Umaleko ongaphandle iiseli. Biology: isakhiwo iseli zezityalo, isiphaluka

Iiseli eyenza inyama enezityalo nezilwanyana, kufuneka umahluko omkhulu kwizinto ubukhulu, imilo, izinto abasemthethweni. Noko ke, bonke benayo ukufana esisishwankathelo ukukhula, utshintshiselwano ubomi, ukuba nochuku, ukukwazi kuphuhliso Ukwahluka. Okulandelayo, cinga ngakumbi ubume weseli zezityalo (Itheyibhile iinkalo eziphambili ziya kunikwa ekupheleni kweli nqaku).

Background Brief Historical

Ngokusebenzisa ethukile osmotic ngo-1925 Gorter kunye Grendel wafumana oonokrwece zingabinanto iiseli ezibomvu, ukuze-ebizwa ngokuba "isithunzi". Bona yacukana neentango, ocacisa indawo yazo ngaphezulu. Lipids babohlulwe ngokusebenzisa acetone. Kwakhona, inani iiseli ezibomvu per unit ndawo wayezimisele. Ngaphandle ukungaqiniseki izibalo ethatyathwe ngempazamo japan echanekileyo, uze uvule bilayer lipid.

ulwazi jikelele

Uphononongo kophuhliso inyama kunye ukukhula ngamasuntswana enezityalo nezilwanyana iphatha biology. Ubume weseli zezityalo imbaxa of imbande omnye komnye amacandelo amathathu:

• Core. Oku abazahlulayo ukusuka kukho icytoplasm esebenzisa amaqamza. Uqulathe eyona nucleolus, incindi enyukliya chromatin.
• Le kukho icytoplasm nezigqeba ezintsonkothileyo ezikhethekileyo - organelles. Nevuthisayo, ingakumbi, kubandakanya plastids, mitochondria, lysosomes nezixhobo Golgi, iziko cell. Organelles njalo ngoku. Ngaphandle kwezi, kukho kwakhona ukwakheka okwethutyana, ebizwa inclusions.
• Isakhiwo, owenza umphezulu - iqokobhe weseli zezityalo.

Iimpawu bomhlaba yesixhobo

Ngaba leukocytes kunye iiseli kwiseli enye eziphilayo yebhatyi inika kwii kwamanzi, ion, iimolekyuli encinane kusitsha. Inkqubo apho kukho ukungena bamasuntswana eqinileyo, ebizwa phagocytosis. Ukuba sifumana nethontsi iikhompawundi ulwelo, Sithetha pinocytosis.

organelles

Zikhona xa iiseli eukaryotic. Kunye organelles utshintshwano zebhayoloji ezinxulumene ukuba kwenzeka kwiseli. kele zabo uvalo kabini - plastids kunye mitochondria. Bona ziqulathe DNA zabo, kwakunye nomatshini synthesizes neprothini. Andise ikhutshwa phandle olulodwa. Kulo mitochondria, ngaphandle ATP, neprothini ukuba kuhlelwe hi mpimo lowutsongo. Plastids zikhona plant cells. ukwanda kwabo lwenziwa ngokwahlula-hlula.

ndizayo

Zingaphazama zicinge ukuba umaleko zangaphandle iiseli - a icytoplasm. Le inwebu le Isakhiwo ilastiki eziphilayo. Umaleko umphandle iiseli ekuthiwa izixhobo komhlaba, ngawo okuqulethwe gumbi ukusuka kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle. Kukho imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo yeseli ndizayo. Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka yonke element. Ngaphakathi isakhiwo sikhona, ukwabelana iseli babizwa ngokuba amagumbi. Le ndawo ivaliwe ngokuba organelles okanye amagumbi. Ngaphakathi kuzo zixhaswa iimeko ezithile. Imisebenzi cell inwebu ziquka ulawulo ngokutshintshiselana phakathi eliphakathi kunye iseli.

