Inqwaba yangempela - indlela ekhangeleka ngayo nalapho ikhula khona

Uninzi lwamakhowa ahlukeneyo ekhula eRashiya. Kodwa abaqulunqi "bokuzingela ngokuthula" bayaqiniseka ukuba inhlanhla ekhethekileyo iyawa kumntu ofika kwindawo apho amakhowe akhula khona. Emva koko, unokukhawuleza ugcwalise ibhasikidi enkulu yamakhowa anomsindo. Umqoki we-mushroom owaziwayo uya kuhlukanisa ngokulula le fungus emhlophe, ene-hates de pubescent kunye ne-mycelium eluhlaza.

Kutheni ama-mushroom abizwa kanjalo

Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, kufuneka ukwazi indlela kwaye bakhula khona. Lawa ma-mushroom "ahlala" kwiintsapho ezinkulu, kubantu ababizwa ngokuba yimilonda okanye imilo. Abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba yilo mcimbi ukuba amakhowe ezidyowayo anikwe igama.

Nangona uyazi kakuhle ukuba ziphi na iinkukhu ezimnandi, kufuneka zifunde ukujonga. Zigqwesa kakuhle phantsi kwecatshulwa lamahlamvu, izilingo zepine eziwa phantsi. Abaqoki bamashishini baya kumakhowa ekuseni-malunga neeyure ezintlanu. Ngomfuneko wokuthabatha intonga ende, ongayifumana ngayo yonke i-bumps ekhunjulwayo phantsi kweebhola, okanye kufuphi ne-stumps. Ngalo mithi ezi funguthulu zikhetha ukukhula kwi-symbiosis, ukudala i-mycorrhizas.

Kukho enye inguqu yeso sizathu esibizwa ngokuba yi-fungi. Igama elithi "gruel" livela kwisiHebhere kwaye ekuguquleleni lithetha "ukuba nenotshi". Enyanisweni, kwaziwa ngokucacileyo ukuba i-cap le fungus ifom. Ngoko ke, iingcali aziwuthathi ngolu hlobo inguqulelo.

Yintoni i-mackerel ibonakala ngathi?

Iidiliya zinemibala emininzi. Bonke bakhula ngamaqela. Iinqanaba zeempimpe zabantu abadala zihlala zifikelela kuma-30 cm ububanzi. Iidiliya, iifoto enokuzibona kwinqaku lethu, ziyimakhowa ezidliwayo. Zifanele ukukhethwa kunye nokucoca.

Amakhowe aphuzi

Le fungus ephawulekayo iyahlula ngentsimbi ephuzi, eyona ububanzi ingafikelela kwi-28 cm. Kodwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kukho imifanekiso ephakathi, ngobukhulu bekhanda ukusuka kwi-6 kuya kwi-10 cm. Ngamanye amaxesha inemibala emnyama okanye igolide ebalawuli, enezikali ezincinci. Ingqungquthela yama-mushroom amancinci i-convex encinci, ngoko iyalula okanye iyanqumla. Amaphethelo alo, njengomthetho, aphethwe ngaphakathi. I-smooth to the touch, kwimozulu yamanzi ingaba yincinci.

Umlenze we-mushroom ophuzi u-5-12 cm, unobumba obomvu obomvu kunye neendawo zokudla, ezinamathela. Yingenangqiqo, kodwa inamandla kakhulu. Iiplati zihlala zihlala, kwiimodeli ezindala ziindawo ezimnyama. Inyama ye- mushroom ephuzi imhlophe, kodwa ekunqunywe kwayo ijika ngokukhawuleza xa isebenzisana nomoya. Unomphefumlo obuthakathaka kodwa obumnandi kakhulu.

Amakhowe aphuzi afana nesigqabi se-mushroom , yangempela kunye nebomvu. I-mushroom ekhungathekileyo ifunyenwe emahlathini anqabileyo. Ayinayo nayiphi intsanga enyawo. I-mushroom ebomvu engabonakaliyo iyahlukaniswa yelisi yam milki.

Amakhowe aphuzi, ixesha lokuqokelela elaliqala ukususela ngoJulayi ukuya kuphakathi kuka-Oktobha, lufumaneka rhoqo kumazwe ase-Eurasia enemozulu epholileyo.

Abaqoki be-mushroom bakholelwa ukuba lo luhlobo olumnandi kakhulu lwama-mushroom. Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa, ayenziwe ngaphambili kwaye aphekiweyo.

