Ukubunjwa kungabandakanya imitha ... yenziwe ngoobani kunye iimpawu radiations radioactive

radiation Nuclear - omnye kakhulu yingozi. imiphumela yokuba akungebikho kuqiniseka ngalo, loo mntu. Lithetha ukuthini isigama ubuthi? Kuthetha ukuthini 'enkulu "okanye" minor' yemisebe? Zeziphi amasuntswana ziyinxalenye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo radiation yenyukliya?

Yintoni yemisebe?

Ukubunjwa kwimitha kungaquka amasuntswana ezahlukeneyo. Nakuba kunjalo, kuzo zonke zontathu udidi lwemitha kwakucingwa ukuba kuhlobo olufanayo - zibizwa ionizing. ntoni eli gama lithetha ntoni? I-eneji yelanga aku- eliphezulu - kangangokuba kangangokuba xa imitha ufikelela-atom ethile, oko etshaya ovela kwi orbit yayo. Ke atom, nto leyo eye yaba radiation ekujoliswe aguqulwa ukuba ion ethe wabekwa kakuhle. Kungenxa yoko le nto radiation atom ekuthiwa ionizing, nantoni ngeyabo naluphi na uhlobo. ukusebenza ionizing radiation High yohlukile kwezinye iintlobo, ezifana microwave okanye infrared.

into insimbi njani?

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni yinxalenye radiation, kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha inkqubo ionization. Apho ngolu hlobo. Atom ngokwandayo ukhangeleka imbewu encinane poppy (lama-atom) singqongwe umzila elektroni ezifana Iqokobhe kwiqamza yayo. Xa kusenzeka ukubola radioactive, i kernel uthatha kuyo le suntswana lincinane - Alpha okanye amasuntswana beta. Xa ukukhutshwa kwamasuntswana icala, kwaye ukutshintsha nesigxina ngumongo, kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba into yemichiza entsha yenziwe.

Amasuntswana ezakha imingcele radiation ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Ikhutshwe ukusuka wokudla ezingundoqo oxineneyo ngesantya enkulu phambili. Kwi indlela yayo iyakwazi ngozi iqokobhe komnye-atom, ndinkqonkqoza nje ovela kulo. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ezo atom yena kuhlawuliswa ion. Noko ke, kule imeko, iyeza uhlala efanayo inani protons kwi ngumongo kuhlala ingaguqukanga.

Iimpawu yenkqubo yokuguga

Ukwazi ezi nkqubo yenza kube lula ukuba ukuhlola indlela apho ukubola radioactive kakhulu. Eli xabiso ulinganiswa becquerels. Umzekelo, ukuba mgomzuzu omnye kukho ukubola, bathi: "Umsebenzi Isotope - 1 becquerel." Kanye endaweni le yunithi usebenzisa iyunithi ebizwa ngokuba Curie. It wayelingana becquerels billion 37. Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthelekisa umsebenzi isixa ofanayo kweziyobisi. Umsebenzi unit ethile ubunzima Isotope kuthiwa umsebenzi ethile. Eli xabiso bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo nakwisiqingatha ubomi ngayo Isotope ethile.

Abalinganiswa of radiations eqhumayo. imithombo yawo

radiation Ionizing ayikwazi kwenzeka kuphela kwimeko yokuguga. Ezisenokusebenza njengsixhobo kuba radiation radioactive ungakwazi: ngokucandeka reaction (womelezwa uqhushumbo okanye ngaphakathi kwe-reactor yenyukliya), lo Yindibanisela ekuthiwa-nuclei ukukhanya (kwenzeka phezu solar, enye inkwenkwezi, kwaye hydrogen), kunye ezahlukeneyo accelerators yamasuntswana. Zonke ezi imithombo radiation enye into efanayo - inqanaba amandla enamandla.

Zeziphi amasuntswana ziyingxenye uhlobo radiation alpha?

Umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezintathu radiation ionizing - alpha, beta kunye wesigrike - sele ngokwendalo. Xa ezi radiations sibanjwa, akukho bani owaziyo ukuba abamele. Ngoko ke, zibizwa nje oonobumba Greek.

Njengoko igama lawo libonisa,-alpha reyi sibanjwa kuqala. Baba yinxalenye imitha ekonakaleni kwabo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo enzima ezifana uranium okanye thorium. ubume babo wayezimisele ngokuhamba kwexesha. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba imitha alpha yi kunokuba nzima. Emoyeni, mayingabi sakhululwa ukoyisa iisentimitha nkqu ezimbalwa. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba yinxalenye radiation angangena ngumongo-athom helium. Kuyinto ehlobene radiation alpha.

mthombo kwalo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo eqhumayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba a "iiseti" Ngokuqinisekileyo icala of protons amabini kunye nenani elilinganayo neutron. Kule meko sithi ekwakhiweni luquka radiation-amasuntswana okanye amasuntswana alpha. protons ezimbini neutron ezimbini kuba luphawu helium nucleus, udibaniso lwe-radiation. Kuba ngqa uluntu loo yokusabela inokufumana Rutherford, baxoxa ukuguqula nuclei nitrogen ioksijini kernel.

radiation Beta, wafumanisa kamva, kodwa akukho kuyingozi ngaphantsi

Emva koko wajika ukuba ukwakhiwa kwimitha inokuquka kuphela layila helium, kodwa electron nje abaqhelekileyo. Oku kuyinyaniso ukuba radiation beta - liphethe electron. Kodwa isantya labo likhulu kakhulu izinga radiation alpha. Olu hlobo radiation kwaye isimangalo ngezantsi radiation alpha. Evela kumzali atom amasuntswana beta "ilifa" Charge eyahlukileyo nesantya ezahlukeneyo.

