Ukuqubuka komhlaba kunye nokuqhuma kwe-volcanic eRashiya: uluhlu, imbali kunye neenkcukacha ezithakazelisayo

Iintshukumo kunye neepasikethi zizinto ezikhethekileyo zendalo, ezichaphazelekayo malunga nezixhobo ze-tectonic plate. Ukukhuphuka kwe-volcano kuvame ukuhamba kunye nenyikima yehlabathi inxulumene neemeko ezizodwa zokuxubha komhlaba, ngenxa yoko kukhululwa amandla amakhulu. Ngokona nxalenye enkulu, la mazaza angama-earthquake, avela kwizinto zendalo zemvelo, ngamanye amaxesha kunye neziganeko ezithile zezobuchwephesha.

Iintshukumo - iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zomhlaba, ukusuka ekujuleni kwazo ngokukhawuleza kunye namandla phezu komhlaba zikhupha iindidi ezinkulu zedaka elityhidiweyo.

Ngaphambi kokuba sicinge ngemibutho yokuqhuma kwe-volcanic eRashiya, sichaza ngokufutshane iinkcazo ezithile, kwaye sifumane ukuba zivela njani.

Ulwazi jikelele malunga neentaba neentlanzi

Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka malunga nokuxhamla ngokukhawuleza phantsi kwengcinezelo ehlanganiswe phantsi kwelo xesha lehlabathi. Isimo seismic sinqunywe ngemilinganiselo isebenzisa isistimometer (ubungakanani kunye namandla enyikima).

Ingongoma yokubakho kwenyikima ininzi ibizwa ngokuba yi-epicenter. I-Hypocenter yindawo ephezulu emhlabeni, kwaye ngaphezu kweyona ndawo iqhutywe yintaba-mlilo. Ukuphazamiseka okubandakanya izihlwele (i-extrusions) ye-magma ecikiweyo, njengokulawula, thabatha uhlobo lweentaba okanye iinduli emva kokupholisa izinto ezilahlekileyo.

Ezi zendalo eziyingozi ziyakwenzeka kuyo nayiphi na indawo yomhlaba (nakwiintaba), zombini kumhlaba, elwandle nasemanzini. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho ukuqhuma kweentaba-mlilo kwintsimi yaseRashiya, eya kuxoxwa ngeenkcukacha ezingezantsi kwinqaku.

Iibhulophu zinqatshelwe kwiintlobo ezi-3: ziphela, zilele (ezingakasebenzi) kwaye zisebenza.

Iimephu ezibonisa ukuqhuma kweemvula nokuzamazama komhlaba zibonisa ukuba inxalenye enkulu (njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla), ezi zinto zihambelana ngokusondeleyo, kwaye isiseko sokwenzeka kwazo kuwona mgangatho omkhulu weetectonics zamacwecwe e-lithospheric zomhlaba.

Iintlekele ezibi kakhulu kwihlabathi

Ngaphambi kokuchazela ukuqhuma okukhulu kwe-volcanic eRussia, siya kubonisa izinto ezifanayo ezibi kakhulu ezenzeke kulo lonke iplanethi.

Ukuqhutyelwa kwe-volcanic eyaziwayo kakhulu nakwintlekele kuyo yonke imbali yinto eyenziwa yi- Vesuvius edumile e- Vesuvius ngo-Agasti 1979. Ngenxa yoko, iidolophu ezintathu zaseItali, kubandakanywa enkulu kunazo zonke, iPompeii, zatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Bulala abantu 16,000.

Iziganeko ezinyikima kakhulu zilandelayo: Ngowe-1976, isixeko saseTangshan eChina satshatyalaliswa (abantu abayizinkulungwane ezili-800 babulawa); Ngo-2011 kwisiqithi saseHonshu (eJapan), ukuzamazama komhlaba kwabangela ukuvela kwe-tsunami esatshatyalaliswayo eyatshabalalisa isityalo samandla enyukliya kwisixeko saseFukushima (ukukhutshwa kwamanzi okukhulu).

