Le lokulungisa umnotho Gaydara Egora Timurovicha

Yegor Gaidar yaba lilungu le-Government of 6 November 1991. Lo mhla azinako kuthathwa loqalo lwencopho lokulungisa umnotho eRashiya. Amandla lizibekele umsebenzi njengoko ngokukhawuleza njengoko ixesha kunokwenzeka kukukhupha ilizwe elidlulileyo wamaKomanisi. Ukwenza njalo ngaphandle utshintsho olukhulu kuqoqosho, iminyaka emininzi yayikhona ngokohlobo isicwangciso, kwakungenakwenzeka.

iinguqu Gaidar kaThixo waba lever ukudala eRashiya imarike free. Urhulumente elo xesha neAfrika amaxabiso ngemiyinge emincinci, Sikwahlengahlengise inkqubo yerhafu, wadala inkqubo yorhwebo olutsha. Zonke ezi nguqu ezinkulu ngokukhawuleza ukuba kuthiwe "therapy kukothuka".

Price lokukhululwa

October 28, 1991, kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba ukuqeshwa Egora Gaydara uSekela-Mongameli ukuze nkqubo kwezoqoqosho kaRhulumente, uMongameli Russia Boris Yeltsin wanikela intetho ephambili e-Congress of yamaSekela yabantu. Intloko karhulumente isaziso imfuneko kukhulula amaxabiso. Nguye phawu lubalulekileyo loqoqosho kwimarike yamandulo. inyathelo kaMongameli samkelwa kubathunywa iCongress phantse ngamxhelo mnye.

Ukuqala yokuhlaziywa koqoqosho Gaidar lwaluza kuphunyezwa ngexesha nje elifutshane. Kwacetywa ukuba yinkululeko ziya kubhengezwa-1 Disemba. It wamelana republic zemanyano, nto leyo wayekade ummandla omnye engange Russian. iinguqu Gaidar zakhe sakhunjulwa yezoqoqosho kunye igama ayikho nje. Nangona umthetho omtsha phambi epalamente wathethelela Boris Yeltsin, ababephila amagunya akhe kamongameli, uphuhliso zonke iiprojekthi babeke phezu emagxeni Egora Timurovicha kunye neqela lakhe.

Elona isiqalo yokuhlaziywa koqoqosho Gaidar wafika ngoJanuwari 2, 1992, xa esamkelwa umongameli "On amanyathelo yinkululeko amaxabiso." Utshintsho bazenza waziva kwangoko. Urhulumente wayeka ekulawuleni amaxabiso Ihowuliseyili-80% ne-90% ye neevenkile. Urhulumente federal zigcinwa okwethutyana ukulawula kuphela kwempahla ebalulekileyo ekuhlaleni yabathengi: ubisi, isonka, njl Le ugcino samkelwa ngenxa isizathu ... Uhlaziyo loqoqosho Gaidar lwaqhutywa kweemeko sophazamiseko zentlalo, xa bebonke eseleyo ephaca emva kwentlekele kwindlela izicwangciso kwaye ukuwa yenkqubo eSoviet.

inkqubo Gaidar kaThixo

Xa ulungiselela inkqubo yayo, urhulumente waqhubeka kuloo mbono, ukuba iRussia unayo nayiphi "indlela ekhethekileyo", kwaye oko kuyimfuneko ukufunda zonke iimpawu ezingundoqo kuqoqosho market Koloni. Kude kube sekupheleni kuka-1991 kwaye nangoku akukacaci ukuba ajenda kulindeleke ukuba bonyule abasemagunyeni Russian. iiprojekthi zabo wanikela abezopolitiko ezahlukeneyo kunye zezoqoqosho: Yavlinsky, SHatalin, Saburov Abalkin etc ...

Ngenxa yoko, i "uloyiso" kusekho inkqubo Gaidar. Akuzange kube nje kwezoqoqosho. Uhlaziyo kufuneka ngokwakha ubudlelwane yemarike kweli lizwe ukuba zibe urhulumente omtsha kazwelonke, indawo egama engenanto emva kokuwa kobuKomanisi. Yegor Gaidar izimvo zabo echazwe maxwebhu "amathuba ezoqoqosho Ubao of Russia" yaye "Strategy Russian kwi Transition". Ngokutsho le misebenzi yoyilo, kuphuculo zisekelwe kwimigaqo babucala, yinkululeko zemali kunye nozinzo.

