Ukwahlulelwa kwamahomoni. Indima yamahomoni emzimbeni womntu

IiHormones ziyi-chemical constituents zeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokulawulwa kwemisebenzi yomzimba. Zizinto zendalo ezahlukeneyo, ezinokukwazi ukuhambisa iimpawu kwiiseli. Umphumo wale nxaxheba kukutshintshwa kwindlela ekujoliswe kuyo kunye nokunyaniseka kwe-metabolism, ukukhula nokuphuhliswa komzimba, ukuqaliswa kwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo okanye ukuvinjelwa nokulungiswa kwazo.

I-hormone yintlobo yeekhemikhali zezinto eziphilayo, ukuxubusha okwenzeka kwiintlanzi ze-endocrine okanye kwiintlanzi ze-endocrine zokhuseleko oluxubekileyo. Ziyakhululwa ngqo kummandla wangaphakathi, apho zisasazeka kwaye zihanjiswe ngokukhawuleza kwiinjongo ezijoliswe kuyo. Apha bayakwazi ukwenza umphumo wendalo, owenziwa ngokufumana i-receptors. Ngenxa yokuba ihomoni nganye ineenkcukacha ezikhethekileyo kwi-receptor ethile. Oku kuthetha ukuba ezi zinto zichaphazela umsebenzi omnye okanye inkqubo kumzimba. Ukwahlulelwa kwamahomoni ngamanyathelo, ukutshatyalaliswa kwamathambo kunye nesakhiwo semichiza, oku kubonisa ngokucacileyo.

Umbono jikelele ngokubaluleka kwamahomoni

Udidi lwamanje lwama-hormone lubona ezi zinto zivela kwiindidi zeembono. Kwaye babumbene kwelinye: izinto eziphilayo kuphela zibizwa ngokuba yi-hormones, ukuhlanganiswa kwayo okuphuma kuphela emzimbeni. Ubukho babo bubumalunga nabo bonke abathintekayo, apho ukulawulwa kwemisebenzi yomzimba kubonisa umsebenzi odibeneyo weenkqubo zokuziphatha kunye neentlanzi. Kwaye kwiprologeny, inkqubo yolawulo lobuninzi yabonakala ngaphambilana neyesabisa. Kwaye nakwizilwanyana zasemandulo, kwakufumaneka, nangona bekukho uxanduva lwemisebenzi ephambili.

IiHormones kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo

Kukholelwa ukuba le nkqubo yezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo (BAS) kunye ne-receptors ezicacileyo kubo ziphawu nakwiseli. Nangona kunjalo, imiqondo ye "hormone" ne "BAS" ayifani. I-hormone ibizwa ngokuthi yi-BAS, efihliweyo kwindawo yangaphakathi yomzimba kwaye yenza umphumo kwiqela elide leeseli. I-BAS, nayo ichaphazela indawo. Imizekelo ye-BAS, ebizwa ngokuba yi-hormone-like substances, yi-Ceylons. Ezi zinto zikhutshwa liqela leeseli, apho zivimbela ukuphindaphinda nokulawula ipoptosis. Imizekelo yeBAS nayo i-prostaglandins. Udidi lwamanje lwama-hormone lubanika iqela elikhethekileyo le-eicosanoids. Ziye zenzelwe ukulawulwa kwendawo yokuvuvukala kwezicubu kunye neenkqubo ze-hemostasis kwinqanaba le-arterioles.

Udidi lwemizi ye-hormone

IiHormone zahlula ngamaqela amaninzi ngokwemiqathango yamachiza. Oku kwahlukana kunye nendlela yokwenza, ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto zinezibonakaliso ezahlukileyo ze-tropism kumanzi kunye neepidids. Ngoko, udidi lwamakhemikhali lwama-hormone lubonakala kanje:

• Iqela lePeptide (elikhutshwe yi-pituitary, hypothalamus, i-pancreatic ne- parathyroid glands) ;
• Iqela le-Steroid (eyabelwe i-endocrine iindawo zesigulane zesini zesini kunye neengingqi ze-cortical ze-adrenal glands);
• Iqela lama-amino acid derivatives (eyakhiwe yi-thyroid gland kunye ne-adrenal medulla);
• Iqela le-eicosanoids (lithengiswa ngamaseli, lwenziwa ngokusuka kwi-arachidonic acid).

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba amahomoni esinikwa ngabasetyhini afakwe kwiqela le-steroid. Nangona kunjalo, i-steroids, ngokubanzi, ayikho: umphumo wama hormone walolu hlobo aluhambelani nomphumo we-anabolic. Ngexesha elifanayo, i-metabolism yabo ayikho i-17-ketosteroids. IiHormone zama-ovari, nakuba zilungelelaniswa nezinye i-steroids, azikho. Ekubeni zihlanganiswe kwi-cholesterol, ukwenza lula ukuchongwa kweekhemikhali eziphambili, zibalwa phakathi kwe-steroids esele.

Ukwahlulelwa kwisiza sokuqala

Izinto zeHormon zingahlukaniswa kunye nendawo yokuqulunqa. Ezinye zenziwa kwimizimba yechungechunge, ngelixa ezinye zenziwa kwinkqubo ye-nervous central. Kule nto kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokufihla kunye nokugcinwa kwempahla, ebonisa ukuba yimpumelelo yokuzaliseka kwemiphumo yabo. Ukwahlula kwamahomoni endaweni elandelayo:

• Amahomoni e-hypothalamic (ukukhupha izinto);
• I-Pituitary (i- hormone ye- tropic , i-vasopressin ne-oxytocin);
• I-thyroid (calcitonin, tetraiodothyronine kunye ne-triiodothyronine);
• I-Parathyroid (i-hormone ye-parathyroid);
• I-non-adrenal (i-norepinephrine, i-adrenaline, i-aldosterone, i-cortisol, ne-androgens);
• Isondo (estrogens, androgens);
• I-Pancreatic (i-glucagon, i-insulin);
• Izicubu (i-leukotrienes, i-prostaglandins);
• IiHormones APUD (i-motilin, i-gastrin nabanye).