Ukuqubuka komhlaba kunye nokuqhuma kwe-volcanic eRashiya

Ukuzamazama komhlaba eRussia - le nto ibonakala yinto eqhelekileyo. Ngoxa kubemi beemigangatho kunye nenxalenye ephambili yeli lizwe, le ngqungquthela, ngelanga, ayiqhelekanga.

Ewe, abaninzi bakhumbula isiganeko esibi esenzeka ebudeni bexesha lamaSoviet. Inyikima enkulu kunazo zonke zaseArmenia ngoDisemba 1988, xa idolophu yaseSpitak yaphela ngokupheleleyo.

ERashiya umsebenzi onjalo wehlabathi uqukumbela udlalwa, kodwa ngokubhekiselele kumancinci amancinci. Ngokomzekelo, kwintsimi yaseRiphabliki yaseTuva ngasekupheleni kuka-2011 kukho inyikima ye-3.2 amaphuzu. Kwaye nanamhlanje kule ndawo, umsebenzi wesimiso awuyeki.

Ukuqhutyelwa kwe-volcano eRussia akuqhelekanga. Kwimimandla emikhulu yommandla omkhulu kunama-volcano angama-200 ahlukahlukeneyo, amaninzi awo aseKamchatka naseIngril Islands. Oku kubandakanya i-8.3% yazo zonke iindawo ezinqabileyo zentlambo zomhlaba.

Ngezantsi kuneeminyhadala ezininzi zaseRashiya eziye zabonisa umsebenzi wazo kwiminyaka emihlanu edluleyo, kwaye imbali emfutshane yomsebenzi wabo inikwe.

Flat Tolbachik

NgoNovemba 2012, ukuqhuma kwe-volcanic eRussia kwenzeka empumalanga yeKamchatka. Le ndawo yi-Tolbachik massif, inxalenye yeqela laseKlyuchevskaya leentaba-mlilo (inxalenye yalo esentshona-ntshona). Isakhiwo saso siquka i-flat Tolbachik (ngokuphakama kwe-3140 m) kunye no-Sharp Tolbachik (3682 m). Zifumaneka kwi-volcano yamandulo.

Lo kwakuyi-eruption entsha, eyaqala ngokuvulwa kwe-crack (ubude malunga ne-5 km). Ukuqhuma kwe-Lava kwakhukhula esibhedlele (esasisiseko saseLeningradskaya), esisezantsi entanyeni, kunye nokwakhiwa kwesiseko sepaki yemvelo "Iintshonalanga zaseKamchatka".

Kizimen

I-stratovolcano ngendlela yesigodlo sokunene. Ukugqitywa kokugqibela oku kwenzekayo ngo-2013. I-volcano (2485 m) ikhona kwicala elingasentla ye-Tumrok ridge (entshona-ntshona), iikhilomitha ezili-265 ukusuka kwisixeko sasePetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky kunye neekhilomitha ezili-115 ukusuka kwidolophana. EMilkovo.

Umsebenzi walo omkhulu wenziwa ngo-2009, ngenxa yoko abaninzi babo baqalisa ukusebenza kwiintlambo zamanzi. I-Ashi ngenxa yesenzo se-volcano sonyaka sahlakazeka kwimimandla emikhulu ye-biosphere (Reserve Kornotsky). Le ntaba ibonakale kwiminyaka eyi-12 eyadlulayo.

Nga magama

Enye enye i-volcano, e-Kamchatka kufuphi neKlyuchevskaya. Ukusuka kwidolophana yaseKlyuchi itholakala malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-40 (isithili sase-Ust-Kamchatsky). Ukuphakama kwayo ngokupheleleyo ngamanamitha angama-2882.

Ukugqitywa kokugqibela kwenzeka ngo-2013, kodwa eyona edumileyo-ngo-1955-1956. Ifu elikhuphukayo ngelo xesha lafikelela kwindawo ephakamileyo malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-35. Ngenxa yoko, i-crater-shaped crater yenziwe, ivuliwe empuma (ububanzi beekhilomitha 1.3 km). Kwinquma yesempuma yommandla wendawo engama 500 square metres. Km, yonke imithi kunye nemithi yaphulwa kwaye yachithwa.

