Ubuninzi, ubuncinane kunye nomyinge nobunzulu Pacific

Uluntu ebesoloko nomtsalane iimfihlelo phambi kwakhe efihliweyo. Ukususela babeziindleko ezinkulu iphela ukuya kwindawo zinzulu ezilwandle ... ubugcisa Modern ukuvumela ukuba ufunde inxalenye ethile iimfihlelo zomhlaba, amanzi kunye nendawo. Le iilifti ngaphezulu ikhuselo mfihlelo, abantu abaninzi abafuna ukwazi, kuba ulwazi olutsha ezikhokelela kwimibuzo. I-Pacific ngobukhulu, endala ubuncinane bafunda kungekho ngaphandle. nempembelelo kwiinkqubo kwenzeka emhlabeni, kuyabonakala; lithuba lokuba ekusifundeni kunye ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi. Ubunzulu avareji i-Pacific Ocean mphandle ezantsi, ulwalathiso imisinga, umyalezo kunye iilwandle kunye namanye amaqumrhu amanzi - yonke into kubalulekile ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo lwabasebenzi mda.

Oceans

Zonke iintlobo on Earth kuxhomekeke emanzini, ibe sisiseko sobomi, ngoko ke ukubaluleka kokufunda kwehayidrosfere ngandlela zonke ukuba ephambili eluntwini. Ngexesha ukuyilwa olu lwazi eninzi ingqwalaselo ihlawulwe kwimithombo njani amanzi, kunye nezixa emikhulu kwezibonelelo yetyuwa. Oceans yinxalenye engundoqo kwehayidrosfere, emi 94% of kumphezulu womhlaba. Amazwekazi, kwiziqithi eziphantse wabelana umzimba emanzini, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba ityumbe kubo ngokobume phezu kobuso bomhlaba. Kwimaphu mihla zehlabathi ngo-1953 ngamazwe hydrogeographic iphawulwe ezine iilwandlekazi: i-Atlantic, amaNdiya, Arctic Pacific. Ngalinye zilungelelanise nakwii imida ngendlela eqhelekileyo xa uhambisa amanzi. Ngokwentelekiso kutshanje wabalaselisa sesihlanu - i-Southern Ocean. Bonke bephela zahluke kakhulu ngokubhekiselele mmandla, umthamo wamanzi, ubunzulu kunye nokwakheka. Ngaphezu kwama-96% ye-kwehayidrosfere - amanzi olwandle anetyuwa, leyo edakasa kwicala ethe nkqo nethe tyaba kwaye indlela yayo ehlabathini emzimbeni, uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali amandla. Kubomi yanamhlanje iilwandle lidlala indima ebalulekileyo: sisiqinisekiso iimeko zemozulu kumazwekazi, ukuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwezibonelelo zothutho kubalulekile, sinika abantu abaninzi izibonelelo, kuquka zebhayoloji, yaye ecosystem ukuba fitsha kodwa ziqondwa ngokupheleleyo.

