UFrank Knight: "Ingozi, ukungaqiniseki kunye nenzuzo"

U Knight Frank uthathwa njengeklasi yezoqoqosho zanamhlanje. Kwaye akumangalisi - lo mntu uye wafaka iindleko ezinkulu zeenkcukacha, ngokusekelwe kuwo onke amabhizinisi aphuculisayo (ngokuya ayazi okanye ayengazi). Unelungelo elikhulu lezesayensi, phakathi kwayo indawo ekhethekileyo ehlala kuyo enye incwadi. UFrank Knight "Ingozi, ukungaqiniseki kunye nenzuzo" eyenziwa njengomsebenzi apho iziseko zokurhweba kunye nokukhululwa kweentengiso ziqwalaselwa. Kodwa malunga nento yonke.

Ngubani uFrank Knight

Le ndoda yazalwa ngo-1885 kwintsapho yomlimi wase-Ireland owayehlala kwimeko yase-Illinois yase-Illinois. Wayengumntwana wokuqala wabantwana abalishumi elinanye. Ngokweengxelo, uFrank Knight waqatshelwa ngenkululeko enkulu yokucinga kunye nemfundo. Ukongezelela, wabonisa ukukhuthaza ngokukhutheleyo kunye nengqiqo enkulu, ngenxa yoko wamkela amanqaku amnandi. Ekuqaleni, wangena kwiYunivesithi yaseConell ngowe-1913 waza waqalisa ukufunda ifilosofi. Ngonyaka kamva watshintsha kwi-theory yezoqoqosho. Ekubeni ngo-1916 wabhala ingqungquthela. Kwabizwa ngokuba yi-Theory ye-Entrepreneural Value and Distribution, eyasenza sikwazi ukugweba ubuninzi nobubanzi balo ulwazi. Ngoko ke waqala ukwenza uFrank Knight, uqoqosho. Iingongoma zakhe "Iingcamango ..." kunye nezinguqu ezithile zichazwe kwincwadi ethi "Ingozi, ukungaqiniseki kunye nenzuzo" epapashwe ngo-1921.

Ukuchaneka kweengcamango zezoqoqosho

UFrank Knight waphendule ulwazi kwi-intanethi. Ngenxa yokuba wayenesityebi esikhulu solwazi kwizenzululwazi zentlalo, ifilosofi kunye ne-theology, wabonisa inani leengcamango ezinomdla ezibhekiselele kwiingxaki ezingunaphakade ze-theory yezoqoqosho. Kufuneka kuphawulwe into ethile. Ngoko, ngakwesinye icala, i- theory yezoqoqosho yayithathwa njengesayensi yendalo. Kwakukholelwa ukuba wayejongene nezigqibo eziye zaxothwa kwi-set set of provisions ezingazange zithandabuze. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwacatshangelwa kwimeko yokujonga amasiko, amaziko kunye nemimiselo esemthethweni. Ezi ndlela zimbini aziyizibonelo kwaye zizalisekisa ngokwabo. Ngohlalutyo oluchanekileyo lwemisebenzi, kunzima ukungaqapheli ukuba iphuzu lokuqala lokujonga likhoyo.

Ndiyabulela kuye kwaye ndafumana udumo lokuqala lukaFrank Knight. Inzuzo, ngokombono wakhe, inemvelo ekhethekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ingeniso evela kwingxowa-mali ayinakuqwalaselwa kunye nerenti, inzala kunye nomvuzo. Oku kungenxa yokuba inzuzo isoloko inomsebenzi wokungaqiniseki. Ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa kwiinkalo ezithile. Okokuqala, kufuneka kuqatshelwe umahluko phakathi kokungaqiniseki nengozi. Ngoko, okokuqala akukwazi ukubonakaliswa nayiphi na imanani, kuba isiseko sokungaqiniseki siyimpumelelo engapheliyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, umngcipheko ungabonakaliswa ngamanani kunye ne-insured (okokuthi, phantse kususwe). Ukukhathazeka okungaqinisekiyo, okokuqala, imeko zeemarike kwaye yipropati ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yoqoqosho yonke. Apha kukho imiba enomdla.

Ukuchaneka kweengcamango zokungaqiniseki kunye nenzuzo

Ukuba yonke into yayichazwe ngokucacileyo, ngoko kwakungeke kuyimfuneko ukulawula nokulawula kwimizwi yanamhlanje yale magama. Izinto zokurhweba, iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ziza kubabasebenzisi kuphela. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ukuba izibonelelo zenziwe kwiimarike. Isiseko sokukhethwa yiziganeko malunga neemfuno zabathengi. Okokuthi, umenzi uthatha uxanduva lokwanelisa iimfuno zomthengi. Ukulawula kunye nokulawulwa kwabelwa iqela elincinci labashishini. Ngenxa yokungaqiniseki, bajamelene nemibuzo malunga nokuba yintoni na ukuvelisa ngayo. Abantu abazithembayo bathatha umngcipheko baze banikeze abameleli abanamahloni kunye neentlonelo zengeniso yoluntu kwinqanaba elithile ngokutshintshela umphumo othile.

