Antarctica: imvelo. Izilwanyana kunye neentlobo ze-Antarctica

Le ngenye yezona lizwekazi ezingaqondakaliyo kwaye zingakhange zifunde kwihlabathi lethu. Abaphengululi ababini abanesibindi, uMazare Lazarev noFel Bellingshausen, bafumene i-Antarctica. Uhambo lwabo lwaluqinisekisa ubungqina be-Antarctica kumzantsi wehlabathi. Kwathi ngowe-1820.

Namhlanje, leli zwekazi elingasemzantsi yomhlaba, njengamandulo, ligcina iimfihlakalo ezininzi. Ubume be-Antarctica bubunzima kwaye abufani kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kucaciswe ukuba eli lizwekazi liphezulu. Umhlaba uphuma ngaphezu kwezinga elwandle nge-2-4 iwaka (phakathi kweli zwekazi) ikhilomitha.

Inkcazo yelizwekazi

Iintaba ze-Transarctic ziwela i-Antarctica kwaye zahlula zibe zimbini zecandelo - empuma nasentshonalanga. Phantse iphelakazi liphela lihlanganiswe ngeqhwa. Kuphela kwinqanaba langasentshona malunga neekhilomitha ezili-40 zeekhilomitha zihlala ezindaweni ezingenamanzi. Bahlala elunxwemeni lwe-Pacific Ocean - amathafa amancinci kunye neentaba ezininzi zeentaba, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-nunataks. Ziya phezulu ngaphezu kweqhwa.

Ingqungquthela yeqhintle yeli zwekazi inamandla kunabo bonke emhlabeni - i-cubic meter ezingama-30 zeqhekeza, emele i-90% yemithombo yamanzi yomhlaba. Yimpawu yokuba iqhwa laseAntarctica liqule indawo enkulu yokugcina amanzi amanzi.

Iimeko zemozulu

Ubume be-Antarctica bubonakala ngumoya obandayo kwihlabathi. Ngowe-1983, ubuncinci obuncinane babhaliswa - ngaphantsi kwee-degrees ezingama-89.2. Ebusika, iqondo lokushisa liphakama ukusuka kwi--60 ukuya ku- -75 degrees. Ehlobo, likhuphukela kuma-50. Kwaye kuphela kummandla wonxweme kunzima kakhulu: iqondo lokushisa liphakathi kwe-0 ukuya kwi -20 degrees.

Ukunciphisa kunokwenzeka kuphela ngohlobo lweqhwa, elinyanzeliswe phantsi kobunzima balo, ukwenza iindawo ezintsha zeqhwa.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho imilambo namachibi e-Antarctica. Ziyabonakala ehlobo, kwaye zasebusika ziphinde zigqutywe ngeqhwa. Namhlanje, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa amachibi angama-140. Kule ndawo, enye kuphela ayifakalisi - eMpuma.

I-Flora yase-Antarctica

Iintlanzi zelizwekazi lihluphekile kakhulu. Iimpawu zobume be-Antarctica zichazwe ngemozulu. Uninzi lwazo zonke, kukho izilwanyana ezikhulayo apha - malunga neentlobo ezingama-700. Ikhululekile kwiqhwa lamathafa kunye nommandla wonxweme welizwe jikelele. Izityalo eziqhambileyo kule ndawo enzima ziphela ezimbini-klobantus kito kunye ne-Antarctic meadow.

I-Quiloboth whale ingowomndeni we-clove. Esi sisityalo esiphantsi se-herbaceous, esinesimo esifana nomsila kunye neentyantyambo ezincinci ezimhlophe eziphuzi kunye ezimhlophe. Ukuphakama komthi omdala akugqithisi amahlanu ububanzi.

I-Antarctic meadow ibhekisela kumayeza. Ikhula kuphela kwiindawo zomhlaba ezikhanyiswa ilanga. Ezi zihlahla ze-nondescript zikhula zibe ngamasentimitha angama-20. Isityalo sinyamezela amaqabunga kakuhle. Nangona ngexesha leentyantyambo, amaqabunga ayamlimazi.

Umhlaba wezityalo wase-Antarctica, omelelwe izityalo ezimbalwa, ulungele ukutshatyalaliswa ngonaphakade. Iiseli zabo ziqulethe amanzi amancinci, zonke iinkqubo zityhutyha.

Izilwanyana

Iimpawu zobume be-Antarctica ziye zashiya iimpawu zazo kwizilwanyana zaseli zwekazi. Izilwanyana zeli lizwe eliphuzi zihlala kuphela apho kukho izityalo. Nangona kukho isimo sezulu esinzima, ama-dinosaurs ahlala e-Antarctica kumaxesha amandulo.