Pacific

49.5% kwe elwandle ne-53% yeziveliso zayo yamanzi uphethe nxalenye yamandulo yaye kungakholeleki ngayo. Pacific Ocean kunye kweelwandle engenayo na ubungakanani inkulu amanzi :. Ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi - 16 amawaka km, ukusuka entshona ukuya empuma - 19 amawaka km .. Uninzi lwalo ise kwi ezinezinga esemazantsi. Uninzi zezi amabinzana kunye neempawu lobuninzi lwamanani: bulk mass zolwelo - million 710 kweekhilomitha ^ezi-3 umzila - phantse zizigidi 180 kweekhilomitha ^ezi-3. I-avareji ubunzulu Pacific Ocean, ngokutsho uqikelelo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukusukela 3900 ukuya kwiimitha 4200. Kuphela zwekazi into engathanga kuqala ahlambe emanzini wakhe, - Africa. Ngaphezulu kwama-50 ithi akhiwe kwi kunxweme yayo neziqithi, nazo zonke iinxalenye kwehayidrosfere ngayo imida eqhelekileyo kunye nokungena exchange rhoqo. Inani umphakathi zicwangciswe Pacific Ocean, zingaphezu 10 ezigidi, ukuba ube neempawu ezahlukeneyo kunye nesakhiwo Ukwakheka. Kwama 30 yolwandle ngaphandle amanzi alo (ingqalelo lwangaphakathi), indawo yabo ohlala-18% yalo lonke umphezulu, le nxalenye inkulu kubekwe kunxweme olusentshona kunye ohlamba Asia. Ubunzulu omkhulu lwePasifiki, kwakunye kwihlabathi liphela - kwi-Mariana Trench. Uphando lwakhe luyaqhutywa ukwenzela sele ngaphezu kwe-100, yaye ingcaciso engaphezulu malunga career anzongonzongo khona, ezinomdla kakhulu ngayo ukuba izazinzulu ehlabathini lonke. Ubunzulu zincinane Pacific Ocean liyasetyenziswa kwimimandla yonxweme yayo. I sasifunda kakuhle ngokwaneleyo, kodwa, unike ukusetyenziswa kwazo rhoqo kumsebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu, imfuno izifundo zenzululwazi phambili kwandisa.

History of uphuhliso

Abantu abahlala unxweme Pacific kumazwekazi ezahlukeneyo, wayesazi lukhulu malunga iinxalenye zayo ngabanye, kodwa zange ukumela onke amandla ubungakanani kwindawo yamanzi. I baseYurophu baqala ukubona kwitheku elincinane unxweme, yaba yaseSpain - umnqobi Vasco de Balboa, owoyisa kule iintaba eziphakamileyo Isthmus Panama. Oko uElisha wakubonayo, wathabatha elwandle, waza wayibiza ngokuba South. Kungenxa yoko le nto kokufunyanwa Pacific Ocean eyinika igama namhlanje kuyinto irhafu Magellan, nto leyo lucky kakhulu iimeko apho ewela osemazantsi kuyo. Eli gama ayingqinelani nohlobo iyinene kule ingxilimbela manzi, kodwa wabamba phezu ngaphezu kwabanye, ngalo kusondezwe ubuncinane ukufunda kuyo. Uhambo ezininzi walandela emanyathelweni Magellan, i-Pacific Ocean umdla Abaphandi ezintsha imibuzo emininzi. I-Dutch, i IsiNgesi, abantu baseSpeyin Ayemfuna iindlela zonxibelelwano kunye aziwa kwaye ngaxeshanye wavula ezintsha. Inzala kubaphandi nto zonke; leyo ubunzulu omkhulu lwePasifiki, isantya kunye ngakulo nentshukumo kwabo amanzi, etyuwa, izityalo amanzi kunye fauna, njl izazinzulu ulwazi oluneenkcukacha akwazi ukuqokelela kwi XIX-XX iinkulungwane, ixesha ukuyilwa Oceanology njenge inzululwazi ... Kodwa lilinge lokuqala ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na ubunzulu wePasifiki, Magellan liqalise ukusebenzisa hemp tench. Kuye akuphumelelanga - basilela ukufikelela ezantsi. Ukususela ngoko, sele kudlule ixesha elininzi, yaye namhlanje iziphumo imilinganiselo enzulwini yolwandle kungabonwa na kwimephu. zesayensi Modern asebenzise ubugcisa kwaye kungenzeka ukuba ukuchonga indawo wePasifiki ubuninzi olunzulu, apho kukho iindawo kumgangatho osezantsi, kunye ukufuna balale phi.

nentaba bottom

Ngaphezu kwama-58% zomhlaba ubandakanya ebhedini ulwandle. It has a ntlango ezahlukeneyo - oko amathafa amakhulu, lwamawa aphezulu kunye kwimigongxo enzonzobila. Ipesenti kwebhedi kolwandle nabanako ukwahlulelana ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. shelf Continental (ubunzulu meters 0 ukuya 200) - 8%.
2. Ithambeka lizwekazi (200 ukuya 2,500 meters) - 12%.
3. Kolwandle ukhuko (ukusuka ngeemitha 2500 ukuya 6000) - 77%.
4. Ubunzulu iphezulu (ukusuka ngeemitha 6,000 ukuya 11,000) - 3%.