Iqela lokugqibela lezinto ze-hormonal aliqondi kakuhle. Ihlanganiswa kwiqela elikhulu kunazo zonke ze-endocrine eziswini ephakamileyo, kwisibindi kunye ne-pancreas. Injongo yabo kukulawula ukugcinwa kwe-exocrine yokugaya i-exocrine kunye ne-intestinal motility.

Ukwahlulelwa kwamahomoni ngohlobo lwefuthe

Izinto ezahlukeneyo ze-hormonal zineempembelelo ezahlukileyo kwizicubu ze-biological. Bahlulwe ngamaqela alandelayo:

• I-metabolism regulators (glucagon, triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine, cortisol, insulin);
• Abalawuli bemisebenzi yezinye iintlanzi ze-endocrine (ukukhulula izinto ze hypothalamus, i-hormone ye-tropic ye-pituitary gland);
• Abalawuli be-calcium kunye ne-phosphorus metabolism (i- hormone ye-parathyroid , i-calcitonin ne-calcitriol);
• Abalawuli bamanqanaba eselwandle (i-vasopressin, aldosterone);
• Abalawuli bemisebenzi yokuzala (i-hormone zesini);
• Uxinzelelo lwe-hormones (i-norepinephrine, i-adrenaline, i-cortisol);
• Abalawuli bemida kunye nokukhula kweerhafu, ukwahlukana kweeseli (somatotropin, insulin, tetraiodothyronine);
• Abalawuli bemisebenzi yenkqubo ye- nervous system, inkqubo ye-limbic (cortisol, i-horrenone ye-adrenocorticotropic, i-testosterone).

Imfihlo kunye nokuthutha kwama-hormone

Ukugcinwa kweemodemoni kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuqala kwabo. Bawela ngokuthe ngqo kwigazi okanye kwi-tissue fluid. Indawo yokugqibela yokugcina isicatshulwa se-eicosanoids: akudingeki ukuba senze kude neseli, kuba lilawula imisebenzi yendawo yonke yesisundu. Kwaye i-hormone yama-ovari, i-pituitary gland, i-pancreas kunye nabanye kufuneka iqhutywe ngegazi emzimbeni ekukhangela izigqeba ezijoliswe kuyo zifumana i-receptors ekhethekileyo kubo. Ukususela egazini bangena kwi-intercellular fluid, apho baya kwiseli yelungu elijoliswe kuyo.

Ukubonakalisa kwi-receptor

Uluhlu olukhankanywe ngentla lwama-hormone lubonakalisa imiphumo yesenzo sezinto kwiishubhu kunye namalungu. Nangona oku kunokwenzeka kuphela emva kokubopha imichiza kummkeli. Ezi zilandelayo zihlukileyo kwaye zikhona zombini kwi-cell surface, nakwi-cytoplasm, kwi-membrane yenyukliya kunye ngaphakathi kwisucleus. Ngenxa yendlela yokudluliselwa kwembonakaliso, izinto ziyahlula zibe zimbini iintlobo:

• Indlela yokudlulisa i-Extracellular;
• Ukutyikitya kwe-Intracellular.

Uluhlu oluyisiseko lwama-hormone lusenza sikwazi ukufumana izigqibo malunga nesantya sokudluliselwa kwegama. Ngokomzekelo, indlela ye-extracellular ihamba ngokukhawuleza kunendlela ye-intracellular. Kuqhelekile kwi-adrenaline, i-norepinephrin kunye namanye ama-hormone eep peptide. Indlela ye-intracellular iyimpawu ye-lipophilic steroids. Ngaphezu koko, inzuzo yomzimba ifumaneka ngokukhawuleza xa kuhlanganiswa ngokuchanekileyo iip peptides. Emva kwakho konke, ukuveliswa kwe-hormone ye-steroid ihamba ngokukhawuleza, kwaye indlela yabo yokudluliselwa kwesigxina iphinde iyancitshiswa yimfuneko yokuveliswa kweprotheni kunye nokukhula.

Iimpawu zeentlobo zokudluliselwa kwesignali

I-extracellular mechanism iyimpawu yee-hormone ze-peptide, ezingenako ukungena kwi-membrane ye-cytoplasm kwi-cytoplasm ngaphandle kwiprotheni ethile. Oku akusiyo kuye, kwaye isignali ngokwayo iyadluliselwa nge-system ye-adenylate cyclase ngokutshintsha ukulungiswa kwe-receptor complexes.

Inkqubo ye-intracellular ilula kakhulu. Kuqhutyelwa emva kokungena kwento ye-lipophilic kwisisele, apho idibana ne-cytoplasmic receptor. Ngaloo nto, ivelisa i-hormone-receptor complex, engena kwi-nucleus kwaye ifuthe kwiijethi ezithile. Ukusebenza kwabo kubangela ukuqaliswa kweprotein ye-protein, eyimpembelelo ye-molemoni. Impembelelo yangempela isele iprotheni elawula umsebenzi owenziwe emva kokuhlanganiswa kwayo kunye nokwakhiwa kwayo.