Okucacileyo kwencwadi ethi "Ingozi, ukungaqiniseki kunye nenzuzo"

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izichaso ezichazwe ngokucacileyo azikwazi ukufakwa kumzekelo opheleleyo ngaphandle kweeposiso. Ngoko ke, umbhali ucacisa kwinxalenye yesibini yencwadi ingcamango yokhuphiswano. Le nxalenye icace, icacile kwaye igxininise ngexesha elifanayo. Apha, ingqwalasela yayo iqhutyelwa kunye nokungafihlisi komngcipheko , umngcipheko nokungaqiniseki. Konke oku kwenzeka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezindlela zokunqoba iingxaki zobume boqoqosho. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo ihlawulwa apha kumngcipheko ongenamagunya. Siyicinga ngamanani ayo kunye nemiba ekhethekileyo.

Ngubani onokuncoma incwadi ebhalwe ngu Knight Frank

EMoscow, eRostov, eSt. Petersburg-mhlawumbi zonke ezi zixeko ziza kubonakala zihloniphekile (ngokwemigaqo yezophulo ezahlukeneyo, i-IAFs kunye nokunye okunjalo), ukuba amajoni ayaziyo umsebenzi "Ingozi, ukungaqiniseki kunye nenzuzo." Emva koko, le ncwadi ayiluncedo nje kuphela kubaphathi, kodwa nakwabanye abaninzi kufuneka benze izigqibo (njengamagosa). Emva koko, kufuneka bajongane nemingcipheko, isihloko esicetyiswe kakuhle kulo msebenzi. Kuya kunika inzala kubasosayensi, abafundi kunye nabafundi abaphumelele ekufundeni kwiiyunivesithi ezijoliswe kwizoqoqosho. Ukuthetha ngezinto ezintle, kubalulekile ukuphawula ubungqina obubanzi beengcamango, ezigqitywa ngakumbi ngongqinisiso kunye neengqinisiso. Siyabulela oku, umntu obuncinane ngcamango encinci yoqoqosho uya kuba nako ukuqonda izinto ezikhoyo kwincwadi. Kukho izahluko ezilishumi elinambini kule ncwadi, kodwa nangona kunjalo, umthamo wayo uyingancinci, ngoko ke ukuba ufuna, unokukwazi ngokubanzi umxholo, sele uchithe usuku (okanye uninzi xa ufunda ngokucinga). Ngoku sibonisa ingqalelo isishwankathelo esifutshane.

Yintoni ekuthethwa ngayo kwinxalenye yokuqala

Umsebenzi ngokwawo ulwahlula kwiindawo ezintathu. Siza kuthetha ngenxalenye yokuqala, equkethe izahluko ezimbini. Iyokuqala ihlola indawo yenzuzo kunye nokungaqiniseki kwimiba yezoqoqosho. Nanku kukho ukuqonda kweengcamango kunye neengcamango ezazivunyelwe ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwezesayensi, eziye zaphuhliswa ngexesha lobomi bombhali. Isahluko sesibini sisebenzisana nenkolelo yenzuzo, kwaye sisungula ubudlelwane phakathi kwalo nomngcipheko.

Yintoni ekhankanywe kwinqanaba lesibini

Siza kuqala ngesahluko sesithathu. Ijongene nenkolelo yokukhetha nokutshintshiselana. Isahluko sesine sinikezelwa kwimveliso kunye kunye neentengo. Kwakhona, ingqalelo ihlawulwa kumbuzo othi kutheni abantu abahlukeneyo benza ukhetho lwabo ngokuphathelele uhlobo oluthile lokusabalalisa kwezibonelelo. Isiqendu sesihlanu sithetha ngokutshintsha kwezoqoqosho. Ukongezelela, bacinga ukuba yeyiphi inkqubela eya kubakho ngokungabikho kokungaqiniseki. Kwisesahluko sesithandathu, ingqwalasela ihlawulwa kwizinto ezifunekayo ezikwinqanaba elincinci lokukhuphisana.

Kuthetha ntoni kwisithathu

Iqala ngesahluko sesixhenxe. Nantsi ingundoqo yokungaqiniseki kunye nomngcipheko uyaqwalaselwa. Kufuneka ifundwe ukujongana nesahluko sesibhozo. Ihlawula ingqalelo iindlela kunye nezindlela zokunqoba ukungaqiniseki. Kwisesahluko sesithoba, i-enterprise kunye neenzuzo ziqwalaselwa. Oku mhlawumbi enye yezahluko ezifunwa ngabasebenzi abaninzi kunye nalabo abafuna ukuba. Isahluko seshumi kukuqhutyelwa kweyesithoba, kodwa nantsi ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwa kubaphathi abafumana umvuzo. Kwakhona apha umbhali ugxininisa kwizinto ezikhohlisayo kwihambo yakhe. Isahluko seshumi elinanye sigxininisa ekuqinisekiseni ukungaqiniseki kunye nenkqubela yentlalo. Emva koko, utshintsho luyimithombo yomibini yeengxaki, kunye namathuba okuvula ii-reserve ezivela kumashishini. Isahluko seshumi elinesibini sigxile kwimimandla yoluntu yokungaqiniseki kunye nenzuzo.