ratio Uthelekelelo ezaneleyo Ukusika 2/3 olwandle, kwaye idatha matutu ezahlukeneyo zophando ingahluka ngenxa intshukumo rhoqo of ziitectonic plates. Ukuchaneka izixhobo liyenyuka qho ngonyaka, zilungiswe ngaphambili inkcazelo ifunyenwe. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kubunzulu iphezulu Pacific Ocean, ixabiso layo ubuncinane kunye udibaniso ixhomekeke kolwandle mphandle. Ubunzulu lincinane baye bajongwe kwi kwintsimi ezimelene kumazwekazi - na inxalenye yonxweme elwandle. Oku usenokuba ubude eemitha 0 ukuya 500, kolundi median kweemitha 68.

shelf Continental luphawulwa ukuqhubela encinane, oko kukuthi. E. Ingaba tyaba, ngaphandle konxweme, apho ibekwe neentaba. Kulo mzekelo, isiqabu kakhulu iyantlukwano, sizizifanya neentanda unakho ukufikelela emazantsi ubunzulu kweemitha 400-500. ubunzulu pacific elinganiselwe leemitha ngaphantsi kwe-100. emanzini Big kunye ichibi amanzi ashushu ecacileyo zinika ithuba ukubona yonke into ekhoyo apha ngezantsi. Ithambeka lizwekazi kwakhona zishiyana engile kunye nobude - kuxhomekeke kwi indawo kummandla oselunxwemeni. UMbane oQhelekileyo isakhiwo wabo egudileyo, ngokuthe ngcembe yandisa isiqabu okanye ubukho udonga enzonzobila. Sazama ukuchaza oku kwiinguqulelo ezimbini: le zomhlaba kunye nezikhukula iintili lomlambo. Zizezaloo kwinkolelo yokugqibela yi iisampulu zomhlaba ukusuka ezantsi zabo, nto leyo iqulathe iingqalutye emlanjeni kunye daka. Ezi anamandla nzulu ngokwaneleyo, ngenxa ubunzulu yabo avareji ye-Pacific Ocean unemisebenzi value 'umxhelo. Umandlalo yinxalenye tyaba ngengingqi kunye kubunzulu rhoqo. Iintanda, nasezimfanteni kunye misinga emgangathweni Ocean - into rhoqo, kwaye ixabiso liphezulu anzongonzongo, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, kukho i-Mariana Trench. Isiqabu kwindawo ezantsi ngamnye, oko kusefashonini ukuthelekisa kunye nenkangeleko ezisentlabathini.

Features Pacific ukukhululeka

Ubunzulu ezinzulwini e Northern saseNtla kunye nesabelo Southern ezibalulekileyo (kwama-50% yommandla emgangathweni wolwandle) isusela kwiimitha 5,000. Kumntla yolwandle inani elikhulu nemingxuma neentanda, ezo zimi ngohlangothi wonxweme, kuloo ndawo kwithambeka lizwekazi. Phantse bonke ungqamane kwiintaba kumhlaba kwaye ube side. Oku Zinjalo kunxweme Chile, Mexico kunye Peru, njengoko eli qela libandakanya North Aleutian Trench, Kuril kunye ena. Xa ikhweyitha isitya emazantsi 300 eemitha ubude ibekwe ecaleni kwiziqithi Tonga, Kermadec. Ukuze ufumanise ukuba yimalini ubunzulu Pacific Ocean ngokomlinganiselo, abantu baye basebenzisa izixhobo umlinganiselo ezahlukeneyo, imbali apho ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene nomsebenzi wophando phezu babeziindleko amanzi ehlabathini.

