Don (umlambo). I umdla kakhulu malunga enye kwemilambo ezinkulu kakhulu yaseYurophu

Don yenye misele ezinkulu wasezantsi ithafa Russian. Yena ngaphambili bakhonza iyaqhubeka ukukhonza kule mini ngumthombo yashukumisa abaninzi ingqondo ubugcisa: .. Iimvumi, iimbongi, ababhali, njalo njalo Umthombo we-Don River, asuka kummandla Tula. Ngaphezu koko, oko Lisuka nje amaza alo kwimimandla Lipetsk, Voronezh, Volgograd kunye Rostov. Ukuba indlela noko elide kwemicimbi, i-Don River lungena ngokukhululekileyo Gulf saseTaganrog, esongezelela amanzi alo kuLwandle Azov.

Iimpawu zomzimba amanzi

Don - umlambo i esesihlanjeni wamanzi eqhelekileyo kwindawo emathafeni. Ubude bayo ngu 1870 km, kwaye indawo isitya - 422.000 ezikwere zeekhilomitha. I-avareji ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi phantsi kweemeko yendalo - 900 cubic metres ngomzuzu. Amashumi asixhenxe ekhulwini ukugeleza ngexesha onogumbe. Iqhwa-phezulu efikelela kuyo umlambo liqala ngoNovemba yaye sihlala kude kube phakathi ku-Apreli, yaye esezantsi - ukususela ekuqaleni kuDisemba ukuya ekupheleni kuka Matshi. Ulawulo ezinamanzi ze komlambo ithe inguqu ebalulekileyo yokwakha kubunzulu baphantsi komhlaba kunye neminye imisebenzi yezoqoqosho womntu mihla. Apha akhiwa Nicholas, Constantine kunye Kochetovskaya, kwakunye enkulu kangangoko Tsimlyansk ndawo. Shipping luqala ngasechwebeni Pine, ubude baso 1600 km. Xa sifika aphezulu i-Don ukuya ekungeneni amanzi Voronezh acocekileyo, ungcoliseko asezantsi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha emdaka kakhulu. Ngokwenza lo mlambo, ubungangamsha likwaqhuba kubakhenkethi route ethandwayo - ukusuka eMoscow ukuya Rostov-on-Don.

Iidolophu amadama

Ngowe-5200 Dong kwemali nemingenela ngaphezulu, ezona ziphambili ukuba Donets, Black Kalitva, Pine, Voronezh, Bityug, iinkwenkwezi zeBhere, Ilovlya, West Manych, bese Sal. Ngasechwebeni komlambo kukho ezininzi izixeko needolophu. I inkulu kubo - Kalach-on-Don, Rostov-na-Donu, Volgodonsk, Azov, Liski kunye nabanye. Ngenxa Inabantu, kushishino kunye nezolimo, ukufakwa kwamanzi omlambo ekuqaleni-imi- 90 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela waba ngaphezu kwe-15 km ³ / nyaka, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi - 10 km cubic, apho 5.8 km ³ echithwe kwiimfuno kwimveliso, 2, 4 km cubic - for yokunkcenkceshela. Noko ke, ekupheleni 90 ngenxa yeengxaki kwezoqoqosho (ukuncipha kwemveliso kunye nokonakaliswa nezolimo), ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi Sehle phantse isiqingatha.

"Winner wethu Isonka, Bawo Don I."

Ngawo la amazwi iingoma yamandulo Don Cossacks, ngubani bafudukela esezantsi lomlambo. Zeziphi epithets kuphela abanalo Don abantu abahlala Ugu. Oku "wave memory," yaye "umlambo ixesha," yaye "umthombo wempembelelo" yaye "umlambo cwaka Don ', kunye nabanye abaninzi. Isiseko onke la magama ihlale umthombo wamanzi, ugqatso spring. Ngoko ke akukho izinyanya ngephutha wawubeka imvelaphi yemilambo indlwana iyingangamsha. Ngoko ke fontanelle encinane, oqala naziphi imijelo yamanzi, yaba yindawo engcwele. Ukuba Novomoskovsk, apho Don imvelaphi yayo 1989 kwaba lesikhumbuzo kule umzimba ngamanzi olukhulu kwilizwe lethu - ". Umthombo umlambo Don 'i It is a sculpture - amakhwenkwe amabini ze owaya. Bafuzisela abazalwana ababini, imilambo ezimbini - i-Don kunye Unyele evela Ivan Lake.