ndizayo

Yintoni na isakhiwo yeseli ndizayo? inwebu Cell - a bilayer (kabini) loMthetho molecule kwiklasi lipid. Abaninzi kubo imela uhlobo lipids entsokothileyo - phospholipids. Xa iimolekyuli langoku hydrophobic (umsila) kunye esibamba (intloko) nesabelo. Xa iiseli kwakhiwa iqokobhe, imisila ngaphakathi kunye nentloko - kwicala elahlukileyo. Inwebu - na isakhiwo invariabelnye. iseli animal istili has a lot of ezifanayo kunye element enezityalo. Le inwebu ububanzi - ngokomyalelo 7-8 NM. maleko eziphilayo ongaphandle iiseli iquka iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo proteinaceous: poluintegralnye (kwelinye icala antywiliselwa le lipid engaphandle okanye umaleko yangaphakathi), ebalulekileyo (bubonakala) umphezulu (omelene emacaleni angaphakathi nokuba yokuba ngaphandle). iiproteni ezininzi yaxokomezela iingongoma le inwebu kwaye ngaphakathi cytoskeleton iseli kwaye udonga olungaphandle (ukuba akhona). Abanye uxhulumaniso efunekayo ukwenza indima lamajelo ion, iintlobo receptors kunye zabathuthi.

umsebenzi kukhuseleko

Ubume esiseleni inwebu ubukhulu becala imisela umsebenzi wayo. Ngokukodwa, i inwebu unalo permeability uyakhetha. Oku kuthetha ukuba iqondo permeability neemolekyuli ngokusebenzisa inwebu ixhomekeke bubungakanani, iimpawu imichiza, intlawulo yombane. Lo msebenzi ungundoqo olwenziwa yi umaleko zangaphandle iiseli, ekuthiwa umqobo. Ngenxa yokuba wasinika iikhompawundi zokusingqongileyo uyakhetha, adjustable, iyasebenza kwaye passive exchange. Umzekelo, peroxisomes ibhatyi azikhusele peroxides eziyingozi kukho icytoplasm.

izithuthi

Ngokusebenzisa engaphandle iseli inwebu izinto yenguqu. Ngenxa lothutho enikiweyo unikezelo kwezondlo, nokuphelisa yeemveliso ekupheleni kwenkqubo zokunaniselana, le secretion kwezinto ezahlukeneyo, ukuyilwa bako ionic. Ukongeza, iseli wahlala pH ngokupheleleyo kunye lwee- ion eziyimfuneko ukuze enzyme. Ukuba kufuneka amasuntswana ngenxa naziphi na izizathu, ayinako le ndebe ukudlula ngenxa bilayer of phospholipids, umzekelo, ngenxa iipropati esibamba kuba inwebu na hydrophobic kulo, okanye ngenxa yobukhulu bazo enkulu, ukuba ukuwela inwebu ngokusebenzisa zabathuthi ezizodwa (abathuthi protein) yi endocytosis okanye weeproteni channels. Xa inkqubo yezothutho compound nje ukuvavanywa zangaphandle zeeseli ngaphandle nenkcitho amandla kwe- phantsi ithambeka ingqalelo. Enye okufana yale nkqubo kucingwa ukuba kube lula ukusebenza. Kulo mzekelo, iyeza inceda iiseli ukuwela umaleko engaphandle nayiphi molecule ethile. Kusenokuba channel langoku egu- yokudlulisela omnye kuphela uhlobo kweziyobisi. Kuba izithuthi esebenzayo kufuna amandla. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-intshukumo kule meko lwenzeka emva ithambeka yoxinaniso. Ngomhla inwebu kulo mzekelo kukho iimpompo iiproteni ezizodwa, kubandakanywa ATPase, nto leyo eli ezimpontshelwa kwi iseli kunye potassium ion, iimpompo sodium.