ubunzulu gauge

ULote kusho le ilothe ubunzulu kakhulu kwakudala. Le intambo ubunzima ekupheleni. Kuba umlinganiselo elwandle nolwandle anzongonzongo, esi sixhobo ayifaneleki, ukususela ubunzima intambo bazifinyeza luya kugqithisela ukuba iimpahla. Iziphumo ukujula usebenzisa iqashiso wabanika umfanekiso egqwethekileyo okanye akukho izahlulo. Interesting Eneneni: uLote Brook okunene yasungulwa uPetros 1. ingcamango yakhe ukuba intambo saqhotyoshelwa umthwalo, leyo xa ibetha ezantsi phezulu pop. Oku kunqanda nokuthotywa iqashiso waza wenza kube lula ukuba linjani. Okunye advanced ubunzulu gauge isebenza kumgaqo. osemqoka yaso ukukwazi ukuba zifake yinxalenye yomhlaba ukuze kuphandwe ngakumbi. Zonke ezi zixhobo umlinganiselo ukuba engxakini enkulu - ngelixa egudileyo. Kuba ukulungisa amaxabiso ukujula okukhulu intambo kuyimfuneko ukuthoba ngokuthe ngeeyure ezimbalwa, isitya survey mawuhlale ngxi. Kule minyaka ingama-25 idluleyo, imilinganiselo yenziwa ngoncedo sonar, noqhuba kumgaqo isiginali vangama. Iiyure kuyehla imizuzwana embalwa, ngoxa umfanekiso uyakwazi ukubona iintlobo kumgangatho osezantsi kwaye ukhangele izinto ezazikayo. Ukuze ubone ukuba yintoni kubunzulu avareji ye-Pacific Ocean, kuyimfuneko ukwenza inani elikhulu ngokwemilinganiso, ezithi ke ngoko adityaniswe, umphumo ibalwa nkanyamba.

History of kwesilinganiso

XIX ekhulu i "igolide" ukuze eliJongene ngokubanzi kunye wePasifiki ngokukodwa. Kwiphulo lokuqala Krusenstern kunye Lisiansky wayenza usukelo lwethu ukulinganisa kuphela nzulu, kodwa kwakhona ukuba ethile ubushushu, uxinzelelo, lexinene etyuwa. 1823-1826 gg:. Inxaxheba kuphando O. E. Kotsebu, yamachiza E. Lenz wasebenzisa nentsuba yamanzi wadala. 1820 yabalasela kokufunyanwa Antarctica, lo matiloshe umkhankaso F. F. Bellinsgauzena kunye M. P. Lazareva wafunda iilwandle kumntla Pacific Ocean. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX (1972-1976 GG.), Le nqanawa yaseBritani "Challenger" ukuqhuba uphando olubanzi zaselwandle, okwaye kwabonelela uninzi kusetyenziswa ulwazi umhla. Ukususela ngo 1873, i-Navy US usebenzisa kubunzulu Gaugeable esisigxina kunye kwendawo yase emgangathweni Pacific Ocean ukuba ngokubekwa iintambo sefowuni. ngekhulu XX yabalasela idabi uzobe olwenziwe lonke uluntu, nto leyo bachaphazeleka kakhulu umsebenzi abaphandi Pacific lowo wayezibuza imiba ubunzima. uhambo Swedish, British kunye Danish sahamba ngeenxa zonke zehlabathi ukuba bafunde umzimba inkulu amanzi emhlabeni wethu. Kangakanani ubunzulu Pacific Ocean kwi ubuninzi kunye nemilinganiselo ubuncinane? Ziphi ezi ngongoma? Yintoni kwamanzi okanye imisinga kumphezulu ezibachaphazelayo? Isiphumo ukuba kwamiswa? Uphononongo lwaqhutywa kwi ngezantsi ixesha elide. Ukususela ngowe-1949 ukuya 1957 crew i "Vityaz" inqanawa uphando sabonisa Pacific iseti emazantsi iziqalelo isiqabu, kulandelelwa indlela yayo. Watch waqhubeka ezinye iinqanawa ukuba sihamba rhoqo emanzini ukufumana ulwazi oluchanekileyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ngowe-1957, abaphandi i "Vityaz" ukufumana indawo apho kukho ubunzulu inkulu Pacific Ocean - Mariana Trench. Nanamhla oku, nezibilini zayo ukutshekishisisiswa hayi Abafoti kuphela, kodwa zebhayoloji, nayo leyo wafumana izinto ezininzi ezinomdla.

