I-embryology yezonyango: oko kubandakanyeka ntoni, i-embryology ososayensi

I-embryology yeklinikhi yindlela esenzelwa isayensi echaphazelekayo ekufundeni ukukhula komntwana, ukusuka ekukhulelwe kuze kube sekuzalweni komntwana. Ulwazi kule ndawo lufunwa ngabo bonke oogqirha.

Imisebenzi ye-embryology yinto ekufumanisa ngexesha eliqhelekileyo lokungaqhelekanga kwezityalo kunye nokungaqhelekanga ekuthwalweni komntwana, ukuzimisela kwezifo kubantwana emva kokuzalwa. Okwangoku, oogqirha basebenzise ulwazi olukhoyo kule ndawo ukucacisa izizathu zokungabikho komntwana kunye nokuzinqumla, kwakunye nokuphuhlisa izithintelo zokukhulelwa. Ukuxazulula ingxaki yokungabikho komntwana, ukuthandwa kwe-IVF, ukufakelwa kwe-embryo kwisisu, kunye nokutshala kwe-oocytes kwathandwa kakhulu.

Imbali yo phuhliso lwe embryology

Njengezinye iindidi zenzululwazi, i-embryology yekliniki yavela kwixesha elidlulileyo. Imisebenzi yenzululwazi ka-Aristotle iqulethe inkcazo ecacileyo yenkukhu yenkukhu. Phantse ngexesha elifanayo, kwakukho neengcamango ezinjalo kwiinkqubo zophuhliso njenge-epigenesis kunye ne-preformism.

Umdatshi waseJapan uJan Swammerdam wafunda ukuphuhliswa kunye ne-metamorphosis yezinambuzane. Uhlanga lwakhe u-Anthony van Leeuwenhoek wathola i-parthenogenesis kwi-aphid, wafunda i-spermatozoa yabantu. I-Italiya uMarcello Malpighi uphando malunga nokuphuhliswa kwengumbungu yenkukhu, yafunda isakhiwo se-anatomiki kunye nezilwanyana zezityalo nezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo. Ukusuka kwinqanaba lezinto zenzululwazi, akukho nto entsha eyenziwa kwinkqubo yokuphuhlisa, zonke iinxalenye zesibindi zivele zakhiwe kwaye ziseqanda, kodwa azikwazi kubonwa ngenxa yobukhulu becala. Kwixesha elizayo, kuphela ukukhula kwesibindi. Oososayensi-abaphambili beenkolelo bakholelwa ukuba isizukulwana sendalo asiyi kwenzeka. Bekholelwa ukuba i-embryo ikhona kwiqanda okanye kwisidoda. Ngelo xesha, babengakwazi ukuqonda indlela iimpawu zomfuzo zomzali wesibili zithunyelwa ngayo kwinzala.

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-19 leminyaka, kwakukho izinto ezizinzile eziphikisana nobunzima bokuqala. Ngaloo xesha, i-anatomy yokuqhathanisa kunye ne-systematic yenza intsebenzo enkulu. Enye yezindlela eziphambili kwinkalo ye-microbiology yindlela yokuthelekisa. Ngokubhekiselele ekuphunyezweni kwezi phuhliso, kwakhiwa i-embryology. Iziphumo ezilungileyo kule ntsimi zifunyenwe nguCarl Baer, obonwa ngokuba ngumsunguli we-embryology.

Emva kokufunda ngokugqibeleleyo uphuhliso lwama - embryonic of all classes of vertebrates, usosayensi wenza ukuba ekuqaleni kwinqanaba leembrusi zifana kunye, kwaye ukungafani kufumaneka kuphela kwindlela yophuhliso olulandelayo. Oku kwasenza sikwazi ukwakha umthetho wokufaniswa kwe-embryonic.

Uphuhliso lwale khokelo lwenzeka emva kophando lukaCharles Darwin. Igalelo elikhethekileyo kwi-clinical embryology yenziwe ngabaososayensi baseSoviet II Mechnikov no-AO Kovalevsky.