Izilwanyana zase-Antarctic zingahlulwa ngokweemeko zibe ngamaqela amabini ahlukeneyo-amanzi kunye nomhlaba. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba akukho zilwanyana ezihlala kwindawo ehlala e-Antarctica.

Amanzi azungeze leli zwekazi asisityebi kwi-zooplankton, okuyiyona nto yokutya okuyiyo iminquma, imikhomo, iipenguins kunye namaziko omlilo. Lapha ihlala i-icefish - izidalwa ezimangalisayo, ziguqulelwe ukuba zibe khona kumanzi e-ice.

Izilwanyana ezininzi eziluhlaza ze-Antarctica ziyimikhomo ebhakabhaka, ekhangelwa kwinani elikhulu lama-shrimps.

Kwiindawo zamachibi amasha kukho i-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye neendumbu ezijikelezayo, kukho i-crustaceans kunye ne-daphnia.

Iintaka

Iimpenguins, i-polar terns kunye ne-skuas, ikhaya li-Antarctica. Ubume belizwekazi alivumeli ukuhlala apha iintaka ezininzi. Iintlobo ezine zeepenguins zihlala e-Antarctica. Uninzi loluntu luyinkosi. I-Petrels ibhabha ngamanye amaxesha ukuya kwilizwe lasezantsi.

Izilwanyana

I-Antarctica, uhlobo olunzima kakhulu ukuhlala ezilwanyana, lingaziqhayisa kuphela ezo zityalo ezikwazi ukuhlala zombini nasemanzini. Okokuqala, ezi zibonakaliso. Ukongezelela, kummandla wonxweme uhlala kwiingwe zolwandle kunye nezindlovu zasolwandle. Kukho ihlengethwa ezincinci zesanti okanye umbala omnyama nomhlophe, apho i-whalers ibizwa ngokuba iinkomo zaselwandle.

Abacebisi baseAntarctica

Kuli zwekazi, kukho ezininzi izilwanyana ezihlukeneyo. Ukutya kwabo kubandakanywa ngamacrota-crustaceans. Kule nto, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ingwe yolwandle - inqabileyo enkulu esondla i-krill. Ihlala emanzini angatye. Nangona kunjalo, uzuko lwezilwanyana, ezikwazi ukuzingela nezilwanyana ezinkulu. Ukuzingela okunjalo kunomntu wonyaka kuphela kwaye kuhloswe ukudibanisa ukutya okuqukethe i-squid kunye neentlanzi, kodwa isiseko si-krill. Inani elincinci lalaba baxhamli bezilwanyana zasemanzini ligcinwa kufuphi neerokals of fur and seal colonies. Kwiimeko ezininzi ezi ziqhwaba zihamba ngeqhwa elwandle kunye neqalo lokubusika lihlanganisene manani amaninzi kufuphi ne-South Georgia.

Iingwe zolwandle ziyizona ziqhwaba. Ubhalisiwe ngokusemthethweni ubude - 3.8 amitha, kodwa kwakukho izilwanyana ezinkulu.

Ngekwindla, ingwe zitshintsha indlela yazo yobomi zize zifike ngaselunxwemeni, apho iinqwelo zobuncinci ezingenamava kunye neepenguin zihla.

Ezingabhalanga

Ngubani ohambelana ngokupheleleyo nohlobo lwe-Antarctica, ngoko ke le ngqungquthela ye-invertebrate arthropod. E-Antarctica kukho iindidi ezingama-67 zezilwanyana kunye neentlobo ezine zeelusi. Kukho i-puhoedy, i-fleas kwaye, ngokwenene, inkohlakalo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inambuzane engenawo ummango, onombala omnyama wamalahle, uhlala kuphela kwilizwekazi leqhwa. Ezi zinambuzane zihlala ziphela, ziyizilwanyana zasemhlabeni ngokupheleleyo.

Uninzi lwezintlu kunye nezinambuzane ziyaziswa kwilizwekazi elikuzantsi ngeentaka.

ZoKhenketho

Nangona kukho isimo sezulu esichukumisayo, abavakhenkethi abayii-6 000 baya e-Antarctica minyaka yonke. Uninzi lwawo luya kwi-Peninsula yase-Antarctic, apho kukho indawo yomoya kunye nesiseko sezokhenketho. Ngama-1990, abahenketwe baqala ukutyelela uLwandle lweRoss.