Klyuchevskaya Sopka

Ngoku kutshanje (ngo-Agasti 1913), ukuqhuma okukhulu kwe-volcanic eRashiya kwenzeka empumalanga yeKamchatka. Le stratovolcano yona iphezulu kunazo zonke ezisebenzayo e-Eurasia. Ubuneminyaka engama-7000 ubudala, kwaye ukuphakama kwexesha kuyahluka ngexesha (4750-4850 m).

Ngo-Oktobha 2013 kwakukho isigaba esinqununu (emva kwe-4 lava flow) kunye nokunyuka kwekholam yomlotha ukuya kwiikhilomitha eziyi-10-12. Umzila ovela kuwo uhamba ngendlela ehamba ngasentshona-ntshona. Umlotha owela kwiidolophana zaseAtsosovo kunye neLazo naseAtsosovo, kwaye ubukhulu boluhlu lwayo lwaluba malunga nama-millimitha amabini.

Karymskaya Sopka

Ukukhuphuka kwe-stratovolcano yokugqibela ekwaKamchatka (i-Eastern ridge) kwenzeka ngo-2014. Ukuphakama kwayo ku-1468 kumitha. Le ngenye yeentaba ezinqabileyo kakhulu. Ukususela ngo-1852, kuye kwabhalwa ukukhuphuka okungaphezu kwezi-20.

Kufuphi neKarymskaya Sopka kukho i-lake yegama elifanayo, apho, ngo-1996, kunye nokuqhuma kwamanzi angaphantsi kwamanzi, phantse zonke izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuyo zafa.

Ukuqhuma kokugqibela kwe-volcanic eRashiya

I-Volcano yaseShiveluch nayo ikhona kwi -peninsula yaseKamchatka (i-Eastern ridge). Le yenyakatho yeentaba-mlilo zaseKamchatka ezisemantla. Ukuphakama kwayo ngokupheleleyo ngamamitha angama-3307.

Ngomhla ka-Juni 2013 (kusasa ekuseni) I-Shiveluch yashiya ikholam enamandla yomlotha ukuya kwindawo eyi-10,000 yamitha. Ngenxa yoko, umlotha uwela kwidolophana yaseKlyuchi (47 km ukusuka kwintaba-mlilo). Zonke izitrato kunye nezindlu zihlanganiswe kunye nobuninzi bomlotha obomvu. Ngo-Oktobha (emva kokukhuphuka kweKlyuchevskaya Sopka) iShiveluch kwakhona yahlutha ikholam ye-ash kunye nokuphakama kwamamitha angama-7600. Ngomhla ka-Febhuwari 2014 eli phawu lafikelela ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-11, kwaye ngoMeyi i-volcano yaqhuma ngokukhawuleza iintsika ezi-3 (ukusuka kwi-7000 ukuya kwi-10,000 yamitha).

Ekugqibeleni malunga neyona nto inomdla

Ukuqubuka komhlaba kunye nokuqhuma kwe-volcanic eRussia kuye kwandisa indawo yaseRashiya ngamakhilomitha angama-4 500. Amitha. Kwenzekani? Ngokumalunga neziganeko zesimangaliso ezenzeka kwii-Kuriles naseSakhalin ngo-2007-2009, intsimi yelizwe iye yanda.

Emva kokuzamazama komhlaba eningizimu yeSakhalin (Nevelsk) ngo-Agasti 2007, ukuphakama kolwandle kwakusenyuka, kwakha indawo encinane yomhlaba (indawo yeekhilomitha ezintathu zeekhilomitha). Ukongeza, 1.5 square meters. Iikhilomitha zommandla yafunyenwe ngenxa yokuphuphuma kwePeak Sarychev ( kwisiqithi saseKuril saseMatua).