Iqela Gaidar yawafanisa iingxaki ezintathu eziziintloko uhlanga oselula njengelifa eSoviet Union. Yaba emali, kunye nentlawulo sentlekele lwenkqubo. Owokugqibela kubo into yokuba abasemagunyeni balahlekelwe ubuchule babo ukuze alawule indlela yokungena nokuphuma kwezibonelelo.

Ezicwangcisiweyo kuqala Ukuhlengahlengisa kunye kakhulu ukuphucula umgangatho ngokubanzi, njengoko ePoland ngexesha wenza urhulumente Rakovski. Gaidar wayekholelwa ukuba kwimeko enjalo kweli lizwe ekuqaleni malunga kweenyanga ezintandathu, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuya phikelela. Noko ke, le projekthi kwakufuneka ukuba uyekwe. Ubalo lubonise abasemagunyeni ukuba kwiinyanga ezintandathu ntlekele lizwe nje zazifile. Ngoko, kwagqitywa ukuqalisa yinkululeko olukhulu ngoko nangoko. Ixesha lubonise ukuba akukho enye okanye enye indlela akazange athembise nto uqoqosho elungileyo.

Ukuwa kwezoqoqosho

Ixabiso yinkululeko kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho iintlobo ngeentlobo iziphumo ezibi ezibe akunakuphepheka kule ngesantya olukhawulezisiweyo zotshintsho kuqoqosho. Umyalelo omtsha emarikeni waba sichasene umgaqo wolawulo-mali - ngehlobo lowe-1992 amashishini basekhaya baye balahlekelwa ikomkhulu labo ukusebenza. Xa emthonjeni yibhanki eyongameleyo waqalisa ukukhupha inani elikhulu mboleko kushishino, abalimi, nakwiiriphabliki lalisakuba yiSoviet, njalo njalo. D. Oku kwenziwa ukuze agubungele eshotayo mali. Noko ke, ngelo xesha kwakukho jump omkhulu kwamaxabiso. Ngowe-1992 ifike kwinqanaba ka 2500%.

Kuwa kwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Le ntlekele yokuqala ngenxa yokuba phambi kokuba yinkululeko ixabiso ayithatheli indawo imali iye yabanjwa, nto leyo eza kongela ilizwe ukusuka engange endala Soviet. kuye kwabonakala lwemali entsha kuphela ngo-1993, xa yokuhlaziywa koqoqosho Gaidar sele ugqibile, yaye wayeka evela kurhulumente.

Emali washiya isabelo imke ethile yabemi eRashiya. Kule 90 yee inani labantu abahluphekayo ibe 45%. iidipozithi ixabiso yiSoviet zoluntu e Sberbank aphelelwa ngamandla ukuthenga. Urhulumente wasola esenzeka lobunzima, iBhunga Ephakamileyo, nto leyo eyanyanzelisa ukuba uchithe umba eyongezelelweyo lwemali.

Imbambano ubonelelo ezongezelelweyo mali yaqala ukwenziwa nkqu kule minyaka yokugqibela yiSoviet, xa urhulumente ngoncedo wezemali imali ekhaya. Xa wenza iinguqulelo Gaidar kaThixo, ekugqibeleni inkqubo inciphisiwe. Owayesakuba republic ye-USSR ihlawulwe kunye neenkampani Russian le engange enye, nto leyo eza kunyuka ngakumbi kuphela ntlekele. Ngehlobo lowe-1992 njenge inokuthintela ukumisa non-cash ezizodwa akhawunti kumnxulumanisi ngoncedo eye yenziwa zokuhlala kunye namanye amazwe ico.

