilelo disorder lwangaphakathi eluntwini. ubuciko okunjalo kwenza kube lula ukudibanisa abantu ukuba kuliwe neentshaba ezingabonakaliyo yaye ziyinyaniso, imisindo kubo iingxaki zabo.

Umzekelo, i-lezopolitiko ulawulo karhulumente ye-USSR uhlala gu yesihloko iintshaba phesheya kwaye ngaphakathi kwiiNkonzo abemi Soviet. ESoviet Union izihlandlo ezininzi balwa oongxowankulu, ngamanqindi, izinambuzane ezahlukahlukeneyo kwemveliso, iintlola kwakunye neentshaba amaninzi amazwe. "Abenzi bemilingo" uluntu lwayo yileyo kwi-USSR befikelelwe kwisithuba esiphakathi ko 1930.

nokubaluleka emibonweni

Amandla esebenzayo ibeka uxinzelelo phezu kweentshaba zabo kweyabo ngokuqina imfuneko yenkqubo lweqela elinye. ivumela kuphela ukuba ukuphelisa nayiphi na ingxoxo. Power kuthatha uhlobo kumbhobho, apho abantu "ngezantsi" Ziqulethe Nigcina umgca iqela jikelele olulandelayo. Xa uhlobo zepiramidi kukho iqela le ngamaNazi eJamani. Hitler kwakufuneka sisixhobo esebenzayo akwazi ukuphumeza nezimvo uMlawuli. AmaNazi akazange ukwamkela nasiphi na eyenye ku ngokwayo. Bona kalukhuni awaqhubana ngayo abachasi bakhe. Kwi aphahla kwezopolitiko kurhulumente omtsha kuye lula ukuphumeza indima yawo.

Ukulawulwa - oku iprojekthi eceleni kakhulu. Bazenz uyakwazi ukuchaza umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe mbono yesayensi (njengoko amaKomanisi ukuthetha malunga umzabalazo eklasini), okanye imithetho yendalo (njengoko amaNazi bexambulisana, ucacisa ukubaluleka kakhulu of nation German). ze Loozwilakhe kudla kunye nemfundo kwezopolitiko, ukuzonwabisa kunye izenzo mass. Zizo ezo German imingcelele itotshi. Kwaye namhlanje ukufana ezendeleyo kuluhlu e North Korea kunye imigubho eCuba.

nkqubo wezenkcubeko

ulawulo ngoozwilakhe Classic - ulawulo into subordinated ngokupheleleyo isiko xhaphaza ukuba iinjongo zabo. Kumazwe loozwilakhe na izakhiwo eliqhelekileyo omkhulu ezikhumbuzo iinkokeli. Zabe iincwadi zenzelwe ukuba isimbonono umyalelo asebukhosini. Xa imisebenzi enjalo ayikwazi simiso ukugxekwa umyalelo okhoyo. Xa iincwadi eshukumayo ibalaselisa kuphela konke okulungileyo, kunye nesithembiso 'ubomi kuye merrier ngcono, ubomi iye "kuzo kubalulekile.

Terror ngendlela nokulungelelanisa inkqubo usoloko isebenza ngokunxulumene ngokusondeleyo kunye nokukhuthaza. Ngaphandle eceleni make-up ithe ifuthe layo eziphakamileyo labemi. Ngelo xesha, kunye nokukhuthaza lulodwa ukwazi nomthelela ngokupheleleyo abemi ngaphandle kwamaza rhoqo orhwaqelisayo. umbuso kwezopolitiko owayenguzwilakhe urhulumente idla idibanisa la magama mabini. Kulo mzekelo, isenzo impilo baba isixhobo ubuxoki.

Udlame nokwandiswa

Totalitarianism awukwazi ukubakhona kungekho arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye ukubusa zabo phezu yonke imiba yoluntu. Ngesi sixhobo, abasemagunyeni iya kuququzelela ulawulo ngokupheleleyo phezu kwabantu. Phantsi egadiwe na yonke evela emkhosini nakwimfundo ezobugcisa. Nabangafuni kwimbali woMntu uyazazi amaGestapo, NKVD, sokuchola neendlela zabo zomsebenzi. Kubo, iye luphawulwa ugonyamelo kweliso iyonke yabantu. Isixhobo iimpawu zazo obubonakalayo ulawulo ongenalawulo lwentando yesininzi: kwabanjwa efihlakeleyo, ukungcungcuthekiswa, entolongweni ixesha elide. Umzekelo, kwi-USSR ifanele emnyama aze knock emnyango baba luphawu iphela era pre-imfazwe. "Kuba ekuthintelweni" ngesothuso ingabhekiswa nokuba abantu abanyanisekileyo.