Isici se-embryology

I-embryology yeklinikhi yenzululwazi ephonononga ukuphuhliswa kombindi kumzimba womama okanye kwiibhokhwe zeqanda. Inkqubo yokuphuhliswa komntwana, ukususela kumzuzwana wokukhulelwa komntwana, ingahlukaniswa ngamaqela amaninzi ahlukeneyo:

• Ukuqulunqwa kwe-zygote;
• Ukuqulunqwa kwe-blastula ngenxa yesahlulo seseli;
• Ukwakhiwa kwamalungu;
• I-Histogenesis kunye ne-organogenesis yezicubu kunye nezitho zomntwana, kunye ne-placenta;
• Ukubunjwa kweenkqubo zomzimba.

Ukongeza, i-embryology iye yaziwa ngokuba yinkimbinkimbi, ixesha elibalulekileyo lokuphuhliswa, elinokuchaphazela kakubi imeko yentsholongwane phantsi kweempembelelo ezithile.

Umxholo we-embryology

I-embryology yanamhlanje ibandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokwakhiwa kombungu. Izazinzulu zithi ukuphuhliswa kombungu kubonakala kwizigaba ezintathu eziphambili:

• Ukusuka kumama ukuya kwiiveki ezimbini zophuhliso;
• Ukususela ngeveki yesithathu, xa umbungu usisiqhamo;
• Ukususela ekuphuhlisweni kwezitho ezibalulekileyo ngaphambi kokuzalwa komntwana.

Xa uqhuba inkqubo ye-IVF, i-embryology ibalulekile, kuba amathuba anamhlanje adala izimo ezifanelekileyo kwixesha lokuqala lokukhulelwa. Xa usebenzisa i-data yesayensi, iingcali ziya kunceda ukuba ziqaphele kwangaphambili kwaye zithintele ukuba kunokwenzeka ukungaphumeleli kwentuthuko yomntwana. Ndiyabulela kwisayensi ye-embryology, izazinzulu ziye zachonga ixesha eliyingozi lophuhliso lwabantwana:

• Utywala;
• Isingeniso se-Embryo kwiindonga zesisu;
• Ukuqulunqwa kwezicubu ezisisiseko;
• Ukwakhiwa kwengqondo;
• Ukuphuhliswa kwezitho kunye neenkqubo;
• Inkqubo yokuzalwa.

Ngethuba la maxesha, impembelelo yezinto ezimbi zingabangela ukuphuka, ukuphuhliswa kakubi okanye ukufa komntwana. I-embryology yeklinikhi iphonononga iingxaki zokungaqhelekanga, kwaye ifuna kwakhona ukuyiqeda ukuze iphephe ukuphulwa.

Indlela ama-Embryologists asebenza ngayo

Oogqirha beembryologists bajongana neengxaki zokuchumisa, kunye nokulawula ukuphuhliswa kwembungu, ngaphambi kwesigaba sokutshintshwa kwayo kwinqanaba le-uterine. Xa kuqhuba i-IVF embryology inquma ukuba kukho iingxaki, kwaye ifuna iindlela zokuzisombulula. I-embrologist yenza inkathalo yamanyathelo okuqhuba ukuxilongwa kunye nokunyanga okulandelayo kwezibini ezitshatileyo eziphendulele esibhedlele ezinengxaki yokungabikho kwengqondo.

Ngendlela efanelekileyo kwiqabane ngalinye, ugqirha uqhuba:

• Insemination - isingeniso se-spermatozoa kwisigxina se-uterine;
• Ukuvavanya komgangatho wesilisa kunye neziphumo zokuqumba;
• Ukulima kunye nokufakelwa kweembrusi kwisibilini se-uterine.

Ugqirha we-embryologist yenza izimo ezihle kakhulu zokuzalwa kobomi obutsha, ukuncedisa ukukhusela izithintelo ezikhusela ukukhulelwa kwiimeko zendalo. Isiphumo esihle siphumelele ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bwanamhlanje.

Yintoni eyenzekayo kwii-laboratory ze-embryology

Kwiziko le-Embryology, ugqirha wenza uphando lweembhangqwana ukufumana izizathu zokungabikho komntwana, kwaye ke ubeka unyango. Isigaba esona siphezulu se-IVF senziwa kwibhubhoratri, njengoko zonke iimeko zidalwa ezilinganisa ummandla womzimba womntu, ukuchumisa kunye nokulinywa kombungu.