Kusenokuba ukufikelela ku-100 lamawaka. Km / umzuzwana ukuya isantya lokukhanya. Kodwa ngaphandle radiation beta nga twa ku iimitha eziliqela. Gaze umthamo wazo lincinane kakhulu. -Beta reyi ngeke bakwazi ukumelana iphepha, ilaphu, unekhasi obhityileyo ngentsimbi. Baya ingangena kuphela kule ndawo. Noko ke, ukuba sesichengeni ungakhuselekanga kunokukhokelela ulusu okanye iliso ukutsha, njengoko kunjalo yelanga eyingozi.

Kakubi icala amasuntswana beta ibizwa ngokuba electron yaye ngokuqinisekileyo wamwisela kuthiwa positrons. Inani elikhulu radiation beta kuyingozi kakhulu abantu kungadala isifo radiation. Eziyingozi kakhulu kunokuba abe nokudla atom.

gamma: ubume kunye neempawu

Oku kulandelayo ivunjululwe radiation gamma. Kulo mzekelo, kwafumaniseka ukuba yinxalenye radiation zingabandakanya photons indawo kwamaza ethile. Gamma radiation efana ultraviolet, amaza erediyo infrared. Ngamanye amazwi, limela radiation magnetic, kodwa amandla photons engenayo kuwo liphezulu kakhulu.

Olu hlobo radiation kukuba ophezulu kakhulu ukuba angene nangaziphi kwizithinteli. Le kunakuqala oma endleleni ionizing izinto radiation, ngcono nga ukubamba gamma yingozi. Kule ndima, ngokufuthi kunyulwa ukhokelo okanye eziphathekayo. Xa radiation wesigrike yangaphandle lula kudlula amakhulu amawaka eekhilomitha. Ukuba kuchaphazela umntu, yenza umonakalo ulusu kunye nezibilini. Ngomhla iimpawu radiation gamma onokufaniswa X-ray. Kodwa bahluka imvelaphi yabo. Emva-X ray kuphela kwiimeko ngumntu.

Yintoni na yemisebe kakhulu yingozi?

Abaninzi kwabo sele bafunda ezinye ray yinxalenye kwimitha, niyohlwaywa neengozi gamma thina. Ngapha koko, kulula ukuba ukoyisa kwiikhilomitha ezininzi, batshabalalise imiphefumlo, kunye ebangela isifo radiation ezoyikekayo. Kuyinto ukuze akhusele nxamnye gamma, iziphenduli zenyukliya siphahlwe ziindonga enkulu eziphathekayo. iziqwenga encinane izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo zisoloko zibekwe kwizikhongozeli ezenziwe lead. Noko ke, ingozi iphambili kubantu umthamo.

Umthamo - oku sisixa idla ebalwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubunzima bomzimba womntu. Umzekelo, ukuba idosi enye ngomonde amayeza wona aya kusondela 2 mg. Okwesibini, idosi enye kunokuba isiphumo esibi. ukuqikelela nje kwaye ithamo radiation. ingozi yayo uzimisele zedosi ako. Ukuchaza oko, qala ukulinganisa ubungakanani radiation eye zifunxwe ngumzimba. Kwaye ke eli nani kuthelekiswa ubunzima bomzimba.

ithamo radiation - isibaluli ngeengozi yayo

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo radiation kunokuba eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo zokuphila yingozi. Ngako oko ke akunakwenzeka ukuba ukubabhida ukukwazi bangangeni yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kwemitha kunye neziphumo zazo kuyingozi. Umzekelo, xa umntu akukho ndlela ukukhusela nxamnye radiation, imitha alpha yi gamma eyingozi ngakumbi. Kuba iqulathe nuclei hydrogen enzima. A Uhlobo ezifana alpha radiation kunye nengozi ukubonisa kuphela xa ibekwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Ngoko kukho sesichengeni lwangaphakathi.

Ngoko ke, inxalenye kwimitha lungaquka iindidi ezintathu amasuntswana: i inucleus helium, electron eqhelekileyo kunye photons ngayo kwamaza ethile. Ingozi uhlobo oluthile radiation kuxhomekeke umthamo wayo. Imvelaphi ezi reyi Akukhathaliseki. Kuba eziphilayo nakanjani akukho mahluko apho ekwancothulwa radiation: nokuba umatshini X-ray, ilanga, amandla enyukliya, Spa ezinemitha okanye uqhushumbo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - njani amasuntswana ezininzi yingozi bafakwa.

Phi radiation yenyukliya?

Kunye kwimitha imvelaphi yendalo, impucuko zabantu kuyanyanzeleka ukuba khona phakathi imithombo eziyingozi ionizing radiation ezininzi okwenziwe wenza. Kaninzi oku kubangelwa kwingozi embi. Umzekelo, yintlekele kwi isityalo amandla enyukliya "Fukushima-1" ngoSeptemba 2013 kwakhokelela ukuvuza kwamanzi eqhumayo. Ngenxa yoko, isiqulatho kwiteksti kunye atom Isotope kwindawo ikhule kakhulu.