Ukuvela ngxaki lasePalestina. Ingxaki ePalestina langoku ixesha

Ingxaki Palestine yenye yeengxaki nzima uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Zivela ngo-1947 kwaye yenza isiseko yakuMbindi Mpuma impixano, uphuhliso yayo waphawula kude kube ngoku.

Imbali Emfutshane Palestine

Ngemvelaphi ye-ngxaki wasePalestina kufuneka kufunwe ngamaxesha amandulo. Ke le ndawo yaba kwindawo umzabalazo kukrakra phakathi kweMilambo, Egypt nezaseFenike. Xa uKumkani uDavide kwadala umbuso omkhulu wamaJuda na iziko layo eYerusalem. Kodwa ngo II. BC. e. apha amaRoma ahlasela. Baya baphanga lizwe waza wayinika igama elitsha - Palestine. Ngenxa yoko, abantu yamaYuda kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafuduka, yaye kungekudala kuhlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo yaye oxutywe namaKristu.

In a VII. EPalestina yathotyelwa kuloyiso Arabhu. ukubalasela lwabo kule ndawo yathatha phantse 1000 iminyaka. Kwisiqingatha sesibini sika XIII - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI. EPalestina liphondo laseYiputa, owayelawula ngexesha i Mamluk ubukhosi. Emva koko, lo mmandla waba yinxalenye Ottoman. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX. indawo eyabelwe ezisembindini eYerusalem, apho ngqo kwaba phantsi kolawulo Istanbul.

Ukusekwa Igunya British

Ukuvela ngxaki wasePalestina kunxulumene nkqubo waseBritani, ngoko kufuneka siqwalasele imbali ukusekwa igunya British kule ndawo.

Xa Balfour Declaration sikhutshwe ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ukungqinelana nalo UK sibe nesimo sengqondo esihle ekudaleni ikhaya yesizwe amaYuda ePalestina. Emva koko, lo ukoyisa lonke ilizwe bathumela ngumkhosi ntliziyo Zionist.

Ngowe-1922, uManyano Lwezizwe wanika eBritani igunya phezu ePalestina. Yangena ukusebenza ngo-1923.

Kweli thuba ukususela ngowe-1919 ukuya 1923 ePalestina bafudukela 35 amawaka amaYuda, yaye ukususela 1924 ukuya 1929 -. 82 amawaka.

Imeko ePalestina ngexesha Igunya British

Ngexesha Igunya yaseBritani, amaYuda kunye Arabhu ndiziphethe nkqubo basekhaya ezimeleyo. Ngowe-1920 g. Hagan (isakhiwo onoxanduva self yamaYuda) lamiswa. Abahlala e Palestine wakha izindlu kunye neendlela, bathe bakuyila kwezoqoqosho kunye eziphuhlileyo iziseko zentlalo. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ingqumbo-Arabhu, isiphumo kuzo kwamaJuda anti-yamaYuda. Yaba ngeli xesha (1929) ekuqaleni ukuya kuvela ingxaki Palestinian. Abasemagunyeni baseBritani kule meko inkxaso bonke abantu yamaYuda. Kodwa kwamaJuda kwakhokelela ekubeni imfuneko yokuthintela ukufuduka kwabo ePalestina, kwakunye ukuthengwa komhlaba apha. Abasemagunyeni bade yakhupha ekuthiwa-White Paper Passfilda. Oku kulinganiselwe kakhulu yokufuduka amaYuda kumhlaba Palestinian.

Imeko ePalestina ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Emva kokuba amandla Adolf Hitler eJamani, yafudukela ePalestina, amakhulu amawaka-waka amaJuda. Kulo mba, iKomishoni Royal ecetywayo bababele kummandla Ukuthunywa British yelizwe ibe ziinxalenye ezimbini. Ngoko ke, ukuba wadala sithi lwamaYuda Arabhu. Bekucingelwa ukuba zombini iindawo yangaphambili Palestine bakhonkxiwe yi izibophelelo isivumelwano eNgilani. Esi siphakamiso amaYuda inkxaso, kodwa amelana Arabhu. Bafune ukuyilwa bengatshatanga, nto leyo waqinisekisa ukulingana zonke iintlanga.

Ngowe-1937-1938. Nantso kuso imfazwe phakathi amaYuda nama-Arabhu. Emva kokugqitywa kwalo (1939), MacDonald IPhepha leNgcaciso iye yaphuhliswa ngabasemagunyeni yaseBritani. Linemali isindululo ukwenza kwiminyaka 10 bengatshatanga apho Arabhu amaYuda aya kuthatha inxaxheba kwezobuRhulumente. KaRacquel balahlwa MacDonald White Paper. Ngosuku lemiboniso yayo yamaYuda ncwadi zabanjwa, namabutho ye Haganah azenzileyo ndyikitya amaziko ebalulekileyo enobuqhinga.

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Emva kokuba igunya, Churchill Haganah namabutho ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwicala British kwi neemeko-Aram. Xa yaphela ke Usongo lokuhlasela of amajoni amaNazi kwi ummandla yePalestina, i Irgun (a efihlakeleyo umbutho wogrogriso) wakhokela imvukelo nxamnye eNgilani. Emva kokuba imfazwe, iBritani amisa kokungena amaYuda kwelo lizwe. Kule nkalo, kuye bafana kunye Haganah Irgun. Ukuba wadala intshukumo "yenkcaso yamaYuda." Amalungu le mibutho bahlasela izinto qhinga, wenza iinzame phezu abameli kulawulo lobukoloniyali. Ngowe-1946, namabutho bavuthela yonke iibhulorho eyayidibanisa ePalestina kunye namazwe angabamelwane.

Ukudalwa lilizwe lakwaSirayeli. Ukuvela ingxaki Palestine

Ngowe-1947, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ezingenisiweyo sisicwangciso ulwahlulo basePalestina, njengoko eBritani uthe akaba nako ukulawula imeko kweli lizwe. Kuye kwasekwa ikomiti amazwe ali-11. Ngokutsho isigqibo UN yeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, emva May 1, 1948, xa ziyayeka Igunya yaseBritani, ukuba ePalestina kufuneka ingxolo ibe uthi amabini (abangamaYuda Arabhu). Ngaloo ndlela iYerusalem kufuneka ibe phantsi kolawulo ngamazwe. Esi sicwangciso UN yamkelwa yivoti yesininzi.

May 14, 1948 lwabhengezwa imeko ezimeleyo kaSirayeli. Kanye iyure enye phambi kokuphela igunya yaseBritani ePalestina, uDavide uBhen-Gurion wenza uluntu kwisicatshulwa "Declaration of Independence".

Ngaloo ndlela, nangona lo ndawo kwalo ungquzulwano ngamafuphi ngaphambili, ukuvela ingxaki wasePalestina lu dityanisiwe nokudalwa lilizwe lakwaSirayeli.

War ka 1948-1949,

Ngosuku olulandelayo emva kokuba isibhengezo isigqibo likaSirayeli ukudala endaweni yayo iSiriya, amajoni Iraq, Lebanon, Egypt kunye yePalestina. Injongo yezi mazwe Arabhu, ukuze ayichithe urhulumente elalisandul 'ukusekwa. Ingxaki Palestine iye isiba mandundu ngenxa iimeko ezintsha. NgoMeyi 1948, Israel yoKhuselo Forces (IDF) zadalwa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba urhulumente omtsha ixhasa i-US. Nale ngoJuni 1948, uSirayeli waqalisa lohlaselo. Umlo yaphela ngo-1949 Ebudeni bemfazwe, Israeli-elawulwa West iYerusalem wazingqina ingxenye nemimandla Arabhu.

E Suez umkhankaso we 1956

Emva kwemfazwe yokuqala, ingxaki ukubunjwa sokumiswa wasePalestina kunye ukuqatshelwa kokuzimela Arabhu kaSirayeli alukapheli, kodwa iye yaba mandundu.
Ngowe-1956, Egypt uhulumeni i Suez Canal. France kunye Britain baqhutyelwa amalungiselelo ukulungiselela ukusebenza, umkhosi omkhulu okuphawulekayo leyo ukuhlangula uSirayeli. imisebenzi Military yaqala ngo-Oktobha 1956 kwi-yaseSinayi Peninsula. Ekupheleni kuka-Novemba, uSirayeli elawulwa phantse yonke ummandla wayo (kuquka Sharm el-Sheikh eGaza Strip). Le meko iye yabangela ukunganeliseki ye-USSR kunye USA. Ngu ekuqaleni kuka 1957 eNgilani noSirayeli amajoni wemka ukusuka mmandla.

Ngowe-1964, uMongameli waseYiputa laqalisa ukusekwa "Palestine Liberation Umbutho" (PLO). Xa uxwebhu yayo nkqubo wathi ulwahlulo yePalestina zibe maqela mthethweni. Ukongeza, i-PLO abawazanga loo urhulumente kaSirayeli.

Impi Usuku Six

Juni 5, 1967 amathathu amazwe Arab (eYiputa, Jordan kunye Syria) ndizise amabutho yabo ngokwemida bakwaSirayeli, sinamafu ngendlela eya eLwandle oluBomvu kunye Suez Canal. Semkhosini kula mazwe unokuzuza ebalulekileyo. Kwangaloo mini, uSirayeli yamisela "Operation Moked" yaye wayikhupha imikhosi eYiputa. Xa Neentsukwana (ukususela-5 ukuya kweli-10 Juni) phantsi kolawulo namaSirayeli onke yeSinayi, naseYerusalem, nakwelakwaYuda, iSamariya, kunye iGolan Heights. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Syria naseYiputa bammangalela iBritani United States of ukubandakanyeka neemeko kwicala zakwaSirayeli. Noko ke, le ingcamango kwathiwa, wawancamisa ekuhleni.

"Yom Kippur War"

Le ngxaki yamaSirayeli namaPalestina iye yaba mandundu emva ezintandathu Day War. Egypt liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wazama kwakhona ulawulo lwe yeSinayi Peninsula.
Ngowe-1973 imfazwe entsha. Wesithandathu October (uSuku lokuhlawulelwa kwikhalenda yamaYuda) eYiputa wayikhupha imikhosi kulo yeSinayi kunye nomkhosi yaseSiriya anazo i iGolan Heights. IDF ikwazile ukuba alwe kuhlaselwa yaye ngokukhawuleza ukuze amgxothe iiyunithi Arab evela kuloo ntsimi. Isivumelwano uxolo sasayinwa ngomhla wama-23 Oktobha (i-United States kunye mbambano yiSoviet Union kwi-ntetho).

Ngowe-1979, isivumelwano esitsha yatyikitywa phakathi uSirayeli eYiputa. Phantsi kolawulo karhulumente yamaYuda kwasala eGaza Strip, yeSinayi ibuyiselwe kumniniyo wangaphambili.

"Uxolo kwelaseGalili"

Eyona njongo ephambili ekupheliseni kaSirayeli, i-PLO kule mpi. Ngo-1982, i-PLO inkxaso isiseko yamiselwa kumazantsi eLebhanon. On nommandla wayo sasingahlali bechuba kwelaseGalili. NgoJuni 3, 1982 iinzame wogrogriso senziwe unozakuzaku Israel eLondon.

Juni 5, i IDF yaqhuba ngempumelelo, ngexesha apho kwicala Arabhu boyiswa. AmaSirayeli oyisile edabini, Noko ke, umba wasePalestina sele mandundu kakhulu. Oku kungenxa kukwehla imeko yamaYuda kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele.

Ukukhangelwa yesisombululo esinoxolo kwimpixano ngo 1991

Ingxaki Palestine wobudlelwane bamazwe wadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ichaphazela umdla kumazwe amaninzi, kuqukwa i-UK, France, waseUSSR, i-USA kunye nabanye.

Ngowe-1991, i-Conference Madrid kwenzeka, eyenzelwe ukuba ukusombulula imbambano kuMbindi Mpuma. Abaququzeleli awo eUnited States eSoviet Union. Kuye kwenziwa iinzame zabo ziye ukuqinisekisa amazwe Arab (amaqela ungquzulwano) ukuba wenza uxolo kunye nombuso yamaYuda.

Ukuqonda kakuhle eli ingxaki wasePalestina, eUnited States eSoviet Union uSirayeli nokurhoxa ezinabantu. Bazenza ukuqinisekisa amalungelo asemthethweni abantu kunye nokhuseleko Palestine kwelizwe lamaJuda. Le nkomfa Madrid kwakukho okokuqala zonke iinkalo kwembambano kuMbindi Mpuma. Ukongeza, kukho belwenziwe phandle ifomula sothethathethwano elizayo, "uxolo ngenxa imimandla".

Uthethwano e Oslo

Ukuzama ukusombulula ingxabano ziye iintetho emfihlekweni phakathi kwamagunya zakwaSirayeli kunye PLO, lwenzeka ngo-Agasti 1993 e Oslo. Umlamli kubo wathetha Norwegian UMphathiswa weMicimbi Foreign. USirayeli PLO isaziso yokuvunywa omnye komnye. Ukongeza, le yokugqibela eliza ukutshitshisa kumhlathi Charter, nto leyo ifuna ukutshatyalaliswa kwelizwe lamaJuda. Uthetha-thethwano eyakhokelela wokutyikitywa e Washington of the Declaration of Principles. Olu xwebhu Kujongwe ukuqaliswa self-government kwi eGaza Strip ithuba eliyiminyaka emi-5.

Ngokubanzi, i-thethwano e Oslo abakhange neziphumo ezibalulekileyo. Engabhengezwanga i iimbacu ezizimeleyo Palestine akakwazi kubuyela kummandla izinyanya zawo zange kuchazwa imeko eYerusalem.

Ingxaki ePalestina langoku ixesha

Ukususela ekuqaleni senkulungwane ezibini, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe iye ngokuphindaphindiweyo bazama ukulungisa le ngxaki lasePalestina. -Sigaba ezintathu isicwangciso "Mkhombandlela" yasungulwa ngo-2003. Wayecinga zokuhlala ngokupheleleyo kwaye yokugqibela ungquzulwano kuMbindi Mpuma ngo-2005. Ukuze wenze oku, oko izicwangciso ukudala iphila karhulumente wentando yesininzi - Palestine. Le projekthi yaye yavunywa yi omabini amaqela ungquzulwano kwaye igcina kwimo yaso isicwangciso amanyathelo ngokusesikweni kuphela isisombululo soxolo le ngxaki lasePalestina.

Nangona kunjalo, kuzise kule mini, le ngingqi ibe yenye yezona "zivutha" ehlabathini. Ingxaki nje kuphela kuhlala engekasonjululwa, kodwa kuxhotyiwe kakhulu gqwa.