urhulumente Loozwilakhe kunye ngegqudu sivame ukuba ukwanda indawo omakhelwane yayo. Hi xikombiso, le kolawulo ekunene-iphiko Italy kunye iJamani, kwakukho ingcamango lonke malunga "imfuno ebalulekileyo" isithuba sokwanda elizayo kunye nempumelelo yesizwe. Ndemka le ngcamango bezenze i "revolution ihlabathi," onceda sabasebenzi kwamanye amazwe, njalo-njalo. D.

authoritarianism

Famous wamazwe huan Lints Ndizicacisile iimpawu eziphambili ulawulo ngegqudu. Oku ngu mda of ezininzi, ukunqongophala ukungabi ekukhokeleni ecacileyo kunye nomgangatho ophantsi ukubandakanyeka kwabantu bakaThixo xa ebomini kwezopolitiko. Ukuthetha nje, ukuba authoritarianism unako kubizwa ngokuba sibi totalitarianism. Zonke ezi ntlobo kolawulo non-wentando yesininzi, kodwa namaqondo awohlukeneyo kwizikolo ezikude kakhulu ukusuka siseko yolawulo lwentando yesininzi.

Kuzo zonke iinkalo eziphambili authoritarianism kanye kukunqongophala ezininzi. Sidedness wavuma izimvo inokuba ikhona nje de facto, njengoko ukuze ilungiswe ngokwasemthethweni. Izithintelo becala kuchaphazela amaqela anomdla omkhulu nemibutho yezopolitiko. Ephepheni, zinokuba fifi kakhulu. Umzekelo, authoritarianism uvuma ubukho 'ezizimeleyo "zamaqela karhulumente, apho ngokwenene unopopi, okanye yayingabalulekanga ngokwaneleyo ukuba kuchaphazela ubunyani le meko. Ubukho kweziqu ezinjalo - indlela ukudala imo gqith. Unokuba Umboniso yedemokhrasi, kodwa zonke iindlela zayo lwangaphakathi usebenza ngokuvumelana kumgca jikelele, ichazwe apha ngasentla kunye unexceptional.

Kudla authoritarianism Sililitye ukunyathela kuphela endleleni eya totalitarianism. amandla State kuxhomekeke imeko amaziko karhulumente. Totalitarianism ayikwazi ukuba kuse. Ukwenzela ukudala inkqubo enjalo, kuthatha ixesha elithile (ukusuka kwiminyaka emininzi ukuya kumashumi). Ukuba urhulumente lizibandakanye "wokulwa" yokugqibela, ngoko ngaxa ethile iya kuba ngegqudu. Noko ke, njengoko ukuqiniswa ngokusemthethweni odolo loozwilakhe baya kuba ngakumbi ungalahla la iimpawu ukusilela.

kolawulo hybrid

Xa inkqubo ngegqudu karhulumente Ungashiya yokutyiwa nakwimibutho yasekuhlaleni okanye ezinye izakhi zawo. Kodwa ke, koko lo ezingundoqo neenkqubo zopolitiko loo ingqiqo sithembela kuphela lwemigangatho yayo kwaye zohlukile labantu ngokubanzi. Bona kunye ukuzilawula iguqulwe. Ukuba abemi ucele imbono yabo (umzekelo, ngokohlobo plebiscites), ngoko kwenziwa 'ukuba ubonisa "kwaye kuphela ukuze baxhase umyalelo sele lusekiwe. karhulumente ngegqudu engafuniyo inani bazilungiselela (njengoko kuchasene nenkqubo yileyo), ekubeni kungekho emibonweni abaninzi izothuso ngokuqinileyo kungekudala aba bantu baya kuphuma nxamnye kwinkqubo ekhoyo.

Yiyiphi enye into eyahlukileyo kakhulu ulawulo lwentando yesininzi kwaye non-yedemokhrasi? Kwaye zombini ezi meko kukho inkqubo yonyulo, kodwa imeko yalo ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, i-US ulawulo kwezopolitiko ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwintando abemi, ngoxa inkqubo ngegqudu unyulo i ungumkhohlisi. Kakhulu urhulumente onamandla ukusebenzisa izibonelelo zolawulo ukuze kuphunyezwe iziphumo wanqwenela zimvo. Yaye lokuvotela umongameli okanye lwepalamente, ivame babhenela ndicoca kwezopolitiko, xa abantu banikwa ithuba ukuvotela "ekunene" zomviwa. Kulo mzekelo, iimpawu inkqubo yonyulo kugcinwe ngaphandle.

Xa ideology ngegqudu of self na indawo ngolawulo inkolo, izithethe nenkcubeko. Ngezi into imo uzenza esemthethweni. Ugxininiso kwisithethe, ukungathandi utshintsho, conservatism - konke oku uphawu kulo naliphi na ilizwe hlobo.

