Fluoro zemichiza element: iipropati Valence uphawu

Fluorine (F) - yeyona izidubuli iikhemikhali element kwaye ilula iqela halogen 17 (VIIa) loMthetho lwezakhi. Le fluorine uphawu ngenxa ukukwazi ukutsala electron (i element kakhulu electronegative) kwaye ubukhulu encinane athom yayo.

History of izovela

Le fluorine aqulethe izimbiwa fluorspar kuchazwa 1529 ugqirha waseJamani kunye mineralogist Georgiem Agrikoloy. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba മണ്ഡലം ifildi ifunyenwe kuqala kwi glassmaker olungaziwayo IsiNgesi 1720 GA 1771 kwi yasekhemesti Swedish Carl UWilhelm Scheele wafumana മണ്ഡലം ifildi crude phantsi ukufudumeza fluorspar ne-sulphuric acid wamandla kwi babethi iglasi, apho ubukhulu ngumhlwa phantsi yintshukumo mveliso ngenxa . Ngoko ke, ukuhlola ezilandelayo, iimpahla ezenziwe ngentsimbi. Phantse anhydrous acid yafunyanwa kunyaka 1809, kwiminyaka emibini kamva yamachiza French André-Marie Ampère kucingelwa ukuba le hydrogen compound ngesiqalelo engaziwa, yeKhlorini nelo, kuba apho kucetywa igama ukusuka fluoro φθόριος yamaGrike, «ukuphazamiseka». Fluorspar wajika calcium fluoride.

ukukhululwa fluoride yaba yenye yeengxaki ezinkulu engekasonjululwa of chemistry ezingaphiliyo de-1886, xa usomachiza French Anri Muassan waye element ngu electrolysis of nesisombululo potassium hydrofluoride kwi hydrogen fluoride. Kuba ngo-1906, wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel. Ubunzima xa usebenza lwesi sakhi kunye neempawu ityhefu negalelo fluorine inkqubela ecothayo kwicandelo chemistry lwesi sakhi. Kude kube Second World War yena ukwazi elebhu. Emva koko, ke, ukusetyenziswa uranium hexafluoride esekungcoleni izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo uranium, kunye nokwanda ekwi thengiso oganikhi khompawundi le element, iyenza umchiza ezisa iingenelo ezibalulekileyo.

ukwanda

Le fluorine-equlethe fluorspar (fluorspar, Caf ₂₎ kangangeenkulungwane isetyenziswe njengendawo wampompoza (arhente yokuhlanjululwa) kwiinkqubo metallurgical. kamva Mineral kwaba ngumthombo isici, nto leyo nayo ogama Fluor. Enemibala ziikristale ezibonisa ngaphaya fluorite phantsi ukhanyiso abe ithinti oluhlaza. Le propati kwaziwa fluorescence.

Fluoro - njengento eyenzeka ngokwendalo kuphela ngohlobo iikhompawundi yayo, ngaphandle izixa ezincinane kakhulu isiqalelo simahla kwi fluorspar, Radium boniswa kwimitha. Umxholo sakhi kuqweqwe lomhlaba yi malunga ne 0,065%. Le izimbiwa ezisisiseko fluoride ezi fluorspar, cryolite (Na ₃ AlF _6), fluorapatite (Ca ₅ [PO _{4] 3} [F, Cl]), Topaz (Al ₂ Sio ₄ [F, OH] ₂₎ kunye lepidolite.

iimpawu fluorine Physical nemichiza

Bushushu, igesi fluorine yi mthubi luthuthu kunye livumba kukucaphukisa. Inhalation eziyingozi yayo. Emva okupholisa yaba ulwelo etyheli. Inye kuphela Isotope ezinzileyo le element kwemichiza - fluoro-19.

I-eneji yokuqala ionization le halogen liphezulu kakhulu (402 kcal / Mol), nto leyo ukuyilwa ubushushu zesiqinisekiso standard F ⁺ 420 kcal / Mol.

Ubukhulu encinane elementi atom inokuthatha isixa amakhulu ngayo ngeenxa zonke atom esembindini ukwenza ezininzi izakhiwo ezizinzileyo, umzekelo, hexafluorosilicate (Sif ₆₎ ^2- geksaftoralyuminata kunye (AlF ₆₎ ^3-. Fluoro - into leyo eye iimpawu elinamandla oxidizing. Ayikho enye into ayikho oxidized anion fluoride, nokuba litshatshazi, laba element simahla, yaye ngenxa yesi sizathu le nto ayikho urhulumente simahla endalweni. Olu phawu fluorine iminyaka engaphezu kwama-150 ubudala abavumelekanga ukuba ukufumana kuyo nayiphi na indlela chemical. Oku kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa electrolysis. Noko ke, ngo-1986 i-yasekhemesti American Karl Krayst wathi ngalo "yamachiza" wokuqala ukufumana fluoride. Wasebenzisa K ₂ MnF _6, kunye pentafluoride kwistibhiya (SbF _5), nto leyo inokufunyanwa isisombululo HF.