IPalamente ngokuchasene norhulumente

kutshintsho loqoqosho olukhulu Gaidar kwasekuqaleni baba zizisulu ukugxekwa of yamaSekela yabantu. Njengoko usazi, ngoAprili 6, bavula VI Congress wabo. Ngeli xesha abasemagunyeni waba inkcaso uhambelane ezaneleyo, olusekelwe phezu lobbyists zolimo nezeefektri aneliseke ekunciphiseni-mali karhulumente.

Kwenye yeentlanganiso wenkongolo yamkela isigqibo, apho ubeke izikhalazo eziphambili nxamnye nkqubo kaRhulumente. E. T. Gaydara iinguqu ziye igama unobangela eziliqela iingxaki zoqoqosho .. Living imigangatho kuwa labemi, ukutshatyalaliswa ubuhlobo yangaphambili kwezoqoqosho, ukuhla kwezoshishino, ukungabikho imali, njl Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukho yokungakwazi kaRhulumente ukugcina imeko kweli lizwe phantsi kolawulo. I MP ikholelwa ukuba iinguqulelo Gaidar kaThixo bathwalwa ngaphandle ngokuphathelele abanini uluvo kunye namashishini karhulumente. Abathunywa ummiselo wacebisa umongameli ukutshintsha inkqubo yezoqoqosho, kuthathelwa ingqalelo zonke iziphakamiso zabo eziifunekayo.

Ukuphendula uhlaselo yamaSekela URhulumente, kunye Gaidar Borisu Eltsinu unikezele isikhundla sakhe. Abaphathiswa iqhotyoshelweyo ingxelo ugxeke isindululo Congress, eyincoma nento yokuba ukuba amandla uya le khosi, urhulumente uza kwandisa iindleko ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngaphandle engange ezigidi, ngelixa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuya kufikelela umbundu 400% ngenyanga nganye.

Ukuyeka iye akamkelwanga, kodwa Yeltsin wahamba amasekela ukusilela. Watshayelela kuRhulumente nabantu abatsha - babizwa ngokuba "abalawuli ebomvu", lwaphembelela izilangazelelo nabanini lwamashishini amakhulu, abafumene izithuba zabo kule minyaka Soviet. Kweli qela kwakukho Vladimir Shumeyko, George Hizhu Vladimir Chernomyrdin.

Oku kwalandelwa iinzame ukuzinzisa imeko yemali. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uRhulumente ucuthe inkcitho karhulumente, kwakunye kuqaliswa iirhafu ezintsha. NgoMeyi 1992, ukwenyuka kwamaxabiso zehlele. Kuye kwenziwe enye imfuneko leBhunga uPhakamileyo - ehlile kakhulu kumgaqo-lawulo wemali. URhulumente kwakhona sele yabelwe engange 600 billion ukuze kuhlawulwe amatyala ukuya mgodini kunye nabanye abasebenzi iphawulekayo lwamashishini amakhulu

NgoJulayi, ziye utshintsho kubunkokheli be-Central Bank apho. Intloko entsha uViktor Gerashchenko, ngubani na yabanjwa kule isikhundla eSoviet Union, wamelana Ushintsho ka Yegor Gaidar, ukucuthwa inkcitho abekwa. Kwisiqingatha sesibini sika-1992, eli lokubolekisa umthamo Central Bank banda izihlandlo 3 kakade. Ngo-Oktobha, intsilelo mali lancitshiswa kwi-4% of GDP, xa kuthelekiswa nani Agasti.

qala privatisation

NgoJuni 1992, Yegor Gaidar waba usihlalo kaRhulumente. Loo hlobo, uthengiso waqala eRashiya. Abahlaziyi bangathanda ukuliphumeza ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Lo Rhulumente ukholelwa ukuba iRussia ifuna ukuvela udidi lwabanini, owayeza kuba undoqo kunye ezixhasa umgaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho karhulumente. Privatisation lwamashishini senzeka kwindawo apho izityalo kunye mveliso enyanisweni ongenamali. Enterprises zathengiswa ingoma. Kuthenga ukudilika. Ngenxa mingxuma ninzi imithetho intengiselwano baba ukunyhashwa abazimiseleyo kakubi.