Le uhulumeni mikhosi ngeqhudu

Authoritarianism - ingqiqo jikelele. Kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ithwale ezahlukeneyo kweenkqubo zolawulo. Amaninzi kolu ngcelele ihlangabezana ngurhulumente emkhosini-ingenalo novelwano, olusekelwe phezu ngeqhudu yomkhosi. Loo rhulumente esibonakala ngokungabikho urhulumente. Le manyano idl 'imanyano ye emkhosini kunye bureaucrats. US korhulumente kwezopolitiko, njengayo nayiphi na ilizwe lwentando yesininzi, ngendlela enye okanye ngenye uhlobene kula maqela anamandla. Nangona kunjalo, kwinkqubo ilawulwa idemokhrasi, akukho emkhosini okanye bureaucrats ebambe isikhundla lubalaseleyo anelungelo.

Eyona njongo iphambili yale ulawulo ezichazwe ngentla-- yokutshayela labemi esebenzayo, kuquka bambalwa yenkcubeko, yobuzwe neyenkolo. Baya ezinokudala ingozi ezingayingozi oozwilakhe, ngenxa yokuba ngcono self-mbutho kunezinye abemi belo lizwe. Xa urhulumente zomkhosi ngegqudu zonke izithuba ezabelwe ngokungqinelana elinegunya emkhosini. Oku kunokuba ngokozwi umntu omnye, kunye uhulumeni yomkhosi iqulunqwe iqembu elibusayo (lowo uhulumeni eGrisi 1967-1974.).

authoritarianism Corporate

Kwinkqubo loshishino ukuba kolawulo non-lwentando yesininzi akholisa bodwa ukumelwa kumandla amaqela athile umdla. kuvela Loo karhulumente kumazwe apho uphuhliso loqoqosho ifikelele nempumelelo ethile, kwaye inkampani inomdla inxaxheba kubomi kwezopolitiko. authoritarianism Corporate - izula phakathi ulawulo lweqela elinye kunye iqela abaninzi.

Umelo eliqingqiweyo umdla kwenza kube lula elawulekayo. Nombuso, ngokusekelwe umaleko ethile kwezentlalo, ungakwazi ukuthatha amandla, ngelo linye ngexesha enika izinikezelo amaqela omnye okanye ngaphezulu. Loo isimo olwalukho Portugal ngo-1932-1968 gg. xa Salazar.

Le authoritarianism ngokobuhlanga yamakoloniyali

Ifomu elikhethekileyo authoritarianism kwavela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX, xa amathanga ezininzi kweli lizwe (ingakumbi kwi-Afrika) yazimela amandla abo lobukoloniyali. Kuluntu ezinjalo, iye yasinda kunye nomgangatho ophantsi ntle yabantu. Kungenxa yoko le nto authoritarianism post-koloniyalizim kwakhiwa apho "ezivela ngezantsi". kwizikhundla ezingundoqo ezifunyenwe elite, nto leyo eye izibonelelo ezimbalwa kwezoqoqosho.

Inkxaso kolawulo ezinjalo nibe slogans ukuzimela yesizwe, apho kwintabalala naziphi na iingxaki zangaphakathi. Ngenxa ukuzimela wentelekelelo ngokunxulumene yangaphambili abantu abambaxa ukulungele ukunika amagunya naziphi zinga karhulumente. Imeko ezi zizwe, isithethe kuhlala lexinene, kuba unesifo phansi ezimbaxa kunye iingxabano nabamelwane.

Ifomu eyahlukileyo authoritarianism ingabizwa ekuthiwa-yobuhlanga okanye uhlanga lwentando yesininzi. Le nkqubo iye iimpawu ezininzi zikarhulumente simahla. It has inkqubo yonyulo, kodwa ukhetho kuvunyelwa kuphela amalungu iyaxela ethile yobuhlanga, ngelixa abanye abemi belo lizwe eyaphoselwa ngaphandle kwaloo nqanawa kwezopolitiko. Isikhundla esibulalayo okanye esisigxina de jure okanye de facto. Ngaphakathi amaqela nelungelo waphawula idemokhrasi eqhelekileyo kukhuphiswano. Noko ke, ukungalingani ekhoyo ludume ngumthombo uxinzeleko lwentlalo. ratio olungenabulungisa egcinwa yi amandla karhulumente kunye nezibonelelo zayo zolawulo. Owona mzekelo yacaca yedemokhrasi ngokobuhlanga - urhulumente kwakutsha nje eMzantsi Afrika, apho lwalusebenza-nkqubo engundoqo.