Fluoro: Valence kunye namachibi karhulumente

Iqokobhe engaphandle iqulethe i halogens electron unpaired. Yiyo loo nto loo Valence of fluorine kwi zithako ilingana omnye. Noko ke, VIIa athom iqela element nga kwandisa inani electron ukuya valency ka 7. fluorine nokunyuka nemeko yayo igcwala esilingana -1. Element ayikho nako ukwandisa iqokobhe layo Valence, kuba offline atom d-Orbital. Okunye halogen-free ngenxa phambi kwayo inokuba Valence ukuya ku-7.

High igcwala amandla element ivumela ukufikelela kunokwenzeka igcwala karhulumente aphezulu zezinye izinto. Fluoro uyakwazi ukwenza ezimbaxa, apho kungekho okanye nayiphi na enye halide (Valence I): isilivere difluoride (AgF _2), ayibe trifluoride (Cof ₃₎ heptafluoride oluLula (jonga ₇₎ pentafluoride bromine _(BrF-5) kunye ayodini heptafluoride (UKUBA _7).

uxhulumaniso

Formula fluorine _(F-2) ubunjwe athom ezimbini i element. Kusenokwenzeka ukungena ngokunxulumene nazo zonke ezinye izinto ngaphandle helium kunye neon, ukwenza Imichiza ionic okanye covalent. Ezinye iintsimbi ezifana nickel, wazigquma ngokukhawuleza ngokuthi ngomaleko halogen, ukuthintela unxibelelwano phambili kunye element metal. Ezinye izinyithi owomileyo ezifana yesinyithi esiphakathi, ubhedu, i-aluminiyamu, okanye Monel (nickel 66% kunye 31.5% ingxubevange yobhedu) modem kwiqondo lobushushu eziqhelekileyo fluorine. Ukusebenza kunye element kwiqondo lobushushu ukuya ku-600 ° C na monel efanelekileyo; alumina Sintered uqinile ukuya ku 700 ° C.

oyile Fluorocarbon izinto zokuthambisa ezininzi ezifanelekileyo. Isiqalelo Iba neziphumo eziyingozi kunye nezinto eziphilayo (umz, irabha, imithi kunye namalaphu) fluorination ezilawulwa kangaka iikhompawundi organic fluorine elemental kuphela kunokwenzeka xa uthatha kulunyukwe ngokukodwa.

production

Fluorspar ngowona mthombo iphambili fluoride. Ekuveliseni i-hydrogen fluoride (HF) kukho Yek ukusuka fluorspar olungumgubo kunye sulphuric acid wamandla kwiyuniti phambili okanye intsimbi uphoswe. Ngexesha neyanamhlanje kwakhiwa calcium sulfate (CaSO _4), nto ezingenakunyibilika in HF. I-fluoride hydrogen ifunyenwe karhulumente ngokwaneleyo anhydrous ulwelo iqhezu kwi nezitya zobhedu okanye zentsimbi kunye zigcinwe cylinder ensimbi. elimsulwa eziqhelekileyo hydrogen fluoride ashishinayo asidi kabi kwaye sulphuric kunye fluorosilicic acid (H ₂ Sif ₆₎ ukusekwa ngenxa yobukho dust kwi fluorspar. Khondo ukufuma angasuswa electrolysis ngokusebenzisa electrode platinum ngu unyango kunye fluorine kwiziqalelo ezingenamandla, okanye ukugcina ngaphezu elinamandla Lewis acid (MF _5, apho M - metal) apho bangaba iityuwa (H ₃ O) ⁺ (MF ₆₎ ^-: H ₂ O + SbF ₅ + HF → (H ₃ O) ⁺ (SbF ₆₎ ^-.

I-fluoride hydrogen esetyenziswa kumalungiselelo ezahlukeneyo kwimizi iikhompawundi fluorine eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, umz, natriyftoridalyuminiya (Na ₃ AlF ₆₎ uqeshwe njengoko electrolyte kwi lokunyibilikisa aluminium metal. A nesisombululo hydrogen fluoride emanzini kuthiwa മണ്ഡലം ifildi, isixa esikhulu ngentsimbi esetyenziswa nokucoca likhazimliswe iglasi okanye azidlulisele inkungu ukuya ngasekhohlo kwayo.