Kwiziko le-Embryology ugqirha wezilwanyana osebenza ngogulane osebenza kunye nesigulane, onokuncedisa ama-hormonal amalungiselelo ekukhuliseni i-ovules kwii-ovari zowesifazane, ulandele ukukhula kwawo kwaye alungiselela isibeleko sokuzaliswa kwembungu. Ngoncedo lwenaliti ekhethekileyo, amaqanda athatyathwa emzimbeni, athunyelwa kwi-laboratory. Ngaphantsi kweemeko zelabhoratri, amaqanda asuswe kwigobolondo yangaphandle ukuququzelela indlela eya kwidoda, kwaye ifakwe kwisitya esikhethekileyo esinomgangatho wesondlo.

Emva kokukhutshwa kwamaqanda, loo ndoda inika ubisi, obona unyango olulodwa. Ngenxa yoko, i-spermatozoa yeselula ikhethiweyo. Emva koko i-spermatozoa esebenzayo ishukumisela kwisitya kunye neqanda, ukusuka kulo mzuzu inkqubo yokuchumisa iqala. Emva komhla, umgangatho wesondlo we-zygote utshintshwa ngokutsha. Ugqirha ubona imibusi iintsuku ezi-4-5, aze azifaka emzimbeni womfazi.

Yintoni iProprogram yoMbongo?

Ulwazi malunga nochumiso olwenziwa ngexesha le-IVF lugqityiweyo kwincwadi ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-embryological protocol. Iqule yonke inkcazelo enxulumene nokulima kunye nokukhula kwemibungu.

Kwiiyure ezingama-18 emva kwenkqubo, ugqirha unikela ngolwazi lokuqala malunga nenani lamaqanda azalisiweyo. Amaxwebhu acacisa idatha ngobunzima bemvulophu, eyenziwe malunga nombungu, ukuhlukana kunye nokulawulwa kweendawo zeeseli.

Amanyathelo okuphuhliswa kombungu

Inkqubo yokuchumisa iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye iquka ukuhlanganiswa kweeseli zentsholongwane yamasetyhini kunye neyindoda, ngexesha lokubuyiselwa kwesethi yama-chromosomes kubonwa kwaye iqela elitsha lizaliswa. Ukufakela umquba kwenzeka kwiibhulo zomzimba, ngokuxuba kwe-spermatozoa kunye ne-ova.

Emzimbeni wowesifazane emva kokuchumisa ngaphakathi kweeyure eziyi-12 i-zygote yenziwa. Emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, i-zygote yahlula, kwaza kubumba i-blastomeres ezimbini, enye enye inkulu ngobukhulu kunye nombala obumnyama. Ukususela kwinxalenye enkulu, i-embrayo, i-placenta kunye nezinye iiscupu zenziwe. I-embryo ifakwa kwi-membrane ye-uterus.

Njengoko i-embryo ikhula, ukwahlula kwayo kuya kwenzeka, ngenxa yoko iziganeko ezisisiseko kunye neengxube zezingane ezizayo zenziwe ngokukhawuleza, eziziinyanga ezili-9 zikhula kwaye ziphuhlise.

Izazinzulu eziziwayo kunye ne-embryologists

Xa kufika isayensi ye-embryology, izazinzulu zihlale ziphuculwe kwaye ziphuhlisiwe. Umsunguli we-embryology nguBaer Karl Maksimovich, owathi, ebuntwaneni bakhe bokuqala, wabonisa umdla kwizinto zemvelo. Wachaza iindidi eziphambili zokuphuhliswa kwamamishinari kwaye wabonisa ukuba zonke izilwanyana ezikhulayo zikhula ngokuhambelana nomgaqo omnye.

Omnye ugqirha owaziwa yi-embryology nguHarvey William, umsunguli we-physiology yamanje kunye ne-embryology. Kwimisebenzi yakhe wachaza umgaqo wesigxina esikhulu nesincinci segazi.

Usosayensi waseRussia-imbumbulu ye-embrologist nguMechnikov Ilya Ilich - umsunguli we-microbiology kunye ne-immunology. Kwimibhalo yakhe, wacacisa imfundiso ye-immunity kunye nemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo. Kwakhona wafunda ingxaki yokuguga.