A bhuqe abantu

Don - umlambo, ephethe amanzi ayo kangangamawaka eminyaka. bantu abahlala Ugu, endaweni enye, yaye ubaleka aze abaleke ... Nakule amagama abhalwe ezahlukeneyo ezanikwa kuye ixesha ethile - ukuba of Iran, kunye Tanais, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Xa BC ngenkulungwane yesithathu ukuya elunxwemeni lomlambo Don, kufuphi indawo Rostov mihla, kwafika amasetlani zamaGrike, nisekelwe ithanga. Kuye ebizwe ngegama umzimba ngamanzi - Tanais. Ngokutsho amaGrike amandulo, umlambo wahlula eYurophu Asia. Kakade ke, akukho mfuneko yokuba umngeni lo mbono, kuba nkqu kweyeshumi elinesibhozo babecinga izazinzulu ezininzi kangaka Russian. Yaye omkhulu Lomonosov M. V. emsebenzini wakhe "On zomaleko zomhlaba," wabhala ukuba Urals zifanele ukuba zingathathwa ngokuba umda phakathi Asia naseYurophu, ummandla Caucasus kuba Don - yinto yokwenene eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye namhlanje, nangona ambiguity ngokucacileyo kulo mba, hayi, hayi, ewe 'baphume' lo mbono. Ngoko nguqulo ne eCaucasus iye akakafiki waya kungena zemihla imbali.

Ngexesha ulawulo yenkulungwane yokuqala AD kummandla behlelo kuqala Huns, ngoko ke indawo Khazars. Ngenkulungwane yesithoba, kummandla Tsimlyansk ichibi mihla kwakhiwa Sarkel inqaba. Yena wasivuna imida yomntla- i-Khazar Khanate de 1117. Ixesha mercilessly malini kule iShushan yamandulo, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, nentwana yayo bekungenakuba ukubona (amanzi ngoku ezi ndawo ixhaphakile le Tsimlyansk Reservoir).

XIII - XVI kwekhulu

Ngenkulungwane weshumi, Don (umlambo) basinda ayehlasela Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, abatshabalalisa bonke zokuhlala amadlelo. Noko ke, emva kweminyaka elikhulu iye kwakhona yaqala ukuya kurhwebo entsha. emiselwayo iinqanawa batsaleleke kwisixeko Tana, ngexesha elo thanga ngamaRoma (namhlanje Azov) - oko yaba liziko eli khoboka. Kweli xesha ukusuka elinesihlanu ukuya kwinkulungwane yeshumi, kwimimandla esezantsi ye Don Cossacks aqalile ukuhluma. Ngoko ke, ngo-1570 kunoko kwindawo yokuqala phakathi kwezinye izinto ezikhoyo ezifanayo - ukuze wokuba ngubani omkhulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha liye laba kakhulu emininzi bonke abantu ezikhoyo Cossack. Don daredevils kwahlelwa kakuhle yaye amandla kakhulu gqitha ukuba enyanzelisa ukuba esinamandla. Ngenxa yoko, baye baba nentloko engapheliyo kuba Romanovs, kuya kule ndawo Kwavela umoya bemvukelo, inkululeko kunye ingqiqo esikhathazayo okusesikweni.

ngekhulu XVIII XVII-

Nge-1670 ngeminyaka 1671, Don (umlambo) na ofumana uvukelo Cossack ephakanyiswe yi Stepanom Razinym. Olu qhankqalazo ngokwenene 'ngqiqweni kabuhlungu ", ekhatshwa iphanga nogonyamelo. Noko ke, emva kokubulawa Razin kwi Bolotnaya Square e Moscow, Don Ngeningalifumananga uxolo lwengqondo. kwiminyaka nje emithandathu emva kwezi ziganeko, kukho aduma imvukelo entsha ikhokelwa yi Kondratiem Bulavinym. Oko kwaba yi-uphendlo esebenzayo ukuba ngamakhoboka esigama. Emva kokuba kwezithandani yemvukelo i-Don Cossacks lilahlekelwe inxalenye ezweni labo, ezinye Cossacks yeqondo eliphantsi ukuya Kuban, iDanube, kunye nabanye - eRomania eTurkey. Ngamakhoboka Babuyiselwa abanini bazo.

Zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini

Kumaxesha Soviet, umlambo enye misele eziphambili phantsi ishishini lokwakha. amandla amakhulu yazuza Donbass - ummandla ibekwe phezu kweenxweme Seversky Donets River - le uviko lasekunene Don. Ukongeza sele likhona apha ukususela kwimigodi yamalahle kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba emva kwexesha kwakhiwa zobunjineli kunye nezityalo metallurgical, ukutya kunye noshishino ukukhanya, kwiiplanti zeekhemikali. A zokwakha Tsimlyansk esiphehla amandla kagesi edamini yaqala ngo-1948.

Inkcazelo iimpawu imikhumbi umlambo onobungangamsha

Don Shipping luqala Voronezh kunye kuLwandle Azov. Yaye umlambo lisebenza ngokungakhathali. Lo mfula yenye enkulu kwinxalenye yaseYurophu kweli lizwe, emva iingxilimbela ezifana iVolga kunye Urals. Kuba Don kungenziwa uwahlule ube zahlulo zithathu: aphezulu, phakathi nolusezantsi. Ngoko ke, lo wokuqala apho isasazeka ukusuka kumthombo ukuya emlonyeni, kwaye yokufika Pine eziphantsi. Okulandelayo kwidolophu Kalach-on-Don i-avareji. Ekugqibeleni, umbuzo yokugqibela ibekwe phakathi Tsimlyansk ichibi kunye baseTaganrog Bay. Ngokubanzi, lo mlambo kunzima ukuhamba, ngenxa yokuba indlela kakhulu jiko, ngokulandelelana, kwaye uhlolo ayikho egqibeleleyo. Ukongeza, kukho iindawo nzulu. Yaye skippers Lower Don kufuneka wenze ilenze abakrelekrele kakhulu, izixhobo kunye uphondo isilumkiso - oku zonke, ngohambo olunye engalunganga kweevili ezijikelezayo, kwaye usenokudibana zavela ngenxa isitya sakujika. Nantso i Don River. Rostov-on-Don ekuchithekeni kummandla ogudle of ezikwere zeekhilomitha 340. Ndongeni yahlulahlulwe iindlela ezininzi kunye enemikhono kubhekiselelwe kuwo njengaqhotyoshelwe kule ndawo - girla kunye Erik, phakathi kwabo kakhulu - Calancea, Topsy-Turvy kunye Dead Donets. Ebusika mlambo legqunyiwe ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze ngumkhenkce,-avareji ngumkhenkce-up unokuthatha iinyanga ezintathu ezinesiqingatha. Ngexesha amanzi onogumbe liphuma ngokubonakalayo, nangona kuba ubukhulu becala elunxwemeni imixawuka, kodwa kukwakho iindawo ezomileyo ezisezantsi zogqunyelelwe. Ngoko ke izikhukhula emthonjeni kwi Don - Kuyaziwa.

imbali channel

Lo mbono ukudibanisa misele ezimbini channel enamandla (iVolga kunye Don), kwaye ke ngoko, i-Azov noLwandle lweCaspian, uye watyelela eli Turkish Sultan Selim II, lowo wahamba kwinkulungwane yeshumi e Astrakhan. Noko ke, ukuze uqonde oko, yena nako. Emva kwesi sicwangciso uPetros wabanjwa umlilo, kodwa IMfazwe Enkulu Northern ephazamisa kwakhe lo mbono. Kamva (de-1917), iinjineli Russian sizilungisile amajelo ngaphezu ezingamashumi iiprojekthi zokwakha, Noko ke, ezi zicwangciso zange abe yinyaniso yezizathu ezininzi. Ke ngemihla eSoviet Union, le projekthi iye yaphunyezwa. Ngowe-1952, ekuhambeni kwexesha ingxelo (iminyaka emine), ukwakhiwa imikhumbi iVolga-Don Canal yagqitywa. It sakhiwa kwisiza Volgograd ukuya Kalach-on-Don, ngeli xesha komlambo idibane kwi kumgama omncinane - km 80. Akukho lwesakhiwo ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi kwe-hlabathi zobumnyama balo eli ubukhulu zange wadalwa ngexesha nje elingephi. Ngenxa yoko, zokugunyaziswa ijelo iVolga kunye Don wafumana ukufikelela kweelwandle ezintlanu: kuLwandle Azov, eBaltic, White, lweCaspian ne Black. Xeshanye kokwakhiwa yamanzi yakhiwe Tsimlyansk ichibi kunye kwisikhululo samandla ngamanzi.

Fish River Don

Ngegama, lo mlambo kwafunyanwa iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe asixhenxe iintlanzi. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa imandundu ebalulekileyo nokusingqongileyo ngingqi (wokuchitheka kwe-oyile, inkunkuma, ukusasazeka olumandla ulwelwe blue-eluhlaza), abaninzi kubo wafudukela kudidi ezinqabileyo kakhulu. Le sturgeon, Intlanzi, ukutya. Ukongeza, i-curl kunye mlomo ngaphandle yabantu catfish. Ngokomzekelo, kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo ndafika kulo Kwiimeko apho ubunzima eseneminyaka eli-10 kg. Ngoku ukubamba catfish ezinobunzima 2-3 kg - oku yimpumelelo enkulu. Amaninzi ungafumana Pike, zeCARP, bream, rudd, limfiliba, burbot, oatmeal. Nanku iimfesi! UMlambo Don ke bazizinhanha iintlanzi esezantsi, kodwa nongcoliseko sikhulu kakhulu.