Ukulungiswa iseli simahla ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo electrolytic engekho amanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ke ngokohlobo potassium fluoride kunyibilika electrolysis hydrogen fluoride (xa umlinganiselo 2.5-5 ukuya 1) kwiqondo lobushushu ka 30-70, 80-120 okanye 250 ° C. Ngexesha lenkqubo imixholo hydrogen fluoride kwi nokuncipha electrolyte kunye kuphuma kwiqondo lokunyibilika. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba Ukongeza yayo senzeka ngokuqhubekayo. In lobushushu eliphezulu electrolyte egumbini ithathwa xa amaqondo obushushu kune 300 ° C. Fluorine kungenziwa zigcinwa phantsi koxinzelelo a isilinda insimbi, xa lombhobho ivalve simahla imizila kwezinto eziphilayo.

ukusetyenziswa

Isiqalelo isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ezahlukeneyo fluoride ezifana chlorine trifluoride (CLF _3), sulphur hexafluoride (SF ₆₎ okanye ayibe trifluoride (Cof _3). iikhompawundi chlorine ayibe zingabameli fluorinating ezibalulekileyo oganikhi khompawundi. (Izinyathelo ezifanelekileyo ngqo fluorine ingasetyenziselwa le njongo). Isalfure hexafluoride isetyenziswa njenge Heating sukube.

Le fluorine elemental exutywe ne nitrogen kudla idityaniswe hydrocarbon ukwenza fluorocarbons esihambelanayo apho inxalenye okanye yonke hydrogen kufakwa halogen. Ezi zinto ngenxa ke Iimpawu uzinzo phezulu, imichiza inertness, ukumelana ophezulu umbane, kwakunye nezinye iimpawu ezixabisekileyo emzimbeni kunye imichiza yi.

Fluorination nako kwenziwe unyango lwe-oganikhi khompawundi of ayibe trifluoride (Cof ₃₎ electrolysis okanye izisombululo ngoko anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. iiplastiki eziluncedo kunye iipropati non-stick, ezifana polytetrafluoroethylene [(CF ₂ CF _{2) x],} eyaziwa ushishino njengoko Teflon, akhutshwa hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo fluorinated.

organic eziqulathe chlorine, bromine okanye iodine, into fluorinated ukuvelisa refrigerant, leyo ngokubanzi asetyenziswe iifriji zasekhaya kunye izimiso moya izinto ezifana dichlorodifluoromethane ₍₂ Cl _{2 CF).} Ekubeni chlorofluorocarbons, ezifana dichlorodifluoromethane, kudlala indima ebonakalayo ngokuncipha ye-ozone kunye nemveliso yazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kunqandwe, kwaye ngoku refrigerant ekhethwayo equlethe hydrofluorocarbon.

Isiqalelo liza kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa uranium hexafluoride (UF ₆₎ ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo sukube nokuhanjiswa wokwahlula neyuranium-235 ukusuka neyuranium-238 ekwenziweni amafutha enyukliya. Hydrogen fluoride kunye boron trifluoride (BF ₃₎ ziveliswa ngendlela engazange mveliso, ekubeni ehlanganisa omhle ngayo alkylation kusetyenziswa ukulungiselela iikhompawundi ezininzi organic. Sodium fluoride kudla yongezwe amanzi okusela ukwenzela ukunciphisa izehlo yidityaniso ebantwaneni. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isicelo nto ibalulekileyo fluoride abazifumene amayeza kunye namasimi zezolimo. endaweni okukhetha fluorine kakhulu guqula ngokobugcisa kwezinto.

analysis of

Kunzima ukuqinisekisa ngokuchanileyo isixa imichiza halogen. fluoride Free, nto leyo lilingana Valence-1, oko ukubonwa igcwala lesigidi HG + _F-2 → HgF _2, kwaye yokulinganisa nokwanda ubunzima mercury kunye utshintsho umthamo werhasi. Iimvavanyo ephambili ubunjani ubukho ion ze-element zezi:

• nokukhethwa hydrogen fluoride phantsi amanyathelo kwe-sulphuric acid,
• ukubunjwa kwenze ikhalsiyam fluoride ngokongeza isisombululo chloride calcium,
• yellow isisombululo kombala tetraoxide of titanium (Tio ₄₎ kunye iperoksayidi yehidrojeni in sulphuric acid.

Iindlela Uhlalutyo:

• imvula ikhalsiyam fluoride phambi sodium carbonate kunye nonyango ezingaha usebenzisa acetic acid,
• nokufaka chlorofluoride kukhokela ngokongeza sodium chloride kunye nitrate bakhokele,
• titration (nokuzimisela xi wenkqu ipheliswe) kunye nesisombululo thorium Nitrate (Th [NO _{3] 4)} usebenzisa sodium alizarinsulfonate njengoko Isalathisi: Th (NO _{3) 4} + 4KF ↔ ThF ₄ + 4KNO _3.

fluorine Covalently yesondo (Valence I), ezifana fluorocarbons ukuba ukuhlalutya ezinobunzima. Oku kufuna unxulumano kunye sodium sisinyithi, kulandele uhlalutyo F ^- ion njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla.

iipropati element

Ekugqibeleni sinikela ezinye iimpawu fluorine:

• zenani: 9.
• ubunzima Atomic: 18,9984.
• Kunokwenzeka fluorine valency: 1.
• Lokunyibilika: -219,62 ° C.
• abilayo: -188 ° C.
• Density (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 1.696 g / l.
• ifomula fluorine Electronic: 1 2 ^{2 2 5} _2p.