Umanyolo - a ... Formula kunye nesicelo of potash

Umanyolo - ligama sesikweni kwento yokuba ekhemisi kubiza potassium carbonate. Le ityuwa yaziwa abantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, njengoko iqulethwe uthuthu. Ngaphambili, eli gama ubizwa kumasalela owomileyo emva komphunga yesisombululo yokutsha izityalo. Ngoko ke, yintoni ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba potassium?

ifomula

Elinye igama ngenxa yale nto - umanyolo. Kwaye ifomula yayo imichiza ibhalwe njenge - K _{2 CO-3.} Umele avareji potassium ityuwa kunye asidi. Oku kuthetha ukuba isisombululo umanyolo ayikho asidi okanye ezingundoqo, oko cala. Ukuze ixesha elide bedidekile ngesoda yokubhaka - NaHCO _3.

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa kunye nesifundo

Kakade ke, asazi ukuba ukuba ngubani potash yokuqala, njengoko wayesaziwa eGrisi yamandulo neRoma. Emva koko wabuya wachacha evela uthuthu osetyenziselwa ukuhlamba. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ixesha elide zabhidaniseka enye into - yesoda potassium. Bhaka soda eziqhelekileyo, umanyolo - bobabini babebizwa iityuwa nje obrak okanye ialakalin. Ukwahlula phakathi kwabo yaqala XVIII-XIX eminyaka. Kuba okokuqala Kwazeka oko ngo-1759, xa uAndreas Marggraf wafumanisa ukuba soda yi ezimbiwa obrak, ngelixa potassium - izityalo. Ngowe-1807, Gemfri Devi wasungula ukwakhiwa eekhemikhali nganye kwezi zinto.

Sisihlandlo sokuqala zemveliso of potash zibhekisela kwinkulungwane XIV. ukuba iinkampani inkulu ibekwe eJamani nakumazwe aseScandanavia. Ipotaziyam carbonate eyasetyenziswa kwi mveliso isepha, ishishini ngelaphu, izityalo bokudaya. Kwinkulungwane XV kukhuphiswano kuquka Russia. Ngaphambi kokuba ama umanyolo ukusuka ash wayengazi njani, kodwa kumazwe angaphandle iimveliso yokutsha kunye, umzekelo, imfutho. kushishino Glass kokubini eRashiya nakumazwe aphesheya nayo iyafuneka kulo mbandela. Afunwa wakhula, yaya ikhula ngokukhula, yaye sinikela kuye.

Hi ndlela leyi, igama "umanyolo" - yinto nje indlela okunomnyinyivane imveliso yayo ngamakhoboka. Inyaniso yeyoba, e-Latin kuvakala ngathi potassa, nto leyo ke ezo la magama "uthuthu" kunye 'imbiza'.

Chemical kunye neempawu zomzimba

Ekuhambeni-experimenti ezininzi kule into, oososayensi bafumana ulwazi malunga ezi okanye ezinye iimpawu azalwa kuyo. Namhla siyazi ukuba, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, umanyolo ecocekileyo - into eqinileyo ngohlobo ziikristale ezingenambala okanye ngumgubo emhlophe. mninzi wayo - 2.43 g / cm ^3. potassium carbonate lokunyibilika lobushushu - degrees 891 Celsius. It has hygroscopicity eliphezulu.

Le nto ayibubo uqhushumbo okanye umlilo ingozi. Xa zidibene nesikhumba omanzi okanye uxakaxa ndizayo esahlala. Ngoko, kuba kokwabo iklasi yesithathu ingozi.

Iintlobo kunye neentlobo

Kukho iindidi ezimbini of potash: calcined kunye polutoravodny. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, le yesibini, le fom yokuqala iqulethe akukho manzi - ngexesha calcining ngayo ngokomphushu yaye kususa nezinto eziphilayo, nto leyo nesisombululo potassium carbonate yale hlobo iba nto enemibala ngokupheleleyo.

Ukongeza, i-umahluko phakathi potassium emaXhoseni ayikhuphi ezintathu kuphela. Umgangatho imveliso yokugqibela kuxhomekeke kwisiqulatho ubumdaka ezifana intsimbi, i-aluminiyamu, kloride, sodium kunye sulfates. Kwakhona kuthathelwa ingqalelo xa wabele kwibakala iqhezu ubunzima le elitshisiweyo sixhokonxe kwi isisombululo kunye ilahleko ucinezelo.

gesi

Nangona ukusetyenziswa of potash ayikho ngezinga elikhulu enjalo, njengoko kunjalo ngesoda yokubhaka, yokuba uxakeke isetyenziswa ngabantu. Kodwa ngaphezu kwako konke oko kufuneka ukuba. Kunyuswa kancinci oko kungenziwa nkqu ekhaya.