eminye imisebenzi

Umaleko engaphandle yeseli isebenzise umsebenzi matrix. Oku kukhokelela kwisimo mutual ezithile kunye noqhelwaniso lomsebenzi iikhompawundi inwebu iiproteins kunye intsebenziswano yazo egqibeleleyo. Ngenxa umsebenzi ngoomatshini enikezelwa iiseli lokuzimela kwaye nezakhiwo zangaphakathi, kwakunye uqhagamshelwano ezinye iiseli. Kubaluleke kakhulu kule meko nabameli nezihluma engenazakhiwo eludongeni. Kwezilwanyana, ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi mechanical lixhomekeke kweziyobisi intercellular. Inwebu asebenza kunye nemingeni yamandla. Xa inkqubo ifotosinthesis chloroplasts kunye internal zeselula kwi mitochondria kwiindonga zabo owenziwe inkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwamandla. Kwezi, njengoko kwezinye iimeko ezininzi, iiproteni ubandakanyekile. Kucingwa omnye umsebenzi obaluleke receptor. Ezinye ziiproteni zifumaneka inwebu ezi receptor. Ngenxa ezi molekyuli iseli iyakwazi ukuba uyasamkela okanye ezinye iimpawu. Umzekelo, steroids, ajikeleza egazini, impembelelo kuphela ezo iiseli ekujoliswe ukuba kufuneka receptors ehambelana ukuya kwenye okanye ezinye iihomoni. Kukwakho ke neurotransmitters. Ezi khemikhali zinika ukosuleleka uyibona. Kwakhona wu ri karhi kunye neeproteni ekujoliswe ezithile. amacandelo ndizayo badla enzymes. Ngoko ke umsebenzi enzymatic yeseli ndizayo. I- plasma imifinya of wamathumbu iiseli epithelial iikhompawundi langoku yokwetyisa. Umaleko ongaphandle iiseli eyenziwe kunye biopotentials zabanjwa.

Uyondelelwano lwee- ion

Ukusebenzisa inwebu inkxaso isiqulatho engaphakathi ion K + kwindawo ngaphezu ngaphandle, inqanaba. Uyondelelwano lwee- Na + usezantsi kakhulu ngaphandle. Oku kwakubaluleke kakhulu ekubeni umahluko enokubakho ukwenzela phezu kodonga kunye nesizukulwana a ngokwentshukumisa-luvo.

uphawu

Akhoyo phezu awakwazi inwebu, apho asebenze eminye "mfutshane". Ukumakishwa ikuvumela ukuba ukuchonga iseli. Glycoproteins - iiproteni ibekwe kuzo oligosaccharide branched imixokelelwane ecaleni - kudlala indima "antenna". Ekubeni sisimo ezingenakubalwa eentsontelo icala kunokuba ukuze iqela ngalinye iiseli ukwenza uphawu lwabo. Ngoncedo kwezi kwenzeka ukuqatshelwa nezinye izinto nto, leyo, yenza ukuba senze ekonsathini. Oku kwenzeka, umzekelo, ukuyilwa ancedisana amalungu. Ngokwale ndlela inye kwenziwa umsebenzi amajoni omzimba ukuba abone nezakhi amazwe.

Ukwakhiwa Ulwakhiwo

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iinwebu iseli luqulathe phospholipids. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwabo isakhiwo cholesterol zangoku glycolipids. Laba lipids safika nabo carbohydrate. Glyco- kunye phospholipids, ubukhulu becala kusekwe iindonga iseli, iqanjwa 2 ezinekhabhohayidrethi "nemisila" elide hydrophobic. Bona enxulumene esibamba, ityala "intloko". Ngenxa yobukho cholesterol inwebu ineqondo eyimfuneko ngqongqo. Umchiza uphethe isithuba phakathi imisila hydrophobic lipid, nto leyo esithintelayo ukugoba zabo. Kulo mba, ezo imifinya apho cholesterol encinane, bhetyebhetye ngakumbi ethambileyo, yaye apho kuyo kwakhona, phezu koko, ngqongqo mkhulu kunye ubu ezindongeni. Ngaphezu koko, umchiza lisebenza njengesikhululo ekuthinteleni intshukumo ye iiseli kwiseli iimolekyuli ezibandayo. Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa ziiproteni kusichukumisa inwebu kwaye banoxanduva iimpahla zazo ezahlukeneyo. Okanye ukuba iqokobhe weseli zezityalo ichazwa yakheke kunye noqhelwaniso lomsebenzi iiprothini.