Mariana Trench

Emkhombeni inabela weemitha 1500 ecaleni siqithi efanayo kwinxalenye esentshona kunxweme wePasifiki. Kubonakala ngathi nesinqumka kwaye ezinzulwini ezahlukileyo kulo mmandla. Imbali isahlakalo unxulunyaniswa umsebenzi ziitectonic plates sePasifiki. Kwesi sigaba, kwipleyiti Pacific uya phantsi Philippine ngcembe, sifudukele 2-3 cm ngonyaka ngamnye. Kweli nqanaba, kubunzulu iphezulu Pacific Ocean, yaye zombini i-World kakhulu. Imilinganiselo ziqhutywa amakhulu eminyaka, kwaye ngexesha ngalinye amaxabiso zabo kuyalungiswa. Ukufunda 2011 unika isiphumo elimangalisayo, ixesha elo ke elingenakuba lokugqibela. Ingongoma Owona i-Mariana Trench - "Challenger Nzulu ': emazantsi imi kumgama 10 994 leemitha ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle. Kuba ukufunda wakhe wasebenzisa bathyscaphe, baxhotyiswa iikhamera kunye nezixhobo ukukhiwa lomhlaba.

Yintoni na ke ubunzulu Pacific Ocean?

Impendulo engagungqiyo lo mbuzo akukho:-mphandle esezantsi yi zintsonkothile kwaye ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo, ukuba ekuthiwa inani ngasinye yalungiswa kwixa elizayo. Ubunzulu-avareji ye-Pacific Ocean kweemitha 4000, ezantsi i - leemitha ngaphantsi kwe-100, edume "Challenger Nzulu 'luphawulwa amanani emikhulu - phantse 11 000 eemitha! Izwekazi kunye eziliqela imikhombe, nto leyo echaphazela ezinzulwini zabo, ezifana depression "Knight 3 '(Tonga kugutyulelwe 10 882 meters); "Argo" (9165, North Novogebridsky kugutyulelwe); Cape Johnson (The Philippine Trench, 10 497), njalo njalo. D. In the Pacific, elona nani likhulu amanqaku zinzulu kwiilwandle zehlabathi. Abafoti Modern balindele omninzi umsebenzi umdla kwaye sifumanise izinto ezimangalisayo.

Biota

Eziphawulekayo kubaphandi kukuba nokuba kubunzulu obuyi-11 000 m umsebenzi yebhayoloji wafunyanwa: iintsholongwane ezincinane kusinda kungekho kukhanya, yokuxhayelwa kwabo koxinzelelo olukhulu eetoni amanzi. babeziindleko ezinkulu lwePasifiki ke yokuhlala ogqibeleleyo iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana nezityalo. Njengoko sinokungqinelwa izibakala kunye namanani ezithile. Kwama-50% kwiilwandle biomass ehlabathini ahlala kanye kwiPasifiki, iyantlukwano kweentlobo ngenxa yokuba imizimba ezinkulu amanzi afumaneka kuzo yonke imimandla nazo kulo mhlaba. ezinezinga Tropical sabutropikhi ngakumbi enabantu abaninzi, kodwa ke umda osemantla lilambatha. A phawu uphawu izilwanyana i-Pacific Ocean nokufumaneka. Nazi kwendawo izilwanyana ezininzi yamandulo emhlabeni, ezisengozini (iingonyama elwandle, iilynx ulwandle). coral ungomnye imimangaliso yendalo kunye nokuqhama enezityalo nezilwanyana hayi etsala nje eninzi abakhenkethi, kodwa kukho inani elikhulu abaphandi. Pacific Ocean - omkhulu nonamandla. Umsebenzi abantu axhomekeke kwisifundo kwayo ukuqonda iinkqubo yayo yonke, nto leyo eya kunceda ekunciphiseni iqondo umonakalo ngumntu yale eziphila.