Xa E. T. Gaydara iinguqu sele zigqityiwe phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-90 eRashiya sele Sibambise ngotyefezo, apho amashishini amakhulu kunye olubaluleke kakhulu kweli lizwe ocande ezandleni ngabanini ezintsha amaxabiso ngokuphindaphindiweyo lincitshiswe. Ngenxa yezi ntengiselwano, iklasi entsha oligarchs, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni nilabe nokuba wentsebenziswano phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu.

Abaxhasi kuphuculo privatisation karhulumente Gaidar wayekholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba bayeke inkqubo endala yiSoviet loqoqosho lwesizwe kunye lokubanga ngokugqithiseleyo kunye yinye. Forced rates yokuthengisa zikhokelele olahlwa eziliqela iimpazamo. Ngokutsho vo, malunga nama-80% labemi eRashiya iqwalasela iziphumo babucala njengemigqakhwe.

vouchers

Kuba privatisation intlama yaziswa ivawutsha - kwivawutsha oluthengiso, lowo besilungiselelwe ngotshintshiselwano asethi namashishini karhulumente. Yawela ezandleni zabucala. Kwacetywa ukuba ngokusebenzisa esi sixhobo, amashishini kamasipala uya kudluliselwa nobunini babucala.

Xa iyonke, malunga 146 ezigidi kweevawutsha zashicilelwa. Abemi abaye bafumana itsheki, angasebenzisa iphepha ngomrhumo of nezabelo zenkampani okanye inxaxheba kwentengiso. Kwakhona iphepha ekufuneka ithengiswe. Abahlali eli lizwe nxaxheba ngqo kwi babucala. Bona corporatized amashishini abo okanye iivawutsha transfer kwiingxowa mali ivawutsha (ChIF). Kuba apho angaphezu kwe-600 ezinjalo imibutho.

Practice lubonise ukuba iivawutsha okunene siba izinto intelekelelo. Abanini Uninzi lwezi izibambiso bathengise ngabo oosomashishini kunye igama zentandabuzo zafakwa Chiefs, ndithembe ukuba bazuze inzuzo eninzi. Ngenxa yale nkqubo ixabiso elililo lwe izibambiso zawa ngokukhawuleza. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abemi waqala wamquqela balahle kweevawutsha. ubukhulu becala ukuba zihlawulwa ezandleni labathengisi kwemitholo, beyifuna, amagosa kunye nolawulo lwamashishini ngokwabo.

Ngenxa kubantu babucala yayo ukukungxamela (igama ngokutsha loqoqosho Gaidar) yabanjwa yinkululeko amaxabiso, xa iindleko fund yevawutsha kuye izihlandlo ezilishumi ngaphantsi kwe ixabiso elililo leenkampani. Kuqikelelwa ukuba beyifuna bakwazi ukuthenga 500 ka-mveliso omkhulu ne zityalo $ 7 billion. Kodwa enyanisweni, ke kuqikelelwa kwi $ 200 yezigidi zezigidi. Oku ekuthiwa-"capitalism zasendle", elathi-10% yabemi ukufumana ulawulo ubutyebi yesizwe. Eyona ngeniso yokuzisa ukuthunyelwa igesi, neoli kunye nesinyithi non-ayoni. Iinkampani kunye nabanini ezintsha kuphela akazange abuyele inzuzo kwezoqoqosho Russian. Bona Akukho ukuya ukubuyisela yokwanda ngokukhawuleza ityala lwangaphandle karhulumente.

nkqubo kwezolimo

Ngowe-1992, ekuqaleni nguqulelo Gaidar xa kumakishwa kwakhona utshintsho ezilalini. Indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwezolimo baqalisa ukudlala iintlobo ezintsha kuqoqosho. Wabonakala ezingqalileyo iinkampani stock joint, ookopolotyeni kunye nentsebenziswano olungephi. Xa zizonke, ukuba kwabalelwa malunga 2/3 kwicandelo lezolimo. Le ntlekele iye hit kanzima kuzo zonke ezi fama ezintsha. Akonelanga oomatshini kwezolimo, iimoto, izichumiso kunye njalo njalo. D.