Ipeyari ibrakra

Olu luhlu luyincinci kunama-mushroom aphuzi. Ingqumbo yabo ayidluli ngaphezu kwe-10 cm. Njengomthetho, unombala obomvu okanye obomvu, ngendlela yebell, ekugqibeleni ihamba, i-bump encane ibonakala phakathi. Iimpawu ezivuthiweyo zinentloko ecindezelekileyo. Kwintsipho epholileyo, i-pubescence encinci, kwimozulu emanzi ingaba yinyani. Amakhowe enkathazo, iifoto ezinokuthi zibonwe kwiimfuno ezikhethekileyo zabaqoki be-mushroom, unomlenze ufike kwi-9 cm ephakamileyo. Umbala wayo ufana nesitya. Efihliweyo ngokukhanya okukhanya, ngokukhawuleza kwandiswe kwisiseko. Iiplani azikho kakhulu kwaye zininzi.

Inyama yale fungi ibonakaliswa ngokugqithisa, kwinqununu leyo iphuma kumhlophe omhlophe. Akunakuvumba. I-mushroom ibizwa ngokuba yintyatyambo yentlungu.

Lawa ma-mushroom, inkcazo efana ne-inedible mlechnik nesibindi, ayahlukelelwa kukuba ekugqibeleni i-juicy milice ijikeleza nge-yellow.

Iidiliya zikhula zibuhlungu ukusuka kwisiqingatha sokuqala sikaJulayi ukuya ekuqaleni kuka-Oktobha phantse kuwo onke amazwe enyakatho yeYurophu ne-Asia. Ikhetha indawo enomthi yehlathi le-coniferous, engaqhelekanga kwihlathi le-birch.

Lawa ma-mushroom afanelekile ekukhetheni, kodwa emva kwexesha elide (10-12 iiyure) ukugubha ngokutshintsha kwamanzi. Oku kuyimfuneko ukususa intlungu. Ngaphantsi kwefuthe le-brine lawa amakhowe adlekileyo ayacaca abe mnyama.

Ngamayeza omntu, ezi fungi azizisebenzisi. Kodwa izazinzulu zakwazi ukuhlukanisa kubo izinto ezikhethekileyo ezivimbela ukukhula kweebhaktheriya zokhuni kunye namathumbu emathumbu, iStaphylococcus aureus.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba le ntlobo iyakwazi ukuqokelela izinto ezinomsoco (i-cesium-137 nuclide) kwiimishuva zayo ezihlala kwiimisipha kunye nesibindi somntu, ngoko ke akuvumelekanga ukuba iqoke le fungus kwiindawo ezinokunyuka kwe-radioactive.

Amakhowe amnyama obomvu

Olunye uhlobo lwee-mushroom ezidliwayo. Lawa ma-mushroom aneentsimbi ezinkulu-ububanzi bawo bufikelela kwi-18 cm. Ziba matte, zifakwe kwiitoni ezimnyama, kaninzi kangako kunye nomthunzi obomvu okanye obomvu. Kwiisampuli ezincinane, i-cap idibeneyo, kodwa ngokuthe tye iyalula, ize ifumane ukuxinezeleka. Ukuthintela, ngokuqhelekileyo ilula kwaye iyomile, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ihlanganiswe ngethungelwano lweentsikelelo ezincinci, kwaye kwimozulu emanzi iya kuba yinto enamathele kunye neyongqimba.

I-mackerel ebomvu ibomvu inomlenze ukusuka ku-3 ukuya kwi-12 cm ukuphakama. Unamandla kakhulu, unesimo somjikelezo, ukuya kwintsebenzo-ngokuqinisekileyo. Umbala wayo kaninzi awufani nombala wekot. Kukho amacwecwe amaninzi kwaye amancinci, atyhidiweyo ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo umhlophe. Xa ucinezela, amabala abomdaka avela phezulu.

Lawa ma-mushroom ayinyama kakhulu, angayigqatswa imhlophe okanye ibomvu. Uyakuthandeka. Enye into ephawulekayo-umakhowa omtsha osiweyo unomsila weebhokhwe ezibilisiwe okanye umxube.

Lawa ma-mushroom ane-double-mlechnik engabonakaliyo. Indlela yokwahlula phakathi kwamakhowe? I-Mlichnik isincinci kakhulu kwisayizi, kwaye isikhumba kwi-bonnet yakhe ayinakuze iqhube.

Amakhowe aluhlaza obomvu akhula ukusuka ngo-Agasti wokuqala kuze kube yincinci yesibini ka-Oktobha kuwo onke amazwe aseYurophu. Zingafumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamahlathi. Ziziva zilungile kwimimandla emanzi, emnyama. Lawa ma-mushroom awona mnandi kakhulu kwifom ethosiweyo neyetyuwa.

Iipilisi ezinobumba

Ukulungelelanisa i-acrid kunye nefuthe, le fungus ibizwa kanjalo. Zibukeka njani iibhugi ze-peppery? Banekhanda elimhlophe elingenayo imimandla ephawulwe emanzini, enesinyama. Iiplati zihlala zihlala. Bazobhapathizwa kumbala omhlophe obomvu. Kwiimpawu ezincinci inyama iyamhlophe, kamva ijika iphuzi, kwintshonkco - i-hue eluhlaza.

