Ngubani olawula eSoviet Union emva kwimbali Stalin kaThixo

Kunye kokufa kukaStalin - i "uyise bezizwe 'yaye' umakhi Communism" - ngo-1953, nomzabalazo igunya, njengokuba ukunqulwa ubuntu, elasekwa nguye, ixela eqeqesha i-USSR uya kuba yinkokeli efanayo yedwa oya izintso beplanga karhulumente ka .

Umahluko kuphela kwinto yokuba contenders ezingundoqo igunya njengenye wakhuthaza ukupheliswa ukunqulwa ngokwayo kunye yinkululeko ikhondo lezopolitiko kweli lizwe.

Ngubani abalawula emva Stalin?

umzabalazo ozimisele imfazwe phakathi contenders ezintathu eziphambili, leyo ekuqaleni kwakuba triumvirate - Georgi Malenkov (USihlalo USSR iBhunga labaPhathiswa), Lavrentiem Beriey (uMphathiswa-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Joint of Internal Affairs) kunye Nikitoy Hruschevym (njengoNobhala CPSU). Ngamnye kubo wayefuna ukuba indawo intloko karhulumente, kodwa uloyiso bangamazi kuphela sicelo, candidacy siya kuxhasa iqela amalungu egama ndandikuthanda igunya elikhulu kwaye ke unxulumano ekunene. Ukongeza, bonke ababelana umnqweno ukuphumeza uzinzo, ukugqiba ixesha zocindezelo kwaye ufumane inkululeko engakumbi izenzo zabo. Kungenxa yoko le nto umbuzo Ulolawula emva kokufa kukaStalin kaThixo, ayisoloko impendulo ecacileyo - kwaba bantu nje abathathu babesilwa ukuze igunya.

Le triumvirate kwamandla: ekuqaleni uqhekeko

Yenziwe phantsi Stalin triumvirate bamandla-yokwabelana. Uninzi lwalo buzinze ezandleni Malenkov kunye Beria. Khrushchev wanikwa indima sikaNobhala of the CPSU Committee Central, ayikho olukhulu ukuze emehlweni abachasi bakhe. Kodwa phantsi lilungu iqela yebhongo amandla akhe, kubalaselisa ukucinga engaqhelekanga kunye intuition.

Kuba abo owayelawula lizwe emva Stalin, kwakubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ngubani kwindawo yokuqala ukuphelisa kukhuphiswano. Waba ekujoliswe kuko wokuqala Lavrenty Beria. Khrushchev and Malenkov babelazi ukuba dossier kwi nganye kuzo uMphathiswa of Internal Affairs, owongamele yonke inkqubo imizimba yengcinezelo. Kulo mba, ngoJulayi 1953, Beria wabanjwa, emtyhola of ukuhlola kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho, ngaleyo ndlela lisuse a iqela eyingozi enjalo.

Malenkov kunye nemigaqo yakhe

Khrushchev xa ukuthembeka ngokuba umhleli laya yande kakhulu, yaye impembelelo yawo kwelinye amalungu beqela enomfutho. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha usihlalo neBhunga laBaphathiswa yaba Malenkov, izigqibo eziphambili kunye nezalathiso kwezopolitiko kwakuxhomekeke kuyo. Kwintlanganiso yokuqala Elawulayo zifundo wasiwa iNTSHOLONGWANE-Stalinization kunye nokusekwa ulawulo adibeneyo alo ilizwe: kwacetywa yokuphelisa ukunqulwa ubuntu, kodwa ukwenze ngendlela efana ukuba ezibuthathaka ukusuka 'uyise impumelelo izizwe'. I iseti umsebenzi omkhulu Malenkov, ibikukuphuhlisa uqoqosho, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno zoluntu. Uthe kakhulu iprogram ebanzi tshintsho, ethe nje zamkelwe kwintlanganiso ye-Elawulayo CPSU CC. Ke Malenkov wabeka phambili isindululo enye iseshoni kwiBhunga Ephakamileyo, apho zivunyiwe. Kuba okokuqala emva ulawulo nguzwilakhe Stalin xa kwenziwa isigqibo sokuba iqela, yaye igunya esemthethweni. CPSU IKomiti Central kunye Politburo kwafuneka ukuba uyavumelana naloo nto.