Okokuqala kufuneka ukufumana izandla zabo phezu eluthuthwini imvelaphi zezityalo. Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukunyibilika kwayo umthamo othile wamanzi ashushu, ndixhoxha ngononophelo kwaye ulinde ixesha elide. Okulandelayo, ukuqala ngumphunga isisombululo umanyolo kunye nomxube kwezinto eziphilayo abangela kwezulu ziikristale. Ngokuqhelekileyo, potassium carbonate, bachongwe ngendlela efanayo, khona apho kuya kubakho ekumgangatho ophezulu, kunye neenzame wachitha inkulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nemali. Ngoko, ke, phezu isikali kwimizi yonke into eyahlukileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, i isisombululo potassium carbonate zolwelo ukuba awasabela ngayo kunye _NGEZE-2, nto leyo ekhokelela kuseko KHCO _3. Ngoko, ke, itshiswa, yaye kukho amanzi kunye necarbon dioxide zinomgutyulo kwi amasalela - ukuqala umanyolo.

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ukufumana le nto, kodwa kakhulu ilula kwaye ezo ezichazwe ngaphambili.

processing

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, kukho iindidi ezimbini of potash - calcined kunye polutoravodny. Njani, ke, ukusetyenzwa potassium carbonate kwenzeka ukuba omnye okanye omnye uhlobo?

Kuqala kwinto zonke, bade iyahluka ifomula. Polutoravodny Kubonakala ngathi: K ₂ CO ₃ + 1,5H ₂ Owu, ngamanye iqulethe amanzi ekuqaleni. Noko ke, eyona hygroscopic ngakumbi kunesiqhelo. Ukusuka kule fomu kunokuqulunqwa kunye nefomu anhydrous - powder itshiswa ngokwaneleyo ukuze 130-160 degrees Celsius.

uhlobo Calcined afunyenwe ekusetyenzweni potassium carbonate, ezifunyenwe ngumphunga wentaba isisombululo kule iifatyi yamaplanga. Le nto ayinayo ecocekileyo kakhulu, ngoko ke kufuneka mhlawumbi calcined okanye calcined. Emva enye yezi nkqubo, potassium carbonate umgubo emhlophe ifunyenwe, nesisombululo yayo - enemibala ngokupheleleyo. Kulo mzekelo, impahla aliqulathanga amanzi.

ukusetyenziswa

elide Kuye kwaye nangoku potassium carbonate kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo esebenzayo kumashishini amaninzi, kwaye iinjongo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukukwazi yakhe ebalulekileyo asihlambulule isasetyenziswa nangoku ekwenziweni isepha kunye namanye amachiza zasekhaya.

Ukongeza, umanyolo - isinqandi additive ukuya ibumba. Ngenxa yoko, oko ivumela imixube ukuba nzima ngakumbi ebandayo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuqhubeka wokwakha kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi ngokufanelekileyo. inzuzo yayo ingeniso iimveliso efanayo kukuba ingabangeli umhlwa kwezakhiwo, kwakunye ukuyilwa efflorescence, okwenza kuchaphazela ukomelela ngesakhiwo.

Sekunjalo potassium carbonate ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso zeglasi ngumkhenkce, kunye ngokukhanya ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Buyisela naye ngale nto qha. Kungekho naziphi na analogue weli, umzekelo, ekwenziweni yeglasi eliyinjubaqa.

Amaxesha amaninzi umanyolo - licandelo umbala kushishino yemichiza ye isetyenziselwe ukufunxa emanzini evela imixube nerhasi - nale alwa ngcono kakhulu soda. Apho ke indawo ishishini lamachiza: carbonate potassium libandakanyeka kwezinye basabele, kwaye kwezinye iindawo kuvela nje imiphumela. Enye indawo lwesicelo - lomlilo deal. Okokuba le iphathwa izakhiwo zomthi, ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza ukuxhathisa nomlilo wabo.

Ngoko ayimangalisi, kodwa umanyolo - kukwayinto entle additive ukutya. ikhowudi kwakhe - E501 ukuze kokwabo iklasi ka E. Kuba xa oko esetyenziswa kwishishini confectionery, umzekelo, ekwenziweni gingerbread. Kushishino ukukhanya, le nto ibandakanyeka kwinkqubo kwezikhumba.

Ekugqibeleni, amathemba aphezulu isicelo of potash ekwenziweni iklorin-free nezichumiso potassium. Ash elisetyenziswa kulo kudala, kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwafakwa imveliso mveliso ukunxiba. Mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo kufutshane ndlela iya kusetyenziswa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, kudala kwaziwa kwaye akuyiyo ingozi xa kuthelekiswa izichumisi kwizimbiwa isicelo namhlanje.

nezinye iimpawu

Njengoko potash - kukho into hygroscopic kakhulu, ukupakishwa yayo, ukugcinwa kunye zokuhamba phantsi kweemeko ezizodwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iingxowa-umaleko ezintlanu esetyenziselwa diphu potassium carbonate. Indlela kuphela ukuthintela ukungena engamkelekanga amanzi kule nto.

Ngaphezu koko, ngokumangalisayo, nangona basabela iphelele H ₂ Owu, potassium carbonate ithe yachithwa ngokupheleleyo acetone kunye ethanol.