Urhulumente yamkele inkqubo ukuphelisa iintsalela kwenkqubo Soviet - karhulumente kunye neefama ehlangeneyo. NgoMatshi 1992, iRussia malunga 60 amawaka ngamnye iifama uhlobo efama. Kukuwa inani lazo liye lanyuka izihlandlo ezihlanu. Noko ke, ngenxa yokunqongophala zobugcisa, sekunjalo abazange bakwazi ukunika ilizwe isixa ezaneleyo zasekwindla. Ukuhlehla kukhokelele kwinto yokuba imveliso yee-90 zawela ngama-70% xa kuthelekiswa ngexesha lokugqibela Soviet. Umfama akazange akwazi ukondla Russian, nabo bonke ngenxa yokuba kubekho ukwanda okubonakalayo ixabiso wezenzi, izixhobo, njalo-njalo. D.

ezintsonkothileyo Military-mveliso

Ngo-1992, urhulumente kakhulu kwanciphisa yokuthenga efektri. Kwi leSoviet ezintsonkothileyo emkhosini-mveliso iye avuza kakhulu. Kuye wachitha isabelo ingonyama ngayo le mali. Nengxaki kwezoqoqosho, urhulumente nje akwazi ukunika emisebenzi ezininzi iinkampani, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni imilinganiselo kunye nokuthengiswa kumntu wesithathu.

Okubuhlungu kukuba le ngxaki kunye nophando nophuhliso (R & D). Umyalelo imali yale complex watshatyalaliswa, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba amaqela abafanelekayo kakhulu waziqhekeza waza waphuma umsebenzi. Kwaba ngoko aqala ekuthiwa-"idreyini ubuchopho" - .. I yokushiywa wenzululwazi, iinjineli, abayili, njalo njalo kakhulu Bona ke kufudukela kumazwe Koloni bekhangela ubomi obubhetele, ngoxa amashishini abo bengasebenzi ngaphandle emsebenzini.

Urhulumente, ukuguqula icandelo zokhuselo ke, wenza iimpazamo ezininzi ezinzulu: wayengekho ukuba ingaqhubeli phambili ngokutsha okanye ukutshintshwa mveliso zigciniwe. Ezinye iingcali zithi urhulumente engalunganga xa isuswe imiqathango yokungenisa impahla yabathengi, awaziyekayo inkampani kungabikho niche emarikeni.

Gaidar kaThixo ukuba ehle

NgoDisemba 1992, Yegor Gaidar wawushiya kwisikhundla sokuba nguSihlalo kaRhulumente. ukuhamba yakhe kwizibhambathiso kobudlelwane phakathi kweBhunga ePhakamileyo kunye noMongameli we Russia. Bekucingelwa ukuba isivumelwano luza kuvumela ukubamba ngokukhuselekileyo-zimvo kwi-siseko omtsha. Noko ke, ngo-1993, loo masekela yenqaba ukufeza iimfanelo zabo, ekhokelela ungquzulwano kaRhulumente kunye noMongameli. Wagqibelisa iziganeko Oktobha, xa eMoscow ubunzima iintsuku eziliqela ekulweni esitalatweni.

Xa ingxaki ekwindla Gaidar wabuyela waphinda kuRhulumente, yaye kwakukho usekela-sihlalo yokuqala, kwakunye noMphathiswa Economy. Ekugqibeleni, ulawulo oluphezulu, wemka kaJanuwari 20, 1994. Ngeli xesha bonke kutshintsho loqoqosho ezinkulu Gaidar sele kwabanjwa, nelizwe wayehlala leyinene entsha kwezoqoqosho.

Iziphumo ezakhayo iinguqu

Buyela ngoDisemba 1992, ngomhla olwandulela umhlala-phantsi, yena wachaza iziphumo zomsebenzi wabo. INkulumbuso kwi VII Congress of yamaSekela Abantu ugxininise impumelelo enkulu ngamandla. Sikwahlengahlengise inkqubo yerhafu, ngasese kunye nohlaziyo agrarian (litsha kweefama ezidityanelweyo zikarhulumente), Energy ngokutsha, iinkampani oyile esekwe yancitshiswa iindleko zokuthengwa iimbumbulu kunye nezixhobo emkhosini.