I-mushroom yepilisi ithathwa njengelona hlobo lusezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, loo ma-mushroom angabonwa ngetyuwa, ukuba aphethwe kakuhle okanye abilisiwe. Zifana kakhulu ne-creak ne-forklift ezimhlophe, kodwa ukusuka okokuqala zibonakaliswe ngamacwecwe amaninzi, avuliwe i-bonnet evulekileyo kunye nohlaza oluhlaza kwi-fracture, kwaye ukusuka kwesibini - enejisi elimhlophe.

Amakhowa amhlophe

Ngoko sifika "kukumkani" we-gruel. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeXIX eRussia ibizwa ngokuba ngamakhowa epilisi. Kodwa ngowe-1942 isazi esaziwayo, i-mycologist B. Vasilkov, yabonisa ukuba oku kufuneka ukuba kuqwalaselwe njengezilwanyana zeLactarius resimus.

I-mushroom yangempela yindawo yamakhowe ekhangayo. Ingqumbo yakhe imhlophe okanye iluhlaza kumbala kwaye ingafikelela ububanzi buka-25 cm. Kwiimpawu ezincinci, zithe cwaka, kodwa ngokukhawuleza zithatha umlo we-funnel. Ukusuka ngaphakathi ngaphakathi komgca we-bonnet bent, kukho phantse kukho konke okuphawulayo.

Kwinqaku lethu ubona i-mushroom yangempela. Jonga ngokukhawuleza kwisithombe. Ngentsimbi yakhe kukho rhoqo ukuhlwanyela i-debris, ekho kuma-mushroom ayifake kaninzi kunezinye iintlobo zama-mushroom.

I-mushroom ngoku iqinileyo kwi-pedicel, ubude bayo buvela kwi-3 kuya kwi-9 cm. Ingaba mhlophe okanye iluhlaza, ihlale idibeneyo, kwaye inomfanekiso wesigxina.

Inyama emhlophe ngejisi elimhlophe. Qaphela ukuba xa usebenzisana nomoya, ufumana umbala ophuzi okanye umbala ongcolileyo. Eli lavisi lifana nesiphumo sesithelo esitsha.

Kufana neyinyani:

• Iifologi ezimhlophe ezingenayo i-milky juice;
• I-scriptress, ene-hat ephezulu yokushicilela;
• Umhlophe omhlophe, i-fungus encinci;
• I-Aspen mackerel, ivela phantsi kwe-aspen, apho i-mushroom yangempela ayikhuli.

Le mushroom emangalisayo ibonakala ekuqaleni kukaJulayi kwaye ingaqokelelwa kude kube sekupheleni kukaSeptemba eSiberia, kwingingqi yeVolga kunye neeUreals.

Apho ikhula khona

I-mushroom yangempela isoloko ifunyenwe kwi-pine-birch kunye namahlathi aseProatia eRussia Ephakathi, eTransbaikalia, eNtshona Siberia. Kwii-Urals nase-Volga esifundeni kuthiwa ngamakhowe aluhlaza. Oku kuchazwa ngumbuso onqabileyo we-cap. E-Siberia, babizwa ngokuba ngamakhowe amalungisa; Yinyani.

Ukutya

Ama-mushroom okwenene aqhelekileyo anetyuwa emva kokubilisa ixesha elide. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ususe ubuhlungu. Ama-mushroom amancinci kwaye anamahluma emva kokuba athululelwe nge-brine, athole umthunzi omncinci. Iintsuku ezingamashumi amane kamva zilungele ukusetyenziswa.

Ngokwesiko, eSiberia, la majezi ayetyuwa nge-red-tulips kunye ne-freckles. Ngabo bayazilungiselela ii-pie, banikele iindwendwe ezibandayo eziphantsi kwama-horse-radish, ibhotela. EYurophu yaseYurophu, lawa ma-mushroom ayabonwa njengengenakulinganiswa, kwaye eRashiya baye babizwa ngokuthi "ookumkani bama-mushroom".

Iimpawu eziwusizo

Amakhowe ayinyaniso yokutya okuphantsi kweekhalori, ngoko isetyenziswa rhoqo kwisondlo sokutya, kunceda ukunciphisa ubunzima. Iquka amaminerali kunye namavithamini. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwi-vitamin D. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zafumanisa ukuba amakhowe amhlophe azinzisa ishukela legazi, ngoko kunceda abantu abanesifo sikashukela. Ukongezelela, ukubunjwa kwezi fungi kubandakanya izinto ezinesiphelo se-antibacterial, ngoko kuyinqwenelekayo ukuyisebenzisa ngexesha leengculazi. Imisebenzi yabo ekhethekileyo malunga neentonga zikaKoch iphawulwe. Oku kukuvumela ukuba usebenzise amagilebhisi okwenene, ubenokukrazula ngokucacileyo, ukwenza iyeza lesifo sofuba.