of lipids thunzi

Ezi zinto akufutshane kwiproteni. Noko ke, abantu lipids thunzi iimeko ngakumbi yaye ngaphantsi mobile. Kumafa yabo iqulethe okunamafutha acid kunye saturation aphezulu. Lipids bephuma inwebu kunye compound proteinaceous. Ngaphandle elementi iiproteni inwebu thunzi azisebenzi. shell amaninzi azilingani. Ngamanye amazwi, oku kuthetha ukuba maleko ube sisincoko ezahlukeneyo lipids. Xa ngaphandle iqulethe ikakhulu glycolipids, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholine, fosfatidilnozitol. Xa umaleko engaphakathi fosfatidilnozitol langoku, phosphatidylethanolamine kunye phosphatidylserine. Inguqu ukusuka komnye umgangatho ukuya komnye molekyuli ethile nzima ngakumbi. Noko ke, ukuze kwenzeke kakuhle izenzekele. Oku kwenzeka kanye qho emva kweenyanga ezintandathu. Yenguqu nazo Xenikweni kusetyenziswa protein-Flippase kunye skramblazy. Xa umaleko fosatidilserila engaphandle, macrophage athathe isikhundla zokuzikhusela wondla umsebenzi wabo kwi-ukutshatyalaliswa cell.

organelles

Ezi izahlulo zingavalwa okanye olunye, banamathele omnye komnye, ezahlulwe ingaphandle hyaloplasm. Odnomembrannymi organelles periksisomy ingqalelo, vacuoles, lysosomes, izixhobo Golgi, reticulum endoplasmic. Ngu dvumembrannym ziquka plastids, mitochondria, ngumongo. Ke isakhiwo inwebu, organelles ube udonga ezahlukeneyo iyahluka kuhlanganiselo iiprothini kunye lipids.

permeability ukukhetha

Ngokusebenzisa imifinya iseli kancinane kuyenye okunamafutha kunye amino acids, ion kunye glycerol, iswekile. Apho iindonga ngokwabo ngenkuthalo ezilawula inkqubo ngokuthi bapase enye kunye uyalibazisa nezinye izinto. Ukwamkelwa ezimbaxa, kukho ezine yindlela ephambili kwiseli. Ezi ziquka exocytosis endo- okanye, izithuthi esebenzayo, inwebu kunye kwe-. Le yokugqibela ababini eyimpumelelo ayifuni inkcitho amandla. Kodwa ezimbini zokuqala - ezisebenzayo. Kubo, eneji efunekayo. Kwezothutho isixando permeability uyakhetha yabangela iiproteni apheleleyo - iindlela ezizodwa. Le inwebu le luphokoke kuwo. Ezi ndlela benza uhlobo pass. Iiproteni babe izinto zabo Cl, Na, K. Ngokumalunga ithambeka yoxinaniso, imolekyuli ithwalelwe intshukumo izinto zibe iseli ukusuka kulowo. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi aphazamiseke kukho ukuvulwa imiphantsi sodium ion. Nabo ke, baqala ukungena ngokukhawuleza iseli. Oku lalikhatshwa ukungalingani okunamandla ndizayo. Noko ke, emva kokuba kwakhona. amajelo potassium ahlale evuliwe ngawo onke amaxesha. Ion ngenisa iseli ngabo chu.

Ekuphetheni

Ngezantsi kukho imisebenzi ezimfutshane kwaye ubume weseli zezityalo. Le theyibhile iqulethe ingcaciso malunga nokuqulunqwa kunye element eziphilayo.