UMphathiswa wezoQoqosho kunye noGeidar Andrey Nechaev kunye nabo bathiwa ngamanye amanyathelo abalulekileyo kaRhulumente kwixesha elibuhlungu. Ukongezelela kokukhululeka kwamanani asele achazwe, urhulumente wavumela ukuhweba ngokukhululekileyo, ukulungiswa kwamatyala angaphandle ngokuvula imigca yeekhredithi eNtshona. Ukuguqulwa kweGaidar ngo-1992 kwavunyelwa ukunciphisa ulwabiwo-mali. Ukuveliswa kweerhafu ezibalulekileyo ukubonakala kweerhafu kwimveliso yeoli. Inkqubo yokucwangciswa kwezoqoqosho ihleli ngexesha elidlulileyo. Umbuso waqala ukutshintshela kumyalelo welizwe. Kwintsimi yotyalo-mali, ubudlelwane phakathi koorhulumente kunye nabasomashishini abucala bube ngundoqo. Ukurhweba kunye nama-republics asekuqaleni awakhiwe ngendlela entsha-ishintshela kumaxabiso ehlabathi kunye neziseko zemarike.

E. T. Gaidar, ukuguqulwa koqoqosho lwaso kukhokelela ekuhlaziyweni kwayo yonke ubudlelwane bezezimali, ukukhuthaza ukusekwa kwemigaqo yorhwebo ekuthumeleleni izixhobo zomkhosi. Ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kukuthotyelwa komthetho kwi-bankruptcy. Ngokufika koqoqosho lweemarike, iinkampani zokuqala zentengiso zenziwe, kunye neengxoxo ezingenakufumaneka kwi-USSR.

"Utshutshise unyango"

Emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, iRashiya yayisemgangathweni, eyayingazange ibe yimbali yoluntu. Umbuso omkhulu oneminyaka engama-70 ubomi phantsi kobukominisi kunye noqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo emva kwamagxa kufuneka kuthuthelele kwimodeli emveliso yentengiso. Ngo-1991-1992 gg. Nangona kunjalo akukho lizwe ehlabathini eliye laqhuba ukuzama ukunyanzelisa loo nto. Kwiminyaka emibini phambi kweRashiya, utshintsho olufanayo lwaqala ePoland naseCzechoslovakia, kodwa bekungenakho umphumo obonakalayo kwaye bekhona kuphela kwindlela yokubonisa.

Ingundoqo yenguqu yeGaidar yenguqu yokuba uRhulumente wayefanele asebenze ngokoqobo, engozini yakhe kunye nobungozi, kwezoqoqosho kwezoqoqosho lwelizwe lawo. Enyanisweni, into esathatyathwa yilapho yayidlulileyo kwintlanganiso yama-socialist. Ngokomzekelo, imisebenzi yesikhashana yadalwa eRashiya ngokuhambelana neSigqibo kwiNkululeko yoRhwebo ePoland. Le miqathango ivumelekile ukuzalisa izixhobo zokubala. Enyanisweni, olu tshintsho lwaba neendleko zabo. Olu hlobo lorhwebo lwathatha iifomu ezingaqhelekanga - izitsha ezitsha zavela ngokukhawuleza kwaye zingenamthetho.

Ulungiso lwezoqoqosho lwe-E. Gaidar urhulumente (ukutshintshwa koqoqosho lwentlalo-ntsapho ukuya kwi-market economy) lwaqala ngokukhawuleza. Enyanisweni, ixesha lahleka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80, xa iimpawu zokuqala zengxaki zibonakala. Uqoqosho lwaseSoviet lwamaxabiso obuncwane lwaluphila kwintlungu ngenxa yokuwa kwamaxabiso eoli, okukhokelela kwimigca egciniweyo kunye nekhadi phambi kokuba uhlaziyo lweGaidar luqale. Igama elithi "ukutshatyalaliswa kweyeza" linikezelwa utshintsho olulungeleyo - inkqubo kufuneka ifatshintshwe kwiimeko eziphuthumayo.