Imbali olulandelayo ubonisa ukuba phakathi kwabo abalawula emva Stalin, Malenkov uza kuba "ngempumelelo 'ezininzi izigqibo zabo. Yayamkela ngamanyathelo anokuthatyathwa ukuze kuliwe sama izixhobo karhulumente kunye iqela, ukuze uphuhliso ukutya kunye noshishino ukukhanya, ukuze ukwandisa ukuzimela iifama ezidityanelweyo ndithwele iziqhamo: kule minyaka 1954-1956 okokuqala emva kwemfazwe yabonisa ukwanda abantu basemaphandleni kunye nokukhula kwemveliso yezolimo, leyo kule minyaka ukwehla mihla le nangenxa yokudodobala sele lube nenzuzo. Isiphumo la manyathelo baqhubeka de 1958. Yiyo le minyaka emihlanu-uthathwa ukuba nemveliso kakhulu nefanelekileyo emva kokufa kukaStalin kaThixo.

Abalawuli emva Stalin, kwacaca ukuba enjalo impumelelo akuyi kusebenza kushishino ekukhanyeni, njengokuba izindululo Malenkov yophuhliso echasene yayo imisebenzi isicwangciso kwisicwangciso esilandelayo seminyaka emihlanu, kukujolisa ekukhuthazeni kushishino enzima.

Georgy Malenkov wazama ukuya ukusombulula iingxaki ukusuka kwindawo eyiyo lwembono, ngokusebenzisa kwengqalelo koqoqosho kunokuba imibono. Nangona kunjalo, eli lungiselelo akazange sihambelane nokuhlelwa iqela (okhokelwa Khrushchev), waphantse waphulukana indima lwalo kubomi karhulumente. Yaba ingxoxo enamandla nxamnye Malenkov, ephantsi kwengcinezelo iqela ngoFebruwari 1955 bafaka ileta yokuyeka. Yena indawo yamalena Khrushchev UNikolai Bulganin. Malenkov waba ngomnye namasekela bakhe, kodwa emva kokufa 1957, iqela anti-Party (apho ke ilungu), kunye nabaxhasi bakhe wagxothwa Elawulayo CPSU CC. Khrushchev wasebenzisa le meko kwaye ngo-1958 wathabatha Malenkov kwakhona njengosihlalo liBhunga labaPhathiswa, ukuze athathe indawo yakhe, abe loo mithetho emva Stalin USSR.

Ngenxa yoko, Zimkita Sergeevich Hruschev swi amandla phantse ngokupheleleyo ezandleni zakhe. Yena Wazisusa amabini okhuphisana zinamandla kwaye akhokele ilizwe.

Ngubani leliya lizwe emva kokufa kukaStalin kunye Malenkov icala?

Loo minyaka 11 ukuba Khrushchev yokulawula i-USSR, zizityebi iziganeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nenguquko. Kwi-ajenda kwakukho iingxaki ezininzi ejongene nguRhulumente emva ngezoshishino imfazwe, kwaye iinzame ukuvuselela uqoqosho. Oyena ndoqo eziya kukhunjulwa ilixa kolawulo Khrushchev kaThixo, oku kulandelayo:

1. Nkqubo uphuhliso kumazwe enyulu (hayi iyangqinwa yesayensi) - liye landa inani kwiindawo kuhlwayelwa, kodwa alisayi kuwathathela ngqalelo iimpawu zemozulu, leyo kwaqhwalelisa uphuhliso bezolimo kwintsimi phambili.
2. "Iphulo Corn", injongo leyo ukubamba up zikufumane eUnited States, isivuno elungileyo yale yesityalo. Corn ozozogidi landiswa kabini umonakalo kwizityalo rye kunye nengqolowa. Kodwa isiphumo waba buhlungu - iimeko zemozulu musa ukuvumela ukuba bafumane isivuno esihle kakhulu, kwaye ukuncitshiswa kwindawo phantsi kwezinye izityalo Bamqumbisa ukufumana amanqanaba asezantsi ukulungiselela ukuqokelelwa kwazo. Eli phulo liye ayiphumelelanga kakubi ngo-1962, yaye ngenxa yayo yaba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso e-oyile kunye nenyama, nto leyo eyabangela ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabantu.
3. Ukuqala perestroika - lokwakha ubunzima izindlu, nto leyo eye wavumela iintsapho ezininzi ukuba aphume zokulala kunye zokuhlala zoluntu kwi (ebizwa ngokuba "Khrushchev").

Iziphumo wobukumkani Khrushchev kaThixo

Phakathi kwabo abalawula emva Stalin, uNikita Khrushchev wema indlela yakhe engaqhelekanga kwaye usoloko uyaba izitshintshe ngaphakathi kurhulumente. Nangona iiprojekthi eziliqela eziye waqonda, ukuguquguquka kwazo kukhokelele Khrushchev endaweni yakhe ngo-1964.