Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-macular ehlobene nobudala: izizathu kunye nonyango

Ukugcina umbono omhle de ukuguga kunzima kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwiminyaka yobudala, ukukwazi ukubona kuyaphula kancane. Oku kubangelwa kukuba zonke izitho zomntu ngexesha ziqala "ukuguga". Enye yeyokuqala iisisiti zeso. Kukholelwa ukuba umbono ubonakale usuka kwiminyaka engama-40-45. Oku kwenzeka nakwiimeko apho umntu ngaphambili wayengenazo iingxaki ngombono ebomini. Ukugqithiswa kombono kwenzeka kancane kancane. Uninzi lwabantu luxhalabele "ngokubhekisele phambili", oko kukuthi, ukungakwazi ukubona izinto ezisondeleyo. Ngamanye amaxesha, iingxaki ezinzulu zikhula. Ezi ziquka izifo ezifana ne-cataracts, i-glaucoma, njl. Esinye isifo esiqhelekileyo sinokukhubazeka kwe-macular yobudala. Ukugula okunjalo kuyingozi kuba kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kombono.

Ingcamango yokuhlaselwa kwe-retinal ehlobene neminyaka

Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-macular (Age) echaphazelekayo ngokwexesha elidala (AMD) yi-pathology eyenziwa ngenxa yeenkqubo ezidakrosythi kwi-retina yelihlo. Lo mmandla uqhagamshelana ngqo kwingqondo (ngumhlalutyi wendawo). Ngosizo lwe-retina, ukujonga ulwazi kunye nokuguqulwa kwayo kwimifanekiso ebonakalayo yenziwa. Ngaphezulu komhlalutyi wendlela yokupakisha kunommandla oqulethe ezininzi zamkela-iindonga kunye neebhondi. Kubizwa ngokuba yi-macula (indawo ephuzi). Iimvume, apho i-retina ephakathi, ibonelela ngombala kumbono. Ukongezelela, kukho ukukhanya okujoliswe kuyo. Ndiyabulela kulo msebenzi, ukubona komntu kucacile kwaye kucacile. Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-macular yama-age of retina kuholele ekutheni i-dystrophy ye-tissue ye-macula. Utshintsho alugcini nje kwisitye sokuguqula, kodwa nakwiimpahla ezondla le ndawo. Nangona eso sifo sabizwa ngokuthi "ukuxhatshazwa kwe-macular-age-related relation", kunokukhula kungekudala kuphela. Ngokuqhelekileyo iimpawu zokuqala zenguqu zentsholongwane kwiso liqala ukuvalelwa ngama-55 ubudala. Kwabadala kunye nexesha elide lesi sifo siyaqhubeka kangangokuba umntu angakwazi ukulahlekelwa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuguqulwa kwe-macular ye-macular ye-retina kubhekisela kwizifo eziqhelekileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo le ntsholongwane ibangela ukukhubazeka nokukhubazeka. Isasazwa kakhulu eMelika, e-Asia naseYurophu. Ngelishwa, esi sifo sivame ukufunyaniswa kwisigaba esilandelayo. Kule meko kuyimfuneko ukujongisa unyango. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nenkqubo yokwelapha ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo okukhusela, kunokwenzeka ukukhusela ukungenelelo ngoncedo kunye neengxaki zokugula (ubumpumputhe).

Iimbangela zokuphuhliswa kwe-macular degeneration ehlobene neminyaka

Njengazo zonke iinkqubo eziguguzayo, lesi sifo sithatha inkqubela ehamba phambili kwaye ihamba phambili. Izizathu zokutshintsha kwe-dystrophic kwibala eliphuzi lomlenze we-reticular zingafani. Esona siphezulu sisisombululo samathambo esiso. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iinguqu zitshintsho zenzeke ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa kwezinye - zincinci. Ngoko ke, kukho uluvo lokuba ukuguga kwe-macular ehlobene nobudala (i-genetically), kwaye kubangelwa ngabantu baseYurophu. Ezinye izinto ezinobungozi zibandakanya: ukutshaya, uxinzelelo lwegazi, ukunyuka kwelanga rhoqo. Ngokusekelwe kulo, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga izizathu zokuhlaselwa kwe-macular. Ezi ziquka:

1. Izilonda zeVascular. Enye yemingcipheko ye-atherosclerosis yamathambo amancinci. Ukuphazamiseka kokunikezelwa kwe-oksijini kwiifom zeso ngenye yezindlela eziphambili zokuphuhliswa kokuhlutha.
2. Ukunyuka komzimba.
3. Ukungabikho kwamavithamini kunye nezinto ezithile. Phakathi kwezinto ezifunekayo ukuze kugcinwe izicubu ze-retinal, sinokuhlukanisa: i-lutein ne-zeaxanthin.
4. Ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu "yama-radical ezamahala". Bandisa ingozi yokuguqulwa kwamalungu amaninzi amaxesha.
5. Zizwe. Esi sifo siqhelekile kubantu abanemibala yelanga. Inyaniso kukuba kubameli beCaucasoid ubuhlanga buninzi be-pigment equlethwe kwi-retina buphantsi. Ngesi sizathu, iinkqubo zokuhlaziya zikhula ngokukhawuleza, njengoko ziyimpawu zesifo.
6. Ukutya okungalunganga.
7. Ukukhanya kwelanga ngaphandle kwemigodi.

I-Pathology ihlala ikhula kubantu abanamnesi (i-presence of the disease in parents, grandgothers). Kwiimeko ezininzi, isigulo sifumaneka kwi-female population.

Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-macular-Age related: i-pathophysiology yenkqubo

Njengazo zonke iinguqu zokuguqulwa, lesi sifo sinendlela yokuphuhliswa ngokukrakra. Ukongezelela, i-pathogenesis yeenkqubo ze-dystrophic ayikaqondi kakuhle. Kuyaziwa ukuba ngaphantsi kwefuthe lezinto ezinobungozi, izicubu ze-macula zonakaliswe ngokungenakonakala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukukhubazeka kuqala ukuhlakulela kubantu abaphethwe zizifo zesifo (i-atherosclerosis, isifo sikashukela), ukukhuluphala. Kwakhona, isigulo sisoloko sifumaneka phakathi kwabantu ababhema. Ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwebhedi ye-vascular kunye nokubonelela ngokwaneleyo kweethambo, ukuxhatshazwa kwe-macular ukudala. I-pathogenesis yesifo isekelwe ekuphazamiseni kwe-oxidation-reduction reduction. Indima ephambili kule nkqubo idlalwa ngama-radicals amahhala. Ezi zinto zenziwa kwi-macula ngezizathu ezininzi. Okokuqala, i-macrocosm ephuzi ye-retina ihlaselwa rhoqo yi-oksijini kunye nokukhanya. Ukongezelela, kule ndawo kukho i-conglomeration ye-acids acids, edla ukukhupha. Enye into kwi-pathogenesis yokuphuhliswa kwezilwanyana ngumthombo we-retina. Emva koko, le ngxowa yelihlo ithathwa njenge-analyzer ye-peripheral kwaye ixhunyaniswe ngqo nengqondo. Ngako oko, ukhathalela ngokukhethekileyo "oksijini yendlala."

Zonke ezi zinto zibeka phambili ukuba i-tishu ye-macula iyancipha. Ngenxa yesenzo se-radicals, i-membrane yeseli iyatshatyalaliswa. I-retina iba yinkxalabo ngakumbi ekukhanyeni. Ngaphantsi kwefuthe le-ultraviolet kunye ne-infrared radiation, i-AMD ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Zonke ezi nkqubo zikhokelela ekubeni i-epithelium ye-macula iqala "ukulahleka" i-receptor pigment, i-atrophy. Ukuba ixesha aliyeki ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-macula, i-detachment of tissue iyenzeka. Isigaba sokugqibela ukubonakala kwezikhonkwane kunye nokuphuhliswa kobufama.

Iifom ze-retinal degeneration ezihlobene neminyaka

Kukho iintlobo ezi-3 ze-macular degeneration. Olu luhlu lusekelwe kwiinguqu zokuziphatha ezivela kwiisisiti ze-retinal. Eli qhekeko luyimfuneko ukucacisa iindlela zokunyanga kwesi sifo.

Iindidi zesifo sengqondo:

1. Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-macular ye-Age ifomu elimanzi: elibhekiselelwe kubukho be-exudate. Olu khetho aluqhelekanga, kwii-20% zamatyala. Ikwahluke ngoku kuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba amehlo omntu ahlahloka ngokukhawuleza (emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa), omnye makangayikrokreli eso sifo njengesifo sokungcoliswa kwe-macular ehlobene neminyaka. Ifomu elimanzi livela ngenxa ye-neovascularization, oko kukuthi, ukubonakala kwenani elikhulu leenqanawa ezintsha kwi-retina. Ukunikezelwa komonakalo kwiimbumba zeeseli, ukunyuka kwazo kukhula. Ngenxa yoko, i-edema kunye nesondlo-mali iyaqhubeka.
2. Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-macular ye-Age yindlela eyomileyo: ibonakaliswe ukuhamba kwexesha elide. Ngenye indlela lolu hlobo lwesifo lubizwa ngokuba yi-atrophy. Ukuguqulwa kwe-macular yobudala obumile obuneminyaka engama-90%. Xa kuhlolwa, iidrawu zibonwa - i-atrophy ebonakalayo, ukungakwazi ukubeka i-pigment, isiphako kwi-epithelium.
3. Ifom yobuncwane be-macular degeneration. Kuqwalaselwa njengesigaba sokugqibela se-AMD. Ubonakaliswe ngumbutho we-epithelium kunye nokwakhiwa kwezicubu ezinxibelelwano (ubuqhetseba). Kule meko, ukulahleka kombono kuphawulwe.

Kwezinye iimeko, uhlobo olomileyo lwama-AMD luya kutshintshiselana nesifo. Ngokuqhelekileyo oku kwenzeka ngezilonda zesisulu, ngokukodwa - i-retinopathy yesifo sikashukela. Utshintsho olunjalo lubonisa ukuhlaselwa kwexesha elibi kwaye liphawu lokumanyathelo okukhawuleza.

Izibonakaliso zokungcoliswa kwe-macular yobudala

Ngokuxhomekeke kwimo ye-AMD, iimpawu zesifo ziyakhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukubola kwexesha elide kwe-macular akuzibonakalisi iminyaka emininzi. Ngomhlobo owomileyo we-AMD kumphezulu we-retina, kukho iidrase-indawo ze-atrophy. Ngenxa yoko, umbono ubonakala uhla. Umgca we-pigment unobuninzi, ngenxa yoko kukhanyeka kweentyatyambo. Ubuninzi obubonakalayo bunokutshintsha ngexesha elifanayo, kodwa kungabalulekanga. Uhlobo olumanzi lwe-macular degeneration lukhula ngokukhawuleza. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, umboniso ungonakalisa kakhulu, phantsi ukugqiba imfama. Ngenxa ye-edema kunye nokunyuka kweembrane, ukubola kwamanzi kunokubonwa ngamehlo angaboniyo. Iimpawu ezibonwe kwi-AMD:

1. Shintsha ukuhluka kunye nokukhanya komfanekiso.
2. Ubuncwane obubonakalayo.
3. Ukukhawuleza, ukuhlanekezela kwezinto.
4. Umfanekiso ogqityiweyo.
5. Ukubonakala kokulahlekelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
6. Ukungakwazi ukufunda ngaphandle kokugqoka iiglasi.

Ngokuphuhliswa ngokuqhubekayo kwe-pathology, iimpawu zesifo kungenzeka ukuba zingekho ixesha elide. Emva koko umbono ophakathi ungancipha. Xa ukhangela phambili, ubuninzi bomfanekiso buya kugqitywa. Nangona kunjalo, umboniso wembambano (umxhasi) ugcinwa. Kancinci indawo echaphazelekayo iyanda.

Ngohlobo olumanzi nolumgangatho we-AMD, ubuphofu buhamba ngokukhawuleza. Ngokungafani nohlobo olomileyo lokuchithwa, umboniso wembonakalo awunakulondolozwa. Ngonyango olufanelekileyo ngexesha le-AMD, ukuphuhliswa kobuphofu kuya kunqandwa.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-age-retinal degeneration ehlobene neminyaka

Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-macular ehlobene nobudala kunokufunyanwa kwiingqinamba zokuqala. Ngoko ke, abantu abaneengxaki zesilonda kufuneka bahlolwe kwi-ophthalmologist 1-2 ngamaxesha ngonyaka. Ukuxilongwa kwe-AMD kusekelwe kwimbali kunye noviwo oluzodwa. Abantu abadala basoloko bekhalaza ngokubonakala "kwebala" phambi kwamehlo, ukukhumbuza inkungu. Ukuxilongwa kwe "macular degeneration" kudla ukudibanisa nombono ongenakwenzeka kubasetyhini, ingakumbi ukuba kukho imbali ye-type 2 yeswekile, i-atherosclerosis yeempahla. Ukongezelela kwiphando, iikopi zee-ophthalmology zenziwa. Phakathi kwabo - ubungakanani bezinto ezibonakalayo, i-perimetry, i-stereoscopic biomicroscopy.

Ukuvavanya imeko yeempahla, i-fluorescent angiography ye-fundus yenziwa. Ngenxa yolu cwaningo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane iindawo ze-epithelial detachment, i-atrophic druses, neovascularization. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yokuxilonga ngezixhobo iphikisana neengozi. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuthatha isigqibo malunga novavanyo, kuyafaneleka ukutyelela i-ophthalmologist kwaye ufumane iingcebiso zakhe.

Indlela yokuphatha uhlobo olomileyo lwe-macular degeneration?

Xa uqinisekisa ukuxilongwa, kuyimfuneko ukuba uqalise ngokukhawuleza unyango lwe-macular degeneration. Ifom eyomileyo yesifo ayinamandla, ngoko iyancipha unyango. Oku akuncedi ukukrazula ngokupheleleyo ukukhubazeka, kodwa kuya kugxininisa (ukucotha) kwinkqubo yeenyanga okanye iminyaka. Okokuqala, nge-AMD kuyimfuneko ukulandela ukutya. Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo ze-atrophicism ziphuhliswa ngenxa yokungabikho kwe-carotenoids kunye nokuvalwa kweempahla ze-fundus, isiguli kufuneka singabandakanyi amafutha esilwanyana. Ukuthintela utshintsho lwe-atherosclerotic kwimibhobho encinci ye-retina, inani elikhulu lezithelo, imifuno kunye nemifuno kufuneka kudliwe. Ukongeza, ukutya okunjalo kuya kunceda ukuzalisa ukungabikho kwamavithamini kunye nokulandelela izinto.

Ukujongana ne- radicals yamahhala, kucetyiswa ukuba uchithe ixesha elincinane elangeni. Kwakhona, izigulane kufuneka zidle ii-antioxidants. Ziquka i-vitamin E kunye noC. Ukuphucula ukuhamba kwegazi kwi-fundus, kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe i-antigregregants, izidakamizwa ze-vasodilating.

Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-macular-age related-Age - ifom emanzi: unyango lwe-pathology

Ngendlela emanzi yokuchithwa kwe-macular, kungekhona nje kuphela unyango lweziyobisi, kodwa unyango olunyango. Amachiza abuyisela isalathisi se-retinal pigment ziquka amayeza "Lutein" kunye ne "Zeaxanthin." La mayeza aphuma kwiqela lama-antioxidants. Ukongezelela, kucetyiswa ukuba udle ukutya okuqukethe i-zinc. Ukuba eso sifo siphumelele ngenxa yesifo se-diabetes retinopathy, kuyimfuneko ukuqhuba unyango lwe-hypoglycemic phantsi kolawulo lweprojekthi ye-glycemic.

Unyango lophando lokuphulukiswa kwe-retinal

Elinye unyango lonyango alaneleyo ukuba isigulane sitholakale sinokuthi "unxulumene nobudala be-macular". Ulwaphulo lwe-pathology kufuneka ludibaniswe nokulungiswa kocwangco. Ingakumbi ixhamla ifom emanzi ye-AMD. Okwangoku, phantse zonke iiklinikhi ze-ophthalmologic zenza unyango lwe-laser ye-macular degeneration. Ikwahluka. Ukukhethwa kwendlela kuxhomekeke kwisigaba se-AMD kunye nokubonakaliswa kwe-pathology. Ezi ndlela ezilandelayo zokulungiswa kokucoca ziyahluka:

1. I-Laser coagulation yesibindi se- neovascular.
2. Ulwaphulo lwePhotodynamic kunye neziyobisi "Visudin".
3. I-thermocorrection ye-laser.

Ngethuba kunye nokungabikho kokuphikisana, ukutshintshwa kwe-pigment epithelium, i-vitrectomy (nge-hemorrhage kwi-vitreous yeliso) yenziwa.

Iprophylaxis yokuguqulwa kwe-retinal ehlobene neminyaka

Amanyathelo okukhusela afaka: ukunamathela kokutya, ukulahleka kwesisindo. Xa izilonda ze-vascular zicetyiswa ukuba ziyeke ukutshaya. Kwakhona ugweme ukukhanya ngokukhanya kwelanga kubantu abanobombala wamehlo. Ukongeza, ukuthintela kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwamavithamini ukuqinisa